Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip has been under the de facto governing authority of the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) since 2007 and has faced years of conflict, poverty, and humanitarian crises. Inhabited since at least the 15th century B.C., the Gaza Strip area has been dominated by many different peoples and empires throughout its history; it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th century. The Gaza Strip fell to British forces during World War I, becoming a part of the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt administered the newly formed Gaza Strip; Israel captured it in the Six-Day War in 1967. Under a series of agreements known as the Oslo Accords signed between 1993 and 1999, Israel transferred to the newly-created Palestinian Authority (PA) security and civilian responsibility for many Palestinian-populated areas of the Gaza Strip, as well as the West Bank.

Table of Contents

In 2000, a violent intifada or uprising began in response to perceived Israeli provocations, and in 2001, negotiations to determine the permanent status of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip stalled. Subsequent attempts to re-start negotiations have not resulted in progress toward determining final status and resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israel in 2005 unilaterally withdrew all of its settlers and soldiers and dismantled its military facilities in the Gaza Strip, but it continues to control the Gaza Strip’s land borders, maritime territorial waters, cyberspace, telecommunications, and airspace. In 2006, HAMAS won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council election. Fatah, the dominant Palestinian political faction in the West Bank, and HAMAS failed to maintain a unity government, leading to violent clashes between their respective supporters and HAMAS’s violent seizure of all PA military and governmental institutions in the Gaza Strip in 2007. Since HAMAS’s takeover, Israel and Egypt have enforced tight restrictions on movement and access of goods and individuals into and out of the territory. Fatah and HAMAS have since negotiated a series of agreements aimed at restoring political unity between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank but have struggled to enact them.Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip and the Israel Defense Forces periodically exchange projectiles and air strikes, respectively, threatening broader conflict. In 2021, HAMAS launched rockets into Israel, sparking an 11-day conflict that also involved other Gaza-based militant groups. Egypt, Qatar, and the UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process negotiated ceasefires, averting a broader conflict. Since 2018, HAMAS has coordinated demonstrations along the Gaza-Israel security fence. HAMAS has also stood by while other militant groups, such as Palestinian Islamic Jihad, fought brief conflicts with Israel, most recently in August 2022 and May 2023.

On 7 October 2023, HAMAS militants inside the Gaza Strip launched a combined unguided rocket and ground attack into Israel. The attack began with a barrage of more than 3,000 rockets fired toward Israel from Gaza, and included thousands of terrorists infiltrating Israel by land, sea, and air via paragliders. Militants attacked military bases, clashed with security forces mostly in southern Israel, and simultaneously infiltrated civilian communities. During the attack, terrorists carried out massacres and murdered civilians, including torture, acts of abuse and rape, a massacre at the Supernova music festival near Kibbutz Re’im, as well as kidnapping approximately 240 civilians, including men, women, children, and soldiers. These attacks were followed soon after by Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) air strikes inside Gaza. The next day, Israeli Prime Minister NETANYAHU formally declared war on Gaza. The IDF on 28 October launched a large-scale ground assault inside Gaza that is ongoing as of April 2024.

Geography

Location

Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Israel

Geographic coordinates

31 25 N, 34 20 E

Map references

Middle East

Area

total : 360 sq km

land: 360 sq km

water: 0 sq km

comparison ranking: total 206

Area – comparative

slightly more than twice the size of Washington, D.C.

Land boundaries

total: 72 km

border countries (2): Egypt 13 km; Israel 59 km

Coastline

40 km

Maritime claims

see entry for Israel note: effective 3 January 2009, the Gaza maritime area is closed to all maritime traffic and is under blockade imposed by Israeli Navy until further notice

Climate

temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers

Terrain

flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain

Elevation

highest point: Abu ‘Awdah (Joz Abu ‘Awdah) 105 m

lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

Natural resources

arable land, natural gas

Land use

agricultural land: 64.9% (2022 est.)

arable land: 7% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 11.8% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 46.1% (2022 est.)

forest: 1.7% (2022 est.)

other: 33.4% (2022 est.)

Irrigated land

(2013) 151 sq km; note – includes the West Bank

Population distribution

population concentrated in major cities, particularly Gaza City in the north

Natural hazards

droughts

Geography – note

once a strategic strip of land along Mideast-North African trade routes

People and Society

Population

total: 2,141,643 (2024 est.)

male: 1,086,340

female: 1,055,303

comparison rankings: total 148; female 149; male 148

Ethnic groups

Palestinian Arab

Languages

Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by many Palestinians), English (widely understood)

major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Arabic audio sample:

Religions

Muslim 98.0 – 99.0% (predominantly Sunni), Christian <1.0%, other, unaffiliated, unspecified <1.0% (2012 est.)

note: Israel dismantled its settlements in September 2005; Gaza has had no Jewish population since then

Age structure

0-14 years: 38.8% (male 427,450/female 404,288)

15-64 years: 58.3% (male 627,235/female 620,903)

65 years and over: 2.9% (2024 est.) (male 31,655/female 30,112)

2024 population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 71.6 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 66.6 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 4.9 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio: 20.2 (2024 est.)

Median age

total: 19.5 years (2024 est.)

male: 19.3 years

female: 19.8 years

comparison ranking: total 208

Population growth rate

2.02% (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 40

Birth rate

26.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 38

Death rate

2.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 225

Net migration rate

-3.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 190

Population distribution

population concentrated in major cities, particularly Gaza City in the north

Urbanization

urban population: 77.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Major urban areas – population

778,000 Gaza (2023)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.05 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

20 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

comparison ranking: 126

Infant mortality rate

total: 15.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 16.3 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births

comparison ranking: total 91

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 75.5 years (2024 est.)

male: 73.7 years

female: 77.4 years

comparison ranking: total population 126

Total fertility rate

3.26 children born/woman (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 42

Gross reproduction rate

1.58 (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

57.3% (2019/20)

note: includes Gaza Strip and West Bank

Drinking water source

improved:

urban: 98.9% of population

rural: 99% of population

total: 98.9% of population

unimproved:

urban: 1.1% of population

rural: 1% of population

total: 1.1% of population (2020 est.)

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Health expenditure

13.5% of national budget (2022 est.)

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Physician density

2.17 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

Hospital bed density

1.3 beds/1,000 population (2019 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved:

urban: 99.9% of population

rural: 98.6% of population

total: 99.6% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0.1% of population

rural: 1.4% of population

total: 0.4% of population (2020 est.)

note: note includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

2.1% (2019/20)

note: estimate is for Gaza Strip and the West Bank

comparison ranking: 94

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

62.4% (2023 est.)

note: data includes Gaza and the West Bank

Child marriage

women married by age 15: 0.7% (2020)

women married by age 18: 13.4% (2020)

note: includes both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Education expenditure

5.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

comparison ranking: Education expenditure (% GDP) 47

Literacy

total population: 98% (2022 est.)

male: 99% (2022 est.)

female: 97% (2022 est.)

note: estimates are for Gaza Strip and the West Bank

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 13 years

male: 12 years

female: 14 years (2021)

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Environment

Environment – current issues

soil degradation; desertification; water pollution from chemicals and pesticides; salination of fresh water; improper sewage treatment; depletion and contamination of underground water resources

Climate

temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers

Land use

Urbanization

urban population: 77.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 30.82 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 3.23 megatons (2016 est.)

note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 1.387 million tons (2016 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 6,935 tons (2013 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 0.5% (2013 est.)

note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 181.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 32 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 162 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

Total renewable water resources

840 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

Government

Country name

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Gaza, Gaza Strip

local long form: none

local short form: Qita’ Ghazzah

etymology: named for the largest city in the enclave, Gaza, whose settlement can be traced back to at least the 15th century B.C. (as “Ghazzat”); “Strip” refers to its elongated shape along the Mediterranean

Economy

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$27.446 billion (2023 est.)
$29.016 billion (2022 est.)
$27.878 billion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 152

Real GDP growth rate

-5.41% (2023 est.)
4.08% (2022 est.)
7.01% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 216

Real GDP per capita

$5,300 (2023 est.)
$5,800 (2022 est.)
$5,700 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 177

GDP (official exchange rate)

$17.421 billion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.9% (2023 est.)
3.7% (2022 est.)
1.2% (2021 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 164

GDP – composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 5.7% (2022 est.)

industry: 17.4% (2022 est.)

services: 58.3% (2022 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

comparison rankings: services 103; industry 158; agriculture 109

GDP – composition, by end use

household consumption: 101.5% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 20.3% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 24.7% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: 1.5% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 19.6% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -66.8% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products

tomatoes, milk, cucumbers/gherkins, olives, potatoes, sheep milk, eggplants, pumpkins/squash, grapes, goat milk (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries

textiles, food processing, furniture

Industrial production growth rate

-8.57% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 206

Labor force

1.391 million (2022 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 137

Unemployment rate

24.4% (2022 est.)
26.4% (2021 est.)
25.9% (2020 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 198

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 36.1% (2022 est.)

male: 31.6% (2022 est.)

female: 56.6% (2022 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

comparison ranking: total 16

Population below poverty line

29.2% (2016 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

Gini Index coefficient – distribution of family income

33.7 (2016 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 96

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.9% (2016 est.)

highest 10%: 25.2% (2016 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

Remittances

18.62% of GDP (2023 est.)
23.98% of GDP (2022 est.)
20.77% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

Budget

revenues: $3.803 billion (2020 est.)

expenditures: $5.002 billion (2020 est.)

see entry for the West Bank

Taxes and other revenues

21.5% (of GDP) (2021 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 69

Current account balance

-$2.895 billion (2023 est.)
-$2.037 billion (2022 est.)
-$1.778 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments – net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 165

Exports

$3.413 billion (2023 est.)
$3.533 billion (2022 est.)
$3.14 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments – exports of goods and services in current dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 154

Exports – partners

Jordan 51%, Turkey 12%, UAE 8%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UK 4% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports; entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Exports – commodities

scrap iron, tropical fruits, olive oil, building stone, prepared meat (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars; entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Imports

$11.637 billion (2023 est.)
$12.257 billion (2022 est.)
$10.094 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments – imports of goods and services in current dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 113

Imports – partners

Egypt 25%, Jordan 17%, China 8%, Germany 7%, UAE 7% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports; entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Imports – commodities

cement, raw sugar, cars, baked goods, perfumes (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars; entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$1.328 billion (2024 est.)
$1.323 billion (2023 est.)
$896.9 million (2022 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 143

Exchange rates

see entry for the West Bank

Energy

Electricity access

electrification – total population: 100% (2022 est.)

note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 352,000 kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 6.956 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports: 6.925 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 988 million kWh (2023 est.)

note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 98; imports 38; consumption 119; installed generating capacity 158

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 66.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 33.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Coal

exports: 1 metric tons (2023 est.)

note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption: 29,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Carbon dioxide emissions

3.913 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 3.913 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: total emissions 142

Energy consumption per capita

14.991 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: 139

Communications

Telephones – fixed lines

total subscriptions: 384,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2023 est.)

note: entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 101

Telephones – mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 4.15 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 78 (2021 est.)

note: entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 134

Broadcast media

1 TV station and about 10 radio stations; satellite TV accessible

Internet country code

.ps; note – IANA has designated .ps for the Gaza Strip, same as the West Bank

Internet users

percent of population: 87% (2023 est.)

note: includes the West Bank

Broadband – fixed subscriptions

total: 431,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 8 (2023 est.)

note: includes the West Bank

comparison ranking: total 103

Military and Security

Military and security forces

HAMAS maintains security forces inside Gaza in addition to its military wing, the ‘Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades; the military wing ostensibly reports to the HAMAS Political Bureau but operates with considerable autonomy; there are several other militant groups operating in the Gaza Strip, most notably the Al-Quds Brigades of Palestinian Islamic Jihad, which are usually but not always beholden to HAMAS’s authority (2024)

Military expenditures

not available

Military and security service personnel strengths

prior to the start of the 2023-2025 conflict with Israel, the military wing of HAMAS was estimated to have 20-30,000 fighters (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military wing is armed with light weapons, including an inventory of rocket, anti-tank, anti-aircraft, indirect fire (typically mortars), and armed UAV capabilities; HAMAS acquires its weapons through smuggling or local construction and receives significant military support from Iran (2024)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s)

Terrorist group(s): Army of Islam; Abdallah Azzam Brigades; al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade; HAMAS; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ); Palestine Liberation Front; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP); PFLP-General Command

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 1.6 million (Palestinian refugees) (2022)

IDPs: 1.7 million or approximately 75% of the population (as of 26 January 2024, since HAMAS’s attack on Israel on 7 October 2023)

1.6 million (includes persons displaced within the Gaza Strip due to the intensification of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict between June 2014 and 7 October 2023 and other Palestinian IDPs in the Gaza Strip and West Bank who fled as long ago as 1967, although confirmed cumulative data do not go back beyond 2006) (2022)