Continuously populated for at least 2,500 years, the area now known as Sierra Leone is covered with dense jungle that allowed the region to remain relatively protected from invading West African empires. Traders introduced Sierra Leone to Islam, which occupies a central role in Sierra Leonean culture and history. In the 17th century, the British set up a trading post near present-day Freetown. The trade originally involved timber and ivory but later expanded to enslaved people. In 1787, after the American Revolution, Sierra Leone became a destination for Black British loyalists from the new United States. When Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807, British ships delivered thousands of liberated Africans to Sierra Leone. During the 19th century, the colony gradually expanded inland.
In 1961, Sierra Leone became independent of the UK. Sierra Leone held free and fair elections in 1962 and 1967, but Siaka STEVENS — Sierra Leone’s second prime minister — quickly reverted to authoritarian tendencies, outlawing most political parties and ruling from 1967 to 1985. In 1991, Sierra Leonean soldiers launched a civil war against STEVENS’ ruling party. The war caused tens of thousands of deaths and displaced more than 2 million people (about one third of the population). In 1998, a Nigerian-led West African coalition military force intervened, installing Tejan KABBAH — who was originally elected in 1996 — as prime minister. In 2002, KABBAH officially announced the end of the war. Since 1998, Sierra Leone has conducted democratic elections dominated by the two main political parties, the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) and the All People’s Congress (APC) party. In 2018, Julius Maada BIO of the Sierra Leone People’s Party won the presidential election that saw a high voter turnout despite some allegations of voter intimidation. BIO won again in June 2023, although irregularities were noted that called into question the integrity of the results. In October 2023, the Government of Sierra Leone and the main opposition party, the All People’s Congress, signed the Agreement for National Unity to boost cooperation between political parties and begin the process of reforming the country’s electoral system.
Geography
Location
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia
Geographic coordinates
8 30 N, 11 30 W
Map references
Africa
Area
total : 71,740 sq km
land: 71,620 sq km
water: 120 sq km
comparison ranking: total 119
Area – comparative
slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries
total: 1,093 km
border countries (2): Guinea 794 km; Liberia 299 km
Coastline
402 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
Terrain
coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east
Elevation
highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 279 m
Natural resources
diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Land use
agricultural land: 54.7% (2022 est.)
arable land: 21.9% (2022 est.)
permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 30.5% (2022 est.)
forest: 34.6% (2022 est.)
other: 10.7% (2022 est.)
Irrigated land
300 sq km (2012)
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Population distribution
population clusters are found in the lower elevations of the south and west; the northern third of the country is less populated, as shown on this population distribution map
Natural hazards
dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms
Geography – note
rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 in) a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal western Africa
People and Society
Population
total: 9,121,049 (2024 est.)
male: 4,515,726
female: 4,605,323
comparison rankings: total 99; female 98; male 98
Nationality
noun: Sierra Leonean(s)
adjective: Sierra Leonean
Ethnic groups
Temne 35.4%, Mende 30.8%, Limba 8.8%, Kono 4.3%, Korankoh 4%, Fullah 3.8%, Mandingo 2.8%, Loko 2%, Sherbro 1.9%, Creole 1.2% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century; also known as Krio), other 5% (2019 est.)
Languages
English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves; a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)
Religions
Muslim 77.1%, Christian 22.9% (2019 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 40.1% (male 1,843,606/female 1,812,304)
15-64 years: 57.4% (male 2,557,715/female 2,675,418)
65 years and over: 2.5% (2024 est.) (male 114,405/female 117,601)
2024 population pyramid:
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 74.3 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 69.9 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 4.4 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 22.6 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 19.4 years (2024 est.)
male: 19 years
female: 19.9 years
comparison ranking: total 210
Population growth rate
2.32% (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 29
Birth rate
30.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 24
Death rate
9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 58
Net migration rate
1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 60
Population distribution
population clusters are found in the lower elevations of the south and west; the northern third of the country is less populated, as shown on this population distribution map
Urbanization
urban population: 44.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 3.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas – population
1.309 million FREETOWN (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother’s mean age at first birth
19.6 years (2019 est.)
note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49
Maternal mortality ratio
443 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
comparison ranking: 18
Infant mortality rate
total: 71.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
male: 76 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 66.2 deaths/1,000 live births
comparison ranking: total 5
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 59.4 years (2024 est.)
male: 57.8 years
female: 61 years
comparison ranking: total population 223
Total fertility rate
3.61 children born/woman (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 30
Gross reproduction rate
1.78 (2024 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
21.2% (2019)
Drinking water source
improved:
urban: 92.5% of population
rural: 58% of population
total: 72.8% of population
unimproved:
urban: 7.5% of population
rural: 42% of population
total: 27.2% of population (2020 est.)
Health expenditure
8.6% of GDP (2021)
5.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
0.13 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Sanitation facility access
improved:
urban: 79.5% of population
rural: 35.5% of population
total: 54.4% of population
unimproved:
urban: 20.5% of population
rural: 64.5% of population
total: 45.6% of population (2020 est.)
Obesity – adult prevalence rate
8.7% (2016)
comparison ranking: 147
Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 3.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 2.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
comparison ranking: total 107
Tobacco use
total: 9.8% (2025 est.)
male: 14.8% (2025 est.)
female: 4.9% (2025 est.)
comparison ranking: total 129
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
12% (2021)
comparison ranking: 40
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
58.9% (2023 est.)
Child marriage
women married by age 15: 8.6% (2019)
women married by age 18: 29.6% (2019)
men married by age 18: 4.1% (2019)
Education expenditure
8.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
29.4% national budget (2022 est.)
comparison ranking: Education expenditure (% GDP) 7
Literacy
total population: 43.6% (2019 est.)
male: 54.6% (2019 est.)
female: 33.9% (2019 est.)
Environment
Environment – current issues
overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture resulting in deforestation, soil exhaustion, and flooding; loss of biodiversity; air pollution; water pollution; overfishing
Environment – international agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Climate
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
Land use
agricultural land: 54.7% (2022 est.)
arable land: 21.9% (2022 est.)
permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 30.5% (2022 est.)
forest: 34.6% (2022 est.)
other: 10.7% (2022 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 44.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 3.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Air pollutants
particulate matter emissions: 39.42 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 1.09 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 3.16 megatons (2020 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 610,222 tons (2004 est.)
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 110 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Total renewable water resources
160 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Government
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone
conventional short form: Sierra Leone
local long form: Republic of Sierra Leone
local short form: Sierra Leone
etymology: Portuguese explorer Pedro de SINTRA is usually credited with naming the country “Serra da Leao” (Lion Mountains) in 1462, but Venetian explorer Alvise CA’ DA MOSTO recorded the name as “Serre-Lionne” in 1457, referring to the rumbling of thunder over the mountains
Government type
presidential republic
Capital
name: Freetown
geographic coordinates: 8 29 N, 13 14 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name described the original settlement in 1781, which served as a haven for free-born and freed African Americans
Administrative divisions
4 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, North Western, Southern, Western*
Legal system
mixed system of English common law and customary law
Constitution
history: several previous; latest effective 1 October 1991
amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in two successive readings and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms and many other constitutional sections also requires approval in a referendum with participation of at least one half of qualified voters and at least two thirds of votes cast
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Sierra Leone
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Julius Maada BIO (since 27 June 2023)
head of government: President Julius Maada BIO (since 27 June 2023)
cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president, approved by Parliament; the cabinet is responsible to the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by 55% in the first round or absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 June 2023 (next to be held in June 2028)
election results:
2023: Julius Maada BIO reelected president in first round; percent of vote – Julius Maada BIO (SLPP) 56.2%, Samura KAMARA (APC) 41.2%, other 2.6%
2018: Julius Maada BIO elected president in second round; percent of vote – Julius Maada BIO (SLPP) 51.8%, Samura KAMARA (APC) 48.2%
note: the president is chief of state, head of government, and minister of defense
Legislative branch
legislature name: Parliament
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 149 (135 directly elected; 14 indirectly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 6/24/2023
