A large portion of present-day Moldovan territory became a province of the Russian Empire in 1812 and then unified with Romania in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. This territory was then incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although Moldova has been independent from the Soviet Union since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River in the breakaway region of Transnistria.
Years of Communist Party rule in Moldova from 2001 to 2009 ultimately ended with election-related violent protests and a rerun of parliamentary elections in 2009. A series of pro-Europe ruling coalitions governed Moldova from 2010 to 2019, but pro-Russia candidate Igor DODON won the presidency in 2016, and his Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova won a plurality in the legislative election in 2019. Pro-EU reformist candidate Maia SANDU defeated DODON in his reelection bid in 2020, and SANDU’s Party of Action and Solidarity won a parliamentary majority in an early legislative election in 2021. Prime Minister Natalia GAVRILITA and her cabinet took office in 2021. In early 2023, Moldova’s parliament confirmed a new cabinet led by Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN, which retained the majority of the former ministers.
Geography
Location
Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania
Geography
Location
Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania
Geographic coordinates
47 00 N, 29 00 E
Map references
Europe
Area
total : 33,851 sq km
land: 32,891 sq km
water: 960 sq km
comparison ranking: total 139
Area – comparative
slightly larger than Maryland
Area comparison map:
Land boundaries
total: 1,885 km
border countries (2): Romania 683 km; Ukraine 1202 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
moderate winters, warm summers
Terrain
rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Elevation
highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m
lowest point: Dniester (Nistru) 2 m
mean elevation: 139 m
Natural resources
lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, limestone, arable land
Land use
agricultural land: 69.3% (2022 est.)
arable land: 52.4% (2022 est.)
permanent crops: 6.7% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 10.2% (2022 est.)
forest: 11.8% (2022 est.)
other: 18.9% (2022 est.)
Irrigated land
2,150 sq km (2022)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) – 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) – 1,411 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Population distribution
pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, with the largest in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti
Natural hazards
landslides
Geography – note
landlocked; has many types of sedimentary rocks and minerals, including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone
People and Society
Population
total: 3,599,528 (2024 est.)
male: 1,698,249
female: 1,901,279
comparison rankings: total 132; female 131; male 134
Nationality
noun: Moldovan(s)
adjective: Moldovan
Ethnic groups
Moldovan 75.1%, Romanian 7%, Ukrainian 6.6%, Gagauz 4.6%, Russian 4.1%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 0.8% (2014 est.)
Languages
Moldovan/Romanian 80.2% (official) (56.7% Moldovan; 23.5% Romanian), Russian 9.7%, Gagauz 4.2% (a Turkish language), Ukrainian 3.9%, Bulgarian 1.5%, Romani 0.3%, other 0.2% (2014)
major-language sample(s):
Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Moldovan/Romanian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: data represent mother tongue; as of March 2023, “Romanian” replaced “Moldovan” as the name of Moldova’s official language
Moldovan/Romanian audio sample:
Religions
Orthodox 90.1%, other Christian 2.6%, other 0.1%, agnostic <0.1%, atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.9% (2014 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 14.8% (male 266,493/female 266,166)
15-64 years: 70.2% (male 1,225,535/female 1,300,640)
65 years and over: 15% (2024 est.) (male 206,221/female 334,473)
2024 population pyramid:
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 42.5 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 21.1 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 21.4 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.7 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 39.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 38.6 years
female: 41.3 years
comparison ranking: total 63
Population growth rate
-0.58% (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 224
Birth rate
8.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 208
Death rate
14.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 8
Net migration rate
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 81
Population distribution
pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, with the largest in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti
Urbanization
urban population: 43.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas – population
488,000 CHISINAU (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.89 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother’s mean age at first birth
25.2 years (2019 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
12 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
comparison ranking: 140
Infant mortality rate
total: 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
male: 16 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.5 deaths/1,000 live births
comparison ranking: total 102
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 70.1 years (2024 est.)
male: 66.1 years
female: 74.4 years
comparison ranking: total population 179
Total fertility rate
1.26 children born/woman (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 221
Gross reproduction rate
0.61 (2024 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
56% (2020)
Drinking water source
improved:
urban: 98.9% of population
rural: 87% of population
total: 92.1% of population
unimproved:
urban: 1.1% of population
rural: 13% of population
total: 7.9% of population (2020 est.)
