Early Micronesian and Polynesian settlers probably visited Wake Island, and oral legends tell of periodic voyages to the islands by people from the Marshall Islands. Wake Island was uninhabited when Spanish explorer Alvaro de Mendana de NEYRA became the first European to see it in 1568 and still had no inhabitants when English captain Samuel WAKE sailed by it in 1796. The United States Exploring Expedition visited the island in 1841, and the US annexed it in 1899 to use as a cable and refueling station for its newly acquired Pacific territories of Hawaii, the Philippines, and Guam. In the 1930s, Pan American Airways built facilities on Wake Island so that it could be used as a stopover for flights from the US to China. In 1941, the US began to install military assets on Wake Island, and Japan then captured the island and held it until the end of World War II. In 1946, commercial airlines resumed using Wake Island as a refueling stop.
In 1973, the Marshall Islands claimed Wake Island, based on the oral legends, although the US has not recognized these claims. In 1974, the US military took exclusive control of the island’s airstrip and restricted visitors. In 1978, Bikini Islanders from the Marshall Islands, who were evacuated in the 1950s and 1960s because of US nuclear tests, considered rehoming on Wake Island, but the US military rejected that plan. Since the 1970s, the island has been important for missile defense testing. In 2009, Wake Island was included in the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument.
Geography
Location
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to the Northern Mariana Islands
Geographic coordinates
19 17 N, 166 39 E
Map references
Oceania
Area
total : 7 sq km
land: 6.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
comparison ranking: total 242
Area – comparative
about 11 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries
total: 0 km
Coastline
19.3 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate
tropical
Terrain
atoll of three low coral islands, Peale, Wake, and Wilkes, built up on an underwater volcano; central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim
Elevation
highest point: unnamed location 8 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
Natural resources
none
Land use
agricultural land: 0% (2018 est.)
other: 100% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land
0 sq km (2022)
Natural hazards
subject to occasional typhoons
Geography – note
strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean
People and Society
Population
total: no permanent inhabitants
note: personnel maintain and operate the airfield and weather station
Environment
Environment – current issues
limited potable water; hazardous waste disposal
Climate
tropical
Land use
agricultural land: 0% (2018 est.)
other: 100% (2018 est.)
Government
Country name
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Wake Island
etymology: the name comes from one of two explorers who sighted the islands in the late 1700s; British Captain William WAKE visited in 1792, as did his relative, British Captain Samuel WAKE, in 1796, and sources disagree on which captain claimed the honor of naming the island
Dependency status
unincorporated, unorganized territory of the US; administered by the Department of the Interior; the 11th US Air Force currently conducts activities on the atoll, and it is managed from Pacific Air Force Support Center
Legal system
US common law
Citizenship
see United States
Independence
none (territory of the US)
Flag description
the US flag is used
Energy
Electricity access
electrification – total population: 100% (2021)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 8,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
1.214 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 1.214 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total emissions 169
Energy consumption per capita
(2019)
Communications
Broadcast media
US Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) provides satellite radio/TV broadcasts (2018)
Transportation
Airports
1 (2025)
comparison ranking: 226
Ports
total ports: 1 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 0
small: 0
very small: 1
ports with oil terminals: 1
key ports: Wake Island
Military and Security
Military – note
defense is the responsibility of the US; the island serves as a trans-Pacific refueling stop for military aircraft and supports US Missile Defense Agency (MDA) testing activities; Wake is managed by the US Air Force (2025)