parties elected and seats per party: Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) (81); All People’s Congress (APC) (54)
percentage of women in chamber: 29.5%
expected date of next election: June 2028
note: 14 seats are reserved for “paramount chiefs,” who are indirectly elected to represent the 14 provincial districts
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Superior Court of Judicature (consists of the Supreme Court at the top, with the chief justice and 4 other judges, the Court of Appeal with the chief justice and 7 other judges, and the High Court of Justice with the chief justice and 9 other judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice and other judges of the Judicature appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, a 7-member independent body of judges, presidential appointees, and the Commission chairman, and are subject to approval by Parliament; all Judicature judges serve until retirement at age 65
subordinate courts: magistrates’ courts; District Appeals Court; local courts
Political parties
All People’s Congress or APC
Sierra Leone People’s Party or SLPP
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Sheku MESALI (since 14 January 2025)
chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009-1605
telephone: [1] (202) 939-9261
FAX: [1] (202) 483-1793
email address and website:
[email protected]
https://embassyofsierraleone.net/
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Bryan David HUNT (since 8 September 2023)
embassy: Southridge-Hill Station, Freetown
mailing address: 2160 Freetown Place, Washington DC 20521-2160
telephone: [232] 99 105 000
email address and website:
[email protected]
https://sl.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ACP, AfDB, ATMIS, AU, C, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNOOSA, UNSOM, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence
27 April 1961 (from the UK)
National holiday
Independence Day, 27 April (1961)
Flag description
three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue; green stands for agriculture, mountains, and natural resources, white for unity and justice, and blue for the sea and the natural harbor in Freetown
National symbol(s)
lion
National colors
green, white, blue
National anthem
name: “High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free”
lyrics/music: Clifford Nelson FYLE/John Joseph AKA
note: adopted 1961
Economy
Economic overview
low-income West African economy; primarily subsistent agriculture; key iron and diamond mining activities suspended; slow recovery from 1990s civil war; systemic corruption; high-risk debt; high youth unemployment; natural resource rich
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$25.671 billion (2023 est.)
$24.284 billion (2022 est.)
$23.059 billion (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
comparison ranking: 156
Real GDP growth rate
5.71% (2023 est.)
5.31% (2022 est.)
4.1% (2021 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
comparison ranking: 33
Real GDP per capita
$3,000 (2023 est.)
$2,900 (2022 est.)
$2,800 (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
comparison ranking: 197
GDP (official exchange rate)
$6.412 billion (2023 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
28.6% (2024 est.)
47.6% (2023 est.)
27.2% (2022 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
comparison ranking: 205
GDP – composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 29.1% (2023 est.)
industry: 26% (2023 est.)
services: 42% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
comparison rankings: services 190; industry 86; agriculture 13
GDP – composition, by end use
household consumption: 87.6% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 5.5% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 19.8% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: -0.1% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 21.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -34.3% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
cassava, rice, oil palm fruit, vegetables, sweet potatoes, milk, citrus fruits, fruits, groundnuts, sugarcane (2023)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
diamond mining; iron ore, rutile and bauxite mining; small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, footwear)
Industrial production growth rate
14.39% (2023 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
comparison ranking: 5
Labor force
2.863 million (2024 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
comparison ranking: 115
Unemployment rate
3.1% (2024 est.)
3.2% (2023 est.)
3.2% (2022 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment
comparison ranking: 51
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 3.6% (2024 est.)
male: 4.8% (2024 est.)
female: 2.5% (2024 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
comparison ranking: total 183
Population below poverty line
56.8% (2018 est.)
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient – distribution of family income
35.7 (2018 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
comparison ranking: 69
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 3.4% (2018 est.)
highest 10%: 29.4% (2018 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
6.82% of GDP (2023 est.)
4.52% of GDP (2022 est.)
3.24% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $740 million (2019 est.)
expenditures: $867 million (2019 est.)
Public debt
63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
comparison ranking: 68
Taxes and other revenues
15.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
comparison ranking: 130
Current account balance
-$606.358 million (2023 est.)
-$452.094 million (2022 est.)
-$522.815 million (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments – net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
comparison ranking: 123
Exports
$1.382 billion (2023 est.)
$1.202 billion (2022 est.)
$928.689 million (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments – exports of goods and services in current dollars
comparison ranking: 175
Exports – partners
China 67%, India 6%, Belgium 5%, Netherlands 4%, Ireland 3% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports – commodities
iron ore, titanium ore, diamonds, aluminum ore, cocoa beans (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
$2.264 billion (2023 est.)
$2.074 billion (2022 est.)
$1.91 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments – imports of goods and services in current dollars
comparison ranking: 173
Imports – partners
China 32%, India 15%, UAE 5%, USA 5%, Turkey 5% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports – commodities
rice, plastic products, packaged medicine, cement, cars (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$495.699 million (2023 est.)
$624.496 million (2022 est.)
$945.908 million (2021 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
comparison ranking: 169
Debt – external
$1.451 billion (2023 est.)
note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
comparison ranking: 99
Exchange rates
leones (SLL) per US dollar –
Exchange rates:
21.305 (2023 est.)
14.048 (2022 est.)
10.439 (2021 est.)
9.83 (2020 est.)
9.01 (2019 est.)
Energy
Electricity access
electrification – total population: 29.4% (2022 est.)
electrification – urban areas: 55.3%
electrification – rural areas: 5%
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 149,000 kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 131.321 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 81.921 million kWh (2023 est.)
comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 42; consumption 197; installed generating capacity 182
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 3.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 9.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 84.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 2.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 9,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
1.342 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 1.342 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total emissions 167
Energy consumption per capita
2.301 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: 183
Communications
Telephones – fixed lines
total subscriptions: 0 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2022 est.) less than 1
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 222
Telephones – mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 8.23 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 98 (2021 est.)
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 100
Broadcast media
1 state-owned TV station; 3 private TV stations; 1 pay-TV service; 1 state-owned national radio station; about 24 private radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters available (2019)
Internet country code
.sl
Internet users
percent of population: 21% (2023 est.)
Broadband – fixed subscriptions
total: 0 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2021 est.) less than 1
comparison ranking: total 216
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
9L
Airports
8 (2025)
comparison ranking: 167
Heliports
3 (2025)
comparison ranking: 120
Merchant marine
total: 584 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 33, container ship 8, general cargo 320, oil tanker 97, other 126
comparison ranking: total 39
Ports
total ports: 3 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 0
small: 1
very small: 2
ports with oil terminals: 2
key ports: Bonthe, Freetown, Pepel
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF): organized as a Joint Force Command with land, air, and maritime components
Ministry of Internal Affairs: Sierra Leone Police (2025)
Military expenditures
0.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.3% of GDP (2021 est.)
0.3% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
estimated 10,000 active Armed Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the RSLAF has a small inventory that includes a mix of Soviet-origin and other older foreign-supplied equipment; in recent years, it has received limited amounts of newer equipment, mostly as donations (2024)
Military service age and obligation
18-30 for voluntary military service for men and women (25-40 for specialists); no conscription (2023)
Military – note
the RSLAF’s principle responsibilities are securing the borders and the country’s territorial waters, supporting civil authorities during emergencies and reconstruction efforts, and participating in peacekeeping missions; it is small, lightly armed, and has a limited budget; since being reduced in size and restructured with British assistance after the end of the civil war in 2002, it has received assistance from several foreign militaries, including those of Canada, China, France, the UK, and the US; the RSLAF has participated in peacekeeping operations in Somalia and Sudan
the RSLAF’s origins lie in the Sierra Leone Battalion of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF), a multi-regiment force formed by the British colonial office in 1900 to garrison the West African colonies of Gold Coast (Ghana), Nigeria (Lagos and the protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria), Sierra Leone, and The Gambia; the RWAFF fought in both World Wars (2024)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: IDPs: 3000 currently displaced due to post-electoral violence in 2018 and clashes in the Pujehun region in 2019); 900 internal displacements due to flood in 2022 (2022)
5,500 (displacement caused by post-electoral violence in 2018 and clashes in the Pujehun region in 2019) (2021)