Health expenditure
7.8% of GDP (2021)
12.3% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
4.02 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Hospital bed density
5.7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved:
urban: 99% of population
rural: 83.1% of population
total: 89.9% of population
unimproved:
urban: 1% of population
rural: 16.9% of population
total: 10.1% of population (2020 est.)
Obesity – adult prevalence rate
18.9% (2016)
comparison ranking: 113
Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 1.53 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 3.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
comparison ranking: total 54
Tobacco use
total: 28.7% (2025 est.)
male: 54.2% (2025 est.)
female: 6.4% (2025 est.)
comparison ranking: total 26
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
67% (2023 est.)
Education expenditure
6.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
15.9% national budget (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: Education expenditure (% GDP) 21
Literacy
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.5% (2021)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 15 years (2021)
Environment
Environment – current issues
soil and water pollution from heavy use of agricultural chemicals; extensive soil erosion and declining soil fertility from farming methods
Environment – international agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol
Climate
moderate winters, warm summers
Land use
agricultural land: 69.3% (2022 est.)
arable land: 52.4% (2022 est.)
permanent crops: 6.7% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 10.2% (2022 est.)
forest: 11.8% (2022 est.)
other: 18.9% (2022 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 43.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Air pollutants
particulate matter emissions: 12.37 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 5.12 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 3.29 megatons (2020 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 3,981,200 tons (2015 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 609,920 tons (2015 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.3% (2015 est.)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) – 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) – 1,411 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 160 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 580 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Total renewable water resources
12.27 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Government
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Moldova
conventional short form: Moldova
local long form: Republica Moldova
local short form: Moldova
former: Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic
etymology: named for the Moldova River in neighboring eastern Romania; the river’s name probably comes from the Indoeuropean root word mel, meaning “dark” or “black”
Government type
parliamentary republic
Capital
name: Chisinau in Romanian (Kishinev in Russian)
geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 28 51 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: origin unclear but may derive from the Old Moldovan word kishineu (“spring” or “artesian well”)
note: pronounced KEE-shee-now (KIH-shi-nyov)
Administrative divisions
32 districts (raioane, singular – raion), 3 municipalities (municipii, singular – municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala)
raions: Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari, Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova, Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti, Soroca, Stefan Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni
municipalities: Balti, Bender, Chisinau
autonomous territorial unit: Gagauzia
territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)
Legal system
civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court reviews legislative acts
Constitution
history: previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994
amendment process: proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Moldova
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Maia SANDU (since 24 December 2020)
head of government: Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN (since 16 February 2023)
cabinet: Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliament
elections/appointments: president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 November 2024 (next to be held in 2028); prime minister designated by the president on consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament
election results:
2024: In the second round of presidential elections, incumbent Maia SANDU (PAS) wins 55.4% of the vote, Alexandr STOIANOGLO (PSRM) 44.6; turnout is 54.3%
2020: Maia SANDU elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round – Maia SANDU (PAS) 57.7%, Igor DODON (PSRM) 42.3%
2016: Igor DODON elected president in second round; percent of vote – Igor DODON (PSRM) 52.1%, Maia SANDU (PAS) 47.9%
Legislative branch
legislature name: Parliament (Parlament)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 101 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 7/11/2021
parties elected and seats per party: Action and Solidarity Party (PAS) (63); Electoral Bloc of Communists and Socialists (BECS) (32); Șor Party (PPȘ) (6)
percentage of women in chamber: 40%
expected date of next election: July 2025
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body of judicial officials; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy for 6-year terms; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Court of Business Audit; municipal courts
note: the Constitutional Court is autonomous; it interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the government
Political parties
Bloc of Communists and Socialists or BCS
Party of Action and Solidarity or PAS
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Viorel URSU (since 12 December 2022)
chancery: 2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130
FAX: [1] (202) 667-2624
email address and website:
[email protected]
https://sua.mfa.gov.md/en
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Daniela DIPIERRO (since June 2024)
embassy: 103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009
mailing address: 7080 Chisinau Place, Washington DC 20521-7080
telephone: [373] (22) 408-300
FAX: [373] (22) 233-044
email address and website:
[email protected]
https://md.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
note: Moldova is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership
Independence
27 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday
Independence Day, 27 August (1991)
Flag description
three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; emblem in center of flag is a Roman eagle of dark gold outlined in black, with a red beak and talons; the eagle carries a yellow cross in its beak, a green olive branch in its right talons, and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on the eagle’s breast is a red-and-blue shield divided horizontally, with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent in black and outlined yellow; colors are based on the Romanian flag, but Moldova’s blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag displays a mirror image of the coat of arms
note: one of three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides — the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia
National symbol(s)
aurochs (type of wild cattle)
National colors
blue, yellow, red
National anthem
name: “Limba noastra” (Our Language)
lyrics/music: Alexei MATEEVICI/Alexandru CRISTEA
note: adopted 1994
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Struve Geodetic Arc
Economy
Economic overview
upper middle-income Eastern European economy; sustained growth reversed by COVID-19; significant remittances; Russian energy and regional dependence; agricultural exporter; declining workforce due to emigration and low fertility
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$38.969 billion (2023 est.)
$38.666 billion (2022 est.)
$40.708 billion (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
comparison ranking: 139
Real GDP growth rate
0.78% (2023 est.)
-5.02% (2022 est.)
13.93% (2021 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
comparison ranking: 171
Real GDP per capita
$15,900 (2023 est.)
$15,300 (2022 est.)
$15,700 (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
comparison ranking: 118
GDP (official exchange rate)
$16.539 billion (2023 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
4.7% (2024 est.)
13.4% (2023 est.)
28.7% (2022 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
comparison ranking: 144
GDP – composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 7.6% (2023 est.)
industry: 17.4% (2023 est.)
services: 61.1% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
comparison rankings: services 83; industry 160; agriculture 92
GDP – composition, by end use
household consumption: 85.3% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 18.1% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 19.7% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.1% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 35.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -59.6% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
wheat, maize, sunflower seeds, grapes, apples, sugar beets, barley, milk, rapeseed, potatoes (2023)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
sugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles
Industrial production growth rate
-11.74% (2023 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
comparison ranking: 211
Labor force
1.378 million (2024 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
comparison ranking: 139
Unemployment rate
1.4% (2024 est.)
1.6% (2023 est.)
0.9% (2022 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment
comparison ranking: 12
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 3.3% (2024 est.)
male: 3.4% (2024 est.)
female: 3.3% (2024 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
comparison ranking: total 186
Population below poverty line
31.1% (2022 est.)
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient – distribution of family income
25.7 (2021 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
comparison ranking: 149
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 4.3% (2021 est.)
highest 10%: 22.1% (2021 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
12.17% of GDP (2023 est.)
14.04% of GDP (2022 est.)
15.48% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $4.487 billion (2022 est.)
expenditures: $4.684 billion (2022 est.)
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
34.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
comparison ranking: 156
Taxes and other revenues
18.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
comparison ranking: 94
Current account balance
-$1.893 billion (2023 est.)
-$2.482 billion (2022 est.)
-$1.699 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments – net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
comparison ranking: 153
Exports
$5.866 billion (2023 est.)
$5.981 billion (2022 est.)
$4.197 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments – exports of goods and services in current dollars
comparison ranking: 135
Exports – partners
Romania 31%, Ukraine 13%, Italy 6%, Germany 6%, Czechia 4% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports – commodities
insulated wire, garments, refined petroleum, seed oils, wheat (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
$9.84 billion (2023 est.)
$10.265 billion (2022 est.)
$7.915 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments – imports of goods and services in current dollars
comparison ranking: 125
Imports – partners
Romania 16%, Ukraine 13%, China 11%, Turkey 8%, Germany 7% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports – commodities
refined petroleum, natural gas, cars, packaged medicine, plastic products (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$5.477 billion (2024 est.)
$5.453 billion (2023 est.)
$4.474 billion (2022 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
comparison ranking: 96
Debt – external
$2.637 billion (2023 est.)
note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
comparison ranking: 90
Exchange rates
Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar –
Exchange rates:
17.792 (2024 est.)
18.164 (2023 est.)
18.897 (2022 est.)
17.68 (2021 est.)
17.322 (2020 est.)
Energy
Electricity access
electrification – total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 779,000 kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 5.674 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 94 million kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 1.264 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 550.069 million kWh (2023 est.)
comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 84; imports 73; exports 90; consumption 127; installed generating capacity 141
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 88% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 1.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 3.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 6.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal
consumption: 90,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 86,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 22,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Natural gas
production: 10,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)
consumption: 2.223 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 2.223 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
7.093 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 219,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 3.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 3.786 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total emissions 123
Energy consumption per capita
35.686 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: 108
Communications
Telephones – fixed lines
total subscriptions: 847,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 74
Telephones – mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 4.01 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2022 est.)
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 136
Broadcast media
state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and about 50 radio stations; Russian and Romanian channels are available (2019)
Internet country code
.md
Internet users
percent of population: 80% (2023 est.)
Broadband – fixed subscriptions
total: 841,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 27 (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total 82
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
ER
Airports
10 (2025)
comparison ranking: 160
Heliports
1 (2025)
comparison ranking: 165
Railways
total: 1,171 km (2014)
standard gauge: 14 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
broad gauge: 1,157 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge
Merchant marine
total: 75 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 44, oil tanker 7, other 22
comparison ranking: total 102
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova (Forțele Armate ale Republicii Moldova): National Army (comprised of Land Forces, Air Force)
Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Inspectorate of Police (GPI), Border Police Department, Carabinieri Troops Department (2025)
note: the Carabinieri is a quasi-militarized gendarmerie responsible for protecting public buildings, maintaining public order, and other national security functions; the GPI is the primary law enforcement body, responsible for internal security, public order, traffic, and criminal investigations
Military expenditures
0.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 6,500 Moldovan Armed Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military’s inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, it has received donated equipment from Western European nations and the US (2024)
Military service age and obligation
18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 12-month service obligation (2024)
note: as of 2024, women made up about 23% of the military’s full-time personnel
Military – note
the National Army is responsible for defense against external aggression, suppressing illegal military violence along the state border or inside the country, and supporting other internal security forces in maintaining public order if necessary; its primary focuses are Transnistrian separatist forces and their Russian backers; the 1992 war between Moldovan forces and the Transnistrian separatists backed by Russian troops ended with a cease-fire; the separatists maintain several armed paramilitary combat units, plus other security forces and reserves; Russia maintains approximately 1,500 troops in the breakaway region, including some Transnistrian locals who serve as Russian troops; some of those troops are under the authority of a peacekeeping force known as a Joint Control Commission that also includes Moldovan and separatist personnel, while the remainder of the Russian contingent guard a depot of Soviet-era ammunition and train Transnistrian separatist forces
Moldova is constitutionally neutral but has maintained a relationship with NATO since 1992; bilateral cooperation started when Moldova joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994; Moldova has contributed small numbers of troops to NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) since 2014, and a civilian NATO liaison office was established in Moldova in 2017 at the request of the Moldovan Government to promote practical cooperation and facilitate support (2024)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 116,855 (Ukraine) (as of 7 April 2024)
stateless persons: 1,701 (2022)
Illicit drugs
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity
Geographic coordinates
47 00 N, 29 00 E
Map references
Europe
Area
total : 33,851 sq km
land: 32,891 sq km
water: 960 sq km
comparison ranking: total 139
Area – comparative
slightly larger than Maryland
Area comparison map:
Land boundaries
total: 1,885 km
border countries (2): Romania 683 km; Ukraine 1202 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
moderate winters, warm summers
Terrain
rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Elevation
highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m
lowest point: Dniester (Nistru) 2 m
mean elevation: 139 m
Natural resources
lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, limestone, arable land
Land use
agricultural land: 69.3% (2022 est.)
arable land: 52.4% (2022 est.)
permanent crops: 6.7% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 10.2% (2022 est.)
forest: 11.8% (2022 est.)
other: 18.9% (2022 est.)
Irrigated land
2,150 sq km (2022)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) – 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) – 1,411 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Population distribution
pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, with the largest in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti
Natural hazards
landslides
Geography – note
landlocked; has many types of sedimentary rocks and minerals, including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone
People and Society
Population
total: 3,599,528 (2024 est.)
male: 1,698,249
female: 1,901,279
comparison rankings: total 132; female 131; male 134
Nationality
noun: Moldovan(s)
adjective: Moldovan
Ethnic groups
Moldovan 75.1%, Romanian 7%, Ukrainian 6.6%, Gagauz 4.6%, Russian 4.1%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 0.8% (2014 est.)
Languages
Moldovan/Romanian 80.2% (official) (56.7% Moldovan; 23.5% Romanian), Russian 9.7%, Gagauz 4.2% (a Turkish language), Ukrainian 3.9%, Bulgarian 1.5%, Romani 0.3%, other 0.2% (2014)
major-language sample(s):
Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Moldovan/Romanian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: data represent mother tongue; as of March 2023, “Romanian” replaced “Moldovan” as the name of Moldova’s official language
Moldovan/Romanian audio sample:
Religions
Orthodox 90.1%, other Christian 2.6%, other 0.1%, agnostic <0.1%, atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.9% (2014 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 14.8% (male 266,493/female 266,166)
15-64 years: 70.2% (male 1,225,535/female 1,300,640)
65 years and over: 15% (2024 est.) (male 206,221/female 334,473)
2024 population pyramid:
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 42.5 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 21.1 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 21.4 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.7 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 39.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 38.6 years
female: 41.3 years
comparison ranking: total 63
Population growth rate
-0.58% (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 224
Birth rate
8.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 208
Death rate
14.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 8
Net migration rate
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 81
Population distribution
pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, with the largest in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti
Urbanization
urban population: 43.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas – population
488,000 CHISINAU (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.89 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother’s mean age at first birth
25.2 years (2019 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
12 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
comparison ranking: 140
Infant mortality rate
total: 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
male: 16 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.5 deaths/1,000 live births
comparison ranking: total 102
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 70.1 years (2024 est.)
male: 66.1 years
female: 74.4 years
comparison ranking: total population 179
Total fertility rate
1.26 children born/woman (2024 est.)
comparison ranking: 221
Gross reproduction rate
0.61 (2024 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
56% (2020)
Drinking water source
improved:
urban: 98.9% of population
rural: 87% of population
total: 92.1% of population
unimproved:
urban: 1.1% of population
rural: 13% of population
total: 7.9% of population (2020 est.)
Health expenditure
7.8% of GDP (2021)
12.3% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
4.02 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Hospital bed density
5.7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved:
urban: 99% of population
rural: 83.1% of population
total: 89.9% of population
unimproved:
urban: 1% of population
rural: 16.9% of population
total: 10.1% of population (2020 est.)
Obesity – adult prevalence rate
18.9% (2016)
comparison ranking: 113
Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 1.53 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 3.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
comparison ranking: total 54
Tobacco use
total: 28.7% (2025 est.)
male: 54.2% (2025 est.)
female: 6.4% (2025 est.)
comparison ranking: total 26
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
67% (2023 est.)
Education expenditure
6.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
15.9% national budget (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: Education expenditure (% GDP) 21
Literacy
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.5% (2021)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 15 years (2021)
Environment
Environment – current issues
soil and water pollution from heavy use of agricultural chemicals; extensive soil erosion and declining soil fertility from farming methods
Environment – international agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol
Climate
moderate winters, warm summers
Land use
agricultural land: 69.3% (2022 est.)
arable land: 52.4% (2022 est.)
permanent crops: 6.7% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 10.2% (2022 est.)
forest: 11.8% (2022 est.)
other: 18.9% (2022 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 43.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Air pollutants
particulate matter emissions: 12.37 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 5.12 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 3.29 megatons (2020 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 3,981,200 tons (2015 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 609,920 tons (2015 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.3% (2015 est.)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) – 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) – 1,411 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 160 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 580 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Total renewable water resources
12.27 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Government
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Moldova
conventional short form: Moldova
local long form: Republica Moldova
local short form: Moldova
former: Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic
etymology: named for the Moldova River in neighboring eastern Romania; the river’s name probably comes from the Indoeuropean root word mel, meaning “dark” or “black”
Government type
parliamentary republic
Capital
name: Chisinau in Romanian (Kishinev in Russian)
geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 28 51 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: origin unclear but may derive from the Old Moldovan word kishineu (“spring” or “artesian well”)
note: pronounced KEE-shee-now (KIH-shi-nyov)
Administrative divisions
32 districts (raioane, singular – raion), 3 municipalities (municipii, singular – municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala)
raions: Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari, Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova, Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti, Soroca, Stefan Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni
municipalities: Balti, Bender, Chisinau
autonomous territorial unit: Gagauzia
territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)
Legal system
civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court reviews legislative acts
Constitution
history: previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994
amendment process: proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Moldova
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Maia SANDU (since 24 December 2020)
head of government: Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN (since 16 February 2023)
cabinet: Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliament
elections/appointments: president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 November 2024 (next to be held in 2028); prime minister designated by the president on consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament
election results:
2024: In the second round of presidential elections, incumbent Maia SANDU (PAS) wins 55.4% of the vote, Alexandr STOIANOGLO (PSRM) 44.6; turnout is 54.3%
2020: Maia SANDU elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round – Maia SANDU (PAS) 57.7%, Igor DODON (PSRM) 42.3%
2016: Igor DODON elected president in second round; percent of vote – Igor DODON (PSRM) 52.1%, Maia SANDU (PAS) 47.9%
Legislative branch
legislature name: Parliament (Parlament)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 101 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 7/11/2021
parties elected and seats per party: Action and Solidarity Party (PAS) (63); Electoral Bloc of Communists and Socialists (BECS) (32); Șor Party (PPȘ) (6)
percentage of women in chamber: 40%
expected date of next election: July 2025
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body of judicial officials; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy for 6-year terms; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Court of Business Audit; municipal courts
note: the Constitutional Court is autonomous; it interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the government
Political parties
Bloc of Communists and Socialists or BCS
Party of Action and Solidarity or PAS
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Viorel URSU (since 12 December 2022)
chancery: 2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130
FAX: [1] (202) 667-2624
email address and website:
[email protected]
https://sua.mfa.gov.md/en
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Daniela DIPIERRO (since June 2024)
embassy: 103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009
mailing address: 7080 Chisinau Place, Washington DC 20521-7080
telephone: [373] (22) 408-300
FAX: [373] (22) 233-044
email address and website:
[email protected]
https://md.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
note: Moldova is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership
Independence
27 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday
Independence Day, 27 August (1991)
Flag description
three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; emblem in center of flag is a Roman eagle of dark gold outlined in black, with a red beak and talons; the eagle carries a yellow cross in its beak, a green olive branch in its right talons, and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on the eagle’s breast is a red-and-blue shield divided horizontally, with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent in black and outlined yellow; colors are based on the Romanian flag, but Moldova’s blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag displays a mirror image of the coat of arms
note: one of three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides — the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia
National symbol(s)
aurochs (type of wild cattle)
National colors
blue, yellow, red
National anthem
name: “Limba noastra” (Our Language)
lyrics/music: Alexei MATEEVICI/Alexandru CRISTEA
note: adopted 1994
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Struve Geodetic Arc
Economy
Economic overview
upper middle-income Eastern European economy; sustained growth reversed by COVID-19; significant remittances; Russian energy and regional dependence; agricultural exporter; declining workforce due to emigration and low fertility
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$38.969 billion (2023 est.)
$38.666 billion (2022 est.)
$40.708 billion (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
comparison ranking: 139
Real GDP growth rate
0.78% (2023 est.)
-5.02% (2022 est.)
13.93% (2021 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
comparison ranking: 171
Real GDP per capita
$15,900 (2023 est.)
$15,300 (2022 est.)
$15,700 (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
comparison ranking: 118
GDP (official exchange rate)
$16.539 billion (2023 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
4.7% (2024 est.)
13.4% (2023 est.)
28.7% (2022 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
comparison ranking: 144
GDP – composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 7.6% (2023 est.)
industry: 17.4% (2023 est.)
services: 61.1% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
comparison rankings: services 83; industry 160; agriculture 92
GDP – composition, by end use
household consumption: 85.3% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 18.1% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 19.7% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.1% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 35.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -59.6% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
wheat, maize, sunflower seeds, grapes, apples, sugar beets, barley, milk, rapeseed, potatoes (2023)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
sugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles
Industrial production growth rate
-11.74% (2023 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
comparison ranking: 211
Labor force
1.378 million (2024 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
comparison ranking: 139
Unemployment rate
1.4% (2024 est.)
1.6% (2023 est.)
0.9% (2022 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment
comparison ranking: 12
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 3.3% (2024 est.)
male: 3.4% (2024 est.)
female: 3.3% (2024 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
comparison ranking: total 186
Population below poverty line
31.1% (2022 est.)
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient – distribution of family income
25.7 (2021 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
comparison ranking: 149
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 4.3% (2021 est.)
highest 10%: 22.1% (2021 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
12.17% of GDP (2023 est.)
14.04% of GDP (2022 est.)
15.48% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $4.487 billion (2022 est.)
expenditures: $4.684 billion (2022 est.)
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
34.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
comparison ranking: 156
Taxes and other revenues
18.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
comparison ranking: 94
Current account balance
-$1.893 billion (2023 est.)
-$2.482 billion (2022 est.)
-$1.699 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments – net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
comparison ranking: 153
Exports
$5.866 billion (2023 est.)
$5.981 billion (2022 est.)
$4.197 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments – exports of goods and services in current dollars
comparison ranking: 135
Exports – partners
Romania 31%, Ukraine 13%, Italy 6%, Germany 6%, Czechia 4% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports – commodities
insulated wire, garments, refined petroleum, seed oils, wheat (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
$9.84 billion (2023 est.)
$10.265 billion (2022 est.)
$7.915 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments – imports of goods and services in current dollars
comparison ranking: 125
Imports – partners
Romania 16%, Ukraine 13%, China 11%, Turkey 8%, Germany 7% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports – commodities
refined petroleum, natural gas, cars, packaged medicine, plastic products (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$5.477 billion (2024 est.)
$5.453 billion (2023 est.)
$4.474 billion (2022 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
comparison ranking: 96
Debt – external
$2.637 billion (2023 est.)
note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
comparison ranking: 90
Exchange rates
Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar –
Exchange rates:
17.792 (2024 est.)
18.164 (2023 est.)
18.897 (2022 est.)
17.68 (2021 est.)
17.322 (2020 est.)
Energy
Electricity access
electrification – total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 779,000 kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 5.674 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 94 million kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 1.264 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 550.069 million kWh (2023 est.)
comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 84; imports 73; exports 90; consumption 127; installed generating capacity 141
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 88% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 1.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 3.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 6.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal
consumption: 90,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 86,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 22,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Natural gas
production: 10,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)
consumption: 2.223 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 2.223 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
7.093 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 219,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 3.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 3.786 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total emissions 123
Energy consumption per capita
35.686 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: 108
Communications
Telephones – fixed lines
total subscriptions: 847,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 74
Telephones – mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 4.01 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2022 est.)
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 136
Broadcast media
state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and about 50 radio stations; Russian and Romanian channels are available (2019)
Internet country code
.md
Internet users
percent of population: 80% (2023 est.)
Broadband – fixed subscriptions
total: 841,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 27 (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total 82
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
ER
Airports
10 (2025)
comparison ranking: 160
Heliports
1 (2025)
comparison ranking: 165
Railways
total: 1,171 km (2014)
standard gauge: 14 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
broad gauge: 1,157 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge
Merchant marine
total: 75 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 44, oil tanker 7, other 22
comparison ranking: total 102
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova (Forțele Armate ale Republicii Moldova): National Army (comprised of Land Forces, Air Force)
Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Inspectorate of Police (GPI), Border Police Department, Carabinieri Troops Department (2025)
note: the Carabinieri is a quasi-militarized gendarmerie responsible for protecting public buildings, maintaining public order, and other national security functions; the GPI is the primary law enforcement body, responsible for internal security, public order, traffic, and criminal investigations
Military expenditures
0.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 6,500 Moldovan Armed Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military’s inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, it has received donated equipment from Western European nations and the US (2024)
Military service age and obligation
18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 12-month service obligation (2024)
note: as of 2024, women made up about 23% of the military’s full-time personnel
Military – note
the National Army is responsible for defense against external aggression, suppressing illegal military violence along the state border or inside the country, and supporting other internal security forces in maintaining public order if necessary; its primary focuses are Transnistrian separatist forces and their Russian backers; the 1992 war between Moldovan forces and the Transnistrian separatists backed by Russian troops ended with a cease-fire; the separatists maintain several armed paramilitary combat units, plus other security forces and reserves; Russia maintains approximately 1,500 troops in the breakaway region, including some Transnistrian locals who serve as Russian troops; some of those troops are under the authority of a peacekeeping force known as a Joint Control Commission that also includes Moldovan and separatist personnel, while the remainder of the Russian contingent guard a depot of Soviet-era ammunition and train Transnistrian separatist forces
Moldova is constitutionally neutral but has maintained a relationship with NATO since 1992; bilateral cooperation started when Moldova joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994; Moldova has contributed small numbers of troops to NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) since 2014, and a civilian NATO liaison office was established in Moldova in 2017 at the request of the Moldovan Government to promote practical cooperation and facilitate support (2024)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 116,855 (Ukraine) (as of 7 April 2024)
stateless persons: 1,701 (2022)
Illicit drugs
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity
