The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs surrounded by rich fishing grounds — and potentially by gas and oil deposits. China, Taiwan, and Vietnam all claim the islands in their entirety, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. Around 70 disputed islets and reefs in the Spratly Islands are occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Since 1985, Brunei has claimed a continental shelf that overlaps a southern reef but has not made any formal claim to the reef. Brunei claims an exclusive economic zone over this area.
Geography
Location
Southeastern Asia, group of reefs and islands in the South China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the southern Philippines
Geographic coordinates
8 38 N, 111 55 E
Map references
Southeast Asia
Area
total : 5 sq km less than
land: 5 sq km less than
water: 0 sq km
note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km (158,000 sq mi) of the central South China Sea
comparison ranking: total 247
Area – comparative
land area is about seven times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries
total: 0 km
Coastline
926 km
Maritime claims
NA
Climate
tropical
Terrain
small, flat islands, islets, cays, and reefs
Elevation
highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 6 m
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
Natural resources
fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential
Land use
other: 100% (2018 est.)
Natural hazards
typhoons; numerous reefs and shoals pose a serious maritime hazard
Geography – note
strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central South China Sea; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefs
People and Society
Population
total: no permanent inhabitants
note: scattered garrisons are occupied by military personnel of several claimant states
Environment
Environment – current issues
harm to reefs from China’s use of dredged sand and coral to build artificial islands; illegal fishing practices
Climate
tropical
Land use
other: 100% (2018 est.)
Government
Country name
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Spratly Islands
etymology: named after British whaling captain Richard SPRATLY, who sighted the islands in 1843
Military and Security
Military – note
around 70 disputed islets and reefs in the Spratly Islands are occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
China: occupies seven outposts (Fiery Cross, Mischief, Subi, Cuarteron, Gavin, Hughes, and Johnson reefs); the outposts on Fiery Cross, Mischief, and Subi include air bases with helipads and aircraft hangers, naval port facilities, surveillance radars, air defense and anti-ship missile sites, and other military infrastructure such as communications, barracks, maintenance facilities, and ammunition and fuel bunkers
Malaysia: occupies five outposts in the southern portion of the archipelago, closest to the Malaysian state of Sabah (Ardasier Reef, Eric Reef, Mariveles Reef, Shallow Reef, and Investigator Shoal); all the outposts have helicopter landing pads, while Shallow Reef also has an airstrip
Philippines: occupies nine features (Commodore Reef, Second Thomas Shoal, Flat Island, Loaita Cay, Loaita Island, Nanshan Island, Northeast Cay, Thitu Island, and West York Island); Thitu Island has an airstrip and a coast guard station
Taiwan: maintains a coast guard outpost with an airstrip on Itu Aba Island
Vietnam: occupies about 50 outposts, plus some 14 platforms known as “economic, scientific, and technological service stations” (Dịch vụ-Khoa) that sit on underwater banks to the southeast that Vietnam does not consider part of the disputed island chain, although China and Taiwan disagree; Spratly Islands outposts are on Alison Reef, Amboyna Cay, Barque Canada Reef, Central Reef, Collins Reef, Cornwallis South Reef, Discovery Great Reef, East Reef, Grierson Reef, Ladd Reef, Landsdowne Reef, Namyit Island, Pearson Reef, Petley Reef, Sand Cay, Sin Cowe Island, South Reef, Southwest Cay, Spratly Island, Tennent Reef, West Reef; the underwater banks with stations include Vanguard, Rifleman, Prince of Wales, Prince Consort, Grainger, and Alexandra; in recent years, Vietnam has continued to make improvements to its outposts, including defensive positions and infrastructure (2025)
