| Year | Author’s Name | Title | Institution | Degree | Pages | Subject | Abstract |
| 1928 | GRAY, VIRGINIA WISE | THE PROBLEM OF THE EAST INDIANS IN KENYA COLONY AND PROTECTORATE | THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO | AM | 88 | Abstract | |
| 1934 | DILLEY, MARJORIE R. | BRITISH POLICY IN KENYA COLONY | UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1948 | HOCHSTEIN, CORA H. | THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN KENYA COLONY | RADCLIFFE COLLEGE | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1949 | PARKER, GARLAND G. | BRITISH NATIVE POLICY IN KENYA AND UGANDA, 1885-1939 | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1953 | SCHNEIDER, HAROLD KENNETH | THE PAKOT (SUK) OF KENYA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ROLE OF LIVESTOCK IN THEIR SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | 381 | ANTHROPOLOGY (0292) | ||
| 1956 | WEST, ROBERT LEROY | SOURCES OF AGGREGATIVE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE MARKET SECTOR OF AN UNDER-DEVELOPED ECONOMY. A CASE STUDY: KENYA COLONY AND PROTECTORATE, 1923-1939 | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 316 | Abstract | |
| 1959 | KUMALO, CLEOPAS | IDEOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN THE DEBATES ON AFRICAN EDUCATION IN KENYA AND SOUTH AFRICA | BOSTON UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL | PHD | 197 | Abstract | |
| 1959 | REMOLE, ROBERT ALAN | WHITE SETTLERS OR THE FOUNDATION OF EUROPEAN AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT IN KENYA | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1959 | DORO, MARION ELIZABETH | KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN A PLURAL SOCIETY. | UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA | PHD | 319 | Abstract |
| Year | Author’s Name | Title | Institution | Degree | Pages | Subject | Abstract |
| 1960 | ORTEGA, JACOBO | GENETIC FACTORS CONTROLLING STEM RUST RESISTANCE IN KENYA FARMER WHEAT | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 53 | Abstract | |
| 1961 | FORRESTER, MARION WALLACE | CAPITAL FORMATION IN KENYA | BRYN MAWR COLLEGE | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1962 | INDIRE, FILEMONA FUNDI | A COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM PROPOSAL FOR REVIEWING AND REVISING THE PROGRAM OF CHAVAKALI SECONDARY SCHOOL, MARAGOLI, KENYA. | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | EDD | 310 | Abstract | |
| 1962 | LEHRER, PAUL LINDNER | THE EFFECTS OF AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOIL PRODUCTIVITY AND NUTRIENT LEVELS IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA – LINCOLN | PHD | GEOGRAPHY (0366) | Abstract | |
| 1963 | LEISLE, DAVID | THE INHERITANCE OF SEEDLING STEM RUST REACTION TO RACES 56 AND 15B IN A FRONTANA X KENYA 58-NEWTHATCH DERIVATIVE AND ITS PARENTS | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 53 | Abstract | |
| 1964 | HAGLIN, JOHN JUNELL | A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF REIMPLANTATION OF THE LUNG IN THE DOG AND KENYA BABOON (VOLUMES I AND II) | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 383 | Abstract | |
| 1964 | SCHOTT, JOHN ROBERT | THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY OF KENYA | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1964 | SHEFFIELD, JAMES ROCKWELL | POLICIES AND PROGRESS IN AFRICAN EDUCATION IN KENYA: 1949-1963 | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | EDD | 305 | Abstract | |
| 1965 | TRUNDLE, CLARKE FREEMAN | PROJECTION OF A FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR TEACHER EDUCATION IN KENYA, 1965-1969, INCLUSIVE | THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1966 | OKUMU, JOHN JOSEPH | KENYA, 1900-1930: A STUDY IN CONFLICT | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 319 | Abstract | |
| 1966 | REPASHY, ALLEN JAMES | THE REACTIONS OF KENYAN RETURNEES TO THEIR EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES ABROAD | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | EDD | 213 | EDUCATION, GENERAL (0515) | |
| 1966 | SABERWAL, SATISH CHANDRA | SOCIAL CONTROL AND CULTURAL FLEXIBILITY AMONG THE EMBU OF KENYA, (CA. 1900). | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 329 | Abstract | |
| 1967 | CROWLEY, JOSEPH NEIL | COLONIAL POLICY AND NATIONALISM IN KENYA 1952-1963 | UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON | PHD | 344 | Abstract | |
| 1967 | EASTMAN, CAROL MARY | AN INVESTIGATION OF VERBAL EXTENSION IN KENYA COASTAL DIALECTS OF SWAHILI WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON KIMVITA | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 418 | Abstract | |
| 1967 | MAPLES, WILLIAM ROSS | AN ANALYSIS OF THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE KENYA BABOON (PAPIO DOGUERA AND PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS). | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN | PHD | 128 | Abstract | |
| 1967 | MUGA, ERASTO | THE IMPACT OF WESTERN CHRISTIAN RELIGION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP GROUPS IN EAST AFRICA (KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA) | NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH | PHD | 292 | Abstract | |
| 1967 | SOJA, EDWARD WILLIAM | THE GEOGRAPHY OF MODERNIZATION IN KENYA | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 303 | Abstract | |
| 1967 | URCH, GEROGE E. F | THE AFRICANIZATION OF THE CURRICULUM IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 279 | Abstract | |
| 1968 | BERNARD, FRANK EDWARD | EAST OF MOUNT KENYA: MERU AGRICULTURE IN TRANSITION | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 472 | Abstract | |
| 1968 | BIRDSALL, STEPHEN SHAW | TRANSPORTATION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN WESTERN KENYA: AN APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF INVESTMENT PRIORITIES. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 355 | Abstract | |
| 1968 | CLOUGH, RICHARD HAYES | AN APPRAISAL OF AFRICAN SETTLEMENT SCHEMES IN THE KENYA HIGHLANDS | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 248 | Abstract | |
| 1968 | KOPLIN, ROBERTA ELLEN | EDUCATION AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN GHANA AND KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF OREGON | PHD | 389 | Abstract | |
| 1968 | MUNRO, JOHN FORBES STABLES | THE MACHAKOS KAMBA UNDER BRITISH RULE, 1889-1939: A STUDY OF COLONIAL CONTACT IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 422 | Abstract | |
| 1968 | ONYONKA, ZACHARY THEODORE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BANKING: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 279 | Abstract | |
| 1968 | OWUOR, YUDA ODUNDO | EDUCATION FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PROBLEMS OF THE URBAN AREAS. | UNIVERSITY OF OREGON | MUP | 186 | Abstract | |
| 1968 | PERKINS, ROBERT C. | INDEPENDENCE FOR KENYA: A STUDY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH COLONIAL POLICY, 1955-1963 | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA | PHD | 302 | abstract | |
| 1968 | ROBBINS, LAWRENCE HARRY | LOTHAGAM: A LATER STONE AGE FISHING SETTLEMENT IN THE LAKE RUDOLF AREA OFTHE KENYA RIFT SYSTEM | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 345 | Abstract | |
| 1968 | SHIROYA, OKETE J.E. | THE IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II ON KENYA: THE ROLE OF EX-SERVICEMEN IN KENYAN NATIONALISM | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 274 | Abstract | |
| 1968 | TEMU, ARNOLF JAMES | THE BRITISH PROTESTANT MISSIONS ON THE KENYA COAST AND HIGHLANDS, 1873-1929 | UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA) | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1969 | BROWNSTEIN, LEWIS | MASS EDUCATION IN A DEVELOPING SOCIETY: THE CASE OF THE KENYA PRELIMINARYEXAMINATION CANDIDATE | THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY | PHD | 352 | Abstract | |
| 1969 | BUKHALA, JAMES ASHIONO | THE PROCESS AND STRATEGY OF PROMOTING AND DEVELOPING AN AUDIOVISUAL PROGRAMME IN KENYA | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 253 | Abstract | |
| 1969 | COE, RICHARD LEIGHTON | POLICY AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN TRANSITIONAL SOCIETIES: THE CASE OF THE KENYA NATIONAL YOUTH | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 291 | Abstract | |
| 1969 | COPPING, RONALD RICHARD | SKELETAL PATHOLOGY IN THE KENYA BABOON. | WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY | MA | 99 | ANTHROPOLOGY, PHYSICAL (0327) | |
| 1969 | DALIZU, EGAMBI F. K. | A STUDY IN AGITATIONAL AND INTEGRATIVE POLITICS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO JOMO KENYATTA | THE CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 238 | Abstract | |
| 1969 | FRENCH, PETER LINNEKIN | CULTURAL DUALITY AND POLITICAL STABILITY IN INDEPENDENT KENYA, 1963-1965 | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 416 | Abstract | |
| 1969 | GOOD, KENