Armenia

Armenia prides itself on being the first state to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Armenia has existed as a political entity for centuries, but for much of its history it was under the sway of various empires, including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, Ottoman, and Russian. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire instituted a policy of forced resettlement that, coupled with other harsh practices targeting its Armenian subjects, resulted in at least 1 million deaths; these actions have been widely recognized as constituting genocide. During the early 19^th century, significant Armenian populations fell under Russian rule. Armenia declared its independence in 1918 in the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, but it was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920. Armenia, along with Azerbaijan and Georgia, was initially incorporated into the USSR as part of the Transcaucasian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic; in 1936, the republic was separated into its three constituent entities, which were maintained until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Table of Contents

For over three decades, Armenia had a longstanding conflict with neighboring Azerbaijan about the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which historically had a mixed Armenian and Azerbaijani population, although ethnic Armenians have constituted the majority since the late 19^th century. In 1921, Moscow placed Nagorno-Karabakh within Soviet Azerbaijan as an autonomous oblast. In the late Soviet period, a separatist movement developed that sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 and escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a cease-fire took effect in 1994, separatists with Armenian support controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in a second military conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh in 2020; Armenia lost control over much of the territory it had previously captured, returning the southern part of Nagorno-Karabakh and the territories around it to Azerbaijan. In September 2023, Azerbaijan took military action to regain control over Nagorno-Karabakh; after an armed conflict that lasted only one day, nearly the entire ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh fled to Armenia.

Turkey closed its border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan during the first period of conflict with Armenia and has since maintained a closed border, leaving Armenia with closed borders both in the west (with Turkey) and east (with Azerbaijan). Armenia and Turkey engaged in intensive diplomacy to normalize relations and open the border in 2009, but the signed agreement was not ratified in either country. In 2015, Armenia joined the Eurasian Economic Union alongside Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. In 2017, Armenia signed a Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the EU.

In 2018, former President of Armenia (2008-18) Serzh SARGSIAN of the Republican Party of Armenia (RPA) tried to extend his time in power, prompting protests that became known as the “Velvet Revolution.” After SARGSIAN resigned, the National Assembly elected the leader of the protests, Civil Contract party chief Nikol PASHINYAN, as the new prime minister. PASHINYAN’s party has prevailed in subsequent legislative elections, most recently in 2021.

Geography

Location

Southwestern Asia, between Turkey (to the west) and Azerbaijan; note – Armenia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both

Armenia map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries.

Geographic coordinates

40 00 N, 45 00 E

Map references

Asia

Area

total : 29,743 sq km

land: 28,203 sq km

water: 1,540 sq km

comparison ranking: total 142

Area – comparative

slightly smaller than Maryland

Area comparison map:

Land boundaries

total: 1,570 km

border countries (4): Azerbaijan 996 km; Georgia 219 km; Iran 44 km; Turkey 311 km

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Climate

highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

Terrain

Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

Elevation

highest point: Aragats Lerrnagagat’ 4,090 m

lowest point: Debed River 400 m

mean elevation: 1,792 m

Natural resources

small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite

Land use

agricultural land: 58.8% (2022 est.)

arable land: 15.6% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 2.1% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 41.1% (2022 est.)

forest: 11.5% (2022 est.)

other: 29.6% (2022 est.)

Irrigated land

1,559 sq km (2022)

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s): Lake Sevan – 1,360 sq km

Population distribution

most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than five times as many people as Gyumri, the second-largest city in the country

Natural hazards

occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts

Geography – note

landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range

People and Society

Population

total: 2,976,765 (2024 est.)

male: 1,456,415

female: 1,520,350

comparison rankings: total 139; female 138; male 139

Nationality

noun: Armenian(s)

adjective: Armenian

Ethnic groups

Armenian 98.1%, Yezidi 1.1%, other 0.8% (2022 est.)

Languages

Armenian (official) 97.9%, Kurmanji (spoken by Yezidi minority) 1%, other 1.1%; note – Russian is widely spoken (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Աշխարհի Փաստագիրք, Անփոխարինելի Աղբյւր Հիմնական Տեղեկատվւթյան. (Armenian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Armenian audio sample:

Religions

Armenian Apostolic Christian 95.2%, other Christian 1.6%, other 0.9%, none 0.6%, unspecified 1.7% (2022 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 17.7% (male 275,589/female 250,630)

15-64 years: 67% (male 991,490/female 1,004,101)

65 years and over: 15.3% (2024 est.) (male 189,336/female 265,619)

2024 population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 49.2 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 26.4 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 22.8 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio: 4.4 (2024 est.)

Median age

total: 38.9 years (2024 est.)

male: 37.6 years

female: 40.3 years

comparison ranking: total 70

Population growth rate

-0.42% (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 217

Birth rate

10.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 177

Death rate

9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 42

Net migration rate

-5.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 204

Population distribution

most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than five times as many people as Gyumri, the second-largest city in the country

Urbanization

urban population: 63.7% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas – population

1.095 million YEREVAN (capital) (2023)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother’s mean age at first birth

25.2 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

27 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: 116

Infant mortality rate

total: 11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 13.1 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 10 deaths/1,000 live births

comparison ranking: total 115

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 76.7 years (2024 est.)

male: 73.4 years

female: 80.1 years

comparison ranking: total population 102

Total fertility rate

1.65 children born/woman (2024 est.)

comparison ranking: 172

Gross reproduction rate

0.8 (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

57.1% (2015/16)

Drinking water source

improved:

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Health expenditure

12.3% of GDP (2021)

6.5% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

3.36 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Hospital bed density

4.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved:

urban: 100% of population

rural: 84.6% of population

total: 94.4% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0% of population

rural: 15.4% of population

total: 5.6% of population (2020 est.)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

20.2% (2016)

comparison ranking: 101

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 3.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 0.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 2.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: total 99

Tobacco use

total: 21.5% (2025 est.)

male: 47.6% (2025 est.)

female: 1.6% (2025 est.)

comparison ranking: total 57

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

2.6% (2015/16)

comparison ranking: 87

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

64.8% (2023 est.)

Child marriage

women married by age 15: 0% (2016)

women married by age 18: 5.3% (2016)

men married by age 18: 0.4% (2016)

Education expenditure

2.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

10% national budget (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: Education expenditure (% GDP) 176

Literacy

total population: 99.8% (2022 est.)

male: 99.7% (2022 est.)

female: 99.9% (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 13 years

male: 13 years

female: 14 years (2021)

Environment

Environment – current issues

soil pollution from toxic chemicals; deforestation; river pollution; threats to drinking water supplies from use of hydropower; nuclear power plant located in earthquake zone

Environment – international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Climate

highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

Land use

Urbanization

urban population: 63.7% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 34.13 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 5.16 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 2.91 megatons (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 492,800 tons (2014 est.)

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s): Lake Sevan – 1,360 sq km

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 650 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 190 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 1.99 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources

7.77 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Armenia

conventional short form: Armenia

local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun

local short form: Hayastan

former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenian Republic

etymology: the etymology of the country’s name remains obscure; according to tradition, the local name for the country, Hayastan, comes from Hayk, the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and the great-great-grandson of Noah; the name Armenia was first recorded in a rock inscription from A.D. 521 in modern-day Iran

Government type

parliamentary democracy; note – constitutional changes adopted in December 2015 transformed the government to a parliamentary system

Capital

name: Yerevan

geographic coordinates: 40 10 N, 44 30 E

time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: name origin is unclear; it may derive from the name of a local ethnic group, or from the ancient fortress of Erebuni that was built on the current site of Yerevan in 782 B.C.

Administrative divisions

11 provinces (marzer, singular – marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark’unik’, Kotayk’, Lorri, Shirak, Syunik’, Tavush, Vayots’ Dzor, Yerevan

Legal system

civil law system

Constitution

history: previous 1915, 1978; latest adopted 5 July 1995

amendment process:

proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires approval by the president, by the National Assembly, and by a referendum with at least 25% registered voter participation and more than 50% of votes; constitutional articles on the form of government and democratic procedures are not amendable

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Armenia

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 3 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President Vahagn KHACHATURYAN (since 13 March 2022)

head of government: Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 10 September 2021)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 3 rounds if needed for a single 7-year term; election last held on 2 and 3 March 2022 (next election to be held in 2029); prime minister indirectly elected by majority vote in two rounds if needed by the National Assembly

election results:
2022: Vahagn KHACHATURYAN elected president in second round; note – Vahagn KHACHATURYAN (independent) ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 71-0

2018: Armen SARKISSIAN elected president in first round; note – Armen SARKISSIAN (indpendent) ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 90-10

Legislative branch

legislature name: National Assembly (Azgayin Zhoghov)

legislative structure: unicameral

number of seats: 107 (all directly elected)

electoral system: proportional representation

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 6/20/2021

parties elected and seats per party: Civil Contract Party (71); Armenia Alliance (29); I Have the Honour Alliance (7)

percentage of women in chamber: 38.3%

expected date of next election: June 2026

note 1: additional seats allocated as necessary; the numbers usually change with each parliamentary convocation

note 2: four mandates are reserved for national minorities; no more than 70% of the top membership of a party list can belong to the same sex; political parties must meet a 5% threshold and alliances a 7% threshold to win seats; at least three parties must be seated in the Parliament

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Court of Cassation or Appeals Court (consists of the Criminal Chamber with a chairman and 5 judges and the Civil and Administrative Chamber with a chairman and 10 judges – with both civil and administrative specializations); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, a 10-member body of selected judges and legal scholars; judges appointed by the president; judges can serve until age 65; Constitutional Court judges – 4 appointed by the president, and 5 elected by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70

subordinate courts: criminal and civil appellate courts; administrative appellate court; first instance courts; specialized administrative and bankruptcy courts

Political parties

Armenia Alliance or HD
Armenian National Congress or ANC
Bright Armenia
Civil Contract or KP
Country To Live In
Homeland of Armenians
Homeland Party
I Have Honor Alliance (formerly known as the Republican Party of Armenia) PUD
Liberal Party
National Democratic Party
Prosperous Armenia or BHK
Republic Party (Hanrapetutyun Party)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Lilit MAKUNTS (since 15 September 2021)

chancery: 2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 319-1976

FAX: [1] (202) 319-2982

email address and website: [email protected]

https://usa.mfa.am/en/

consulate(s) general: Glendale (CA)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Kristina A. KVIEN (since 21 February 2023)

embassy:

1 American Ave., Yerevan 0082

mailing address: 7020 Yerevan Place, Washington, DC 20521-7020

telephone: [374] (10) 464-700

FAX: [374] (10) 464-742

email address and website: [email protected]

https://am.usembassy.gov

International organization participation

ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CIS, CSTO, EAEC (observer), EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Independence

21 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 321 B.C. (Kingdom of Armenia established under the Orontid Dynasty), A.D. 884 (Armenian Kingdom reestablished under the Bagratid Dynasty); 1198 (Cilician Kingdom established); 28 May 1918 (Democratic Republic of Armenia declared)

National holiday

Independence Day, 21 September (1991)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange; the color red stands for the blood shed for liberty, blue for the Armenian skies and hope, and orange for the land and the courage of the workers who farm it

National symbol(s)

Mount Ararat, eagle, lion

National colors

red, blue, orange

National anthem

name: “Mer Hayrenik” (Our Fatherland)

lyrics/music: Mikael NALBANDIAN/Barsegh KANACHYAN

note: adopted 1991; based on the anthem of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1922) but with different lyrics

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 3 (3 cultural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin; Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley; Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin

Economy

Economic overview

upper-middle income, fast-growing Caucasus economy; stable fiscal and monetary regime but vulnerable to geopolitical shocks; economic and energy ties to Russia but seeking more EU and US trade; key copper and gold exporter; business-friendly and anti-corruption reforms; persistent unemployment; influx of migrants from Ukraine war easing

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$57.516 billion (2023 est.)
$53.108 billion (2022 est.)
$47.165 billion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

comparison ranking: 116

Real GDP growth rate

8.3% (2023 est.)
12.6% (2022 est.)
5.8% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

comparison ranking: 10

Real GDP per capita

$19,200 (2023 est.)
$17,900 (2022 est.)
$15,900 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

comparison ranking: 102

GDP (official exchange rate)

$24.086 billion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

0.3% (2024 est.)
2% (2023 est.)
8.6% (2022 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

comparison ranking: 11

GDP – composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 8.5% (2023 est.)

industry: 23.4% (2023 est.)

services: 59.4% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

comparison rankings: services 94; industry 114; agriculture 86

GDP – composition, by end use

household consumption: 65.4% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 14.1% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 20.9% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.4% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 59.5% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -60.3% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products

milk, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, wheat, tomatoes, watermelons, apricots, apples, barley (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries

brandy, mining, diamond processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging and pressing machines, electric motors, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry, software, food processing

Industrial production growth rate

2.7% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

comparison ranking: 107

Labor force

1.478 million (2024 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

comparison ranking: 135

Unemployment rate

13.3% (2024 est.)
13.2% (2023 est.)
13.4% (2022 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

comparison ranking: 178

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 26.2% (2024 est.)

male: 24.8% (2024 est.)

female: 27.9% (2024 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

comparison ranking: total 35

Population below poverty line

24.8% (2022 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient – distribution of family income

27.9 (2022 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

comparison ranking: 138

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.9% (2022 est.)

highest 10%: 23% (2022 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances

6.03% of GDP (2023 est.)
10.41% of GDP (2022 est.)
11.22% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget

revenues: $4.617 billion (2022 est.)

expenditures: $4.13 billion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt

48.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

comparison ranking: 112

Taxes and other revenues

22.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

comparison ranking: 65

Current account balance

-$556.329 million (2023 est.)
$64.725 million (2022 est.)
-$482.982 million (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments – net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

comparison ranking: 120

Exports

$14.338 billion (2023 est.)
$10.118 billion (2022 est.)
$5.04 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments – exports of goods and services in current dollars

comparison ranking: 99

Exports – partners

Russia 37%, UAE 25%, Hong Kong 7%, China 5%, Georgia 4% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports – commodities

gold, diamonds, copper ore, broadcasting equipment, jewelry (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports

$14.532 billion (2023 est.)
$10.265 billion (2022 est.)
$6.155 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments – imports of goods and services in current dollars

comparison ranking: 107

Imports – partners

Russia 29%, China 12%, Vietnam 6%, Georgia 5%, Iran 4% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports – commodities

cars, gold, diamonds, broadcasting equipment, natural gas (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$3.684 billion (2024 est.)
$3.607 billion (2023 est.)
$4.112 billion (2022 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

comparison ranking: 113

Debt – external

$6.002 billion (2023 est.)

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

comparison ranking: 67

Exchange rates

drams (AMD) per US dollar –

Exchange rates:
392.73 (2024 est.)
392.476 (2023 est.)
435.666 (2022 est.)
503.77 (2021 est.)
489.009 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification – total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 4.265 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 7.012 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports: 1.3 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports: 194.045 million kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 530.327 million kWh (2023 est.)

comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 82; imports 108; exports 64; consumption 117; installed generating capacity 97

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 43% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear: 29% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar: 8.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: 19% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Nuclear energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 1 (2025)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 0.42GW (2025 est.)

Percent of total electricity production: 31.1% (2023 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 1 (2025)

Coal

production: 300 metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption: 19,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

exports: 24 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports: 23,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 317 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption: 15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption: 2.631 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports: 2.631 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

7.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 48,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 1.934 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 5.162 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: total emissions 122

Energy consumption per capita

54.689 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 90

Communications

Telephones – fixed lines

total subscriptions: 331,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 103

Telephones – mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 3.96 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 135 (2022 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 137

Broadcast media

government-run Public Television network operates alongside 100 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near-nationwide coverage; three Russian TV companies are broadcast under interstate agreements; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; several major international broadcasters are available, including CNN; Armenian TV completed conversion from analog to digital broadcasting in 2016; Public Radio of Armenia is a national, state-run broadcast network that operates alongside 18 privately owned radio stations (2024)

Internet country code

.am

Internet users

percent of population: 80% (2023 est.)

Broadband – fixed subscriptions

total: 546,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 19 (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: total 93

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports

11 (2025)

comparison ranking: 154

Heliports

1 (2025)

comparison ranking: 161

Railways

total: 686 km (2017)

Military and Security

Military and security forces

Armenian Republic Armed Forces: Armenian Army (includes land, air, air defense forces) (2025)

note: the Police of the Republic of Armenia is responsible for internal security, while the National Security Service is responsible for national security, intelligence activities, and border control

Military expenditures

5.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
5.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
4.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 40-50,000 active Armenian Armed Forces (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military’s inventory includes mostly Russian and Soviet-era equipment; in recent years however, Armenia has looked to other countries besides Russia to provide military hardware, including France and India (2024)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 for voluntary (men and women), contract (men and women) or compulsory (men) military service; contract military service is 3-12 months or 3 or 5 years; conscripts serve 24 months; men under the age of 36, who have not previously served as contract servicemen and are registered in the reserve, as well as women, regardless of whether they are registered in the reserve can be enrolled in contractual military service; all citizens aged 27 to 50 are registered in the military reserve and may be called to serve if mobilization is declared (2024)

note: in 2023, Armenia approved six-month voluntary service for women, after which they have the option to switch to a five-year contract; previously, women served on a contract basis; as of 2021, women made up about 10% of the active-duty military

Military – note

the Armenian Armed Forces were officially established in 1992, although their origins go back to 1918; the modern military’s missions include deterrence, territorial defense, crisis management, humanitarian assistance, and disaster response, as well as socio-economic development projects; territorial defense is its primary focus, particularly in regards to tensions with neighboring Azerbaijan; Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in open conflicts over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh enclave in 1991-94 and 2020; Azerbaijan seized the entire enclave in 2023

Armenia has traditionally had close military ties with Russia; it has been a member of the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and committed troops to CSTO’s rapid reaction force until suspending its engagement in 2024; Armenia has relations with NATO going back to 1992 when Armenia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council; in 1994, it joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program and has contributed to the NATO force in Kosovo, as well as the former NATO deployment in Afghanistan (2025)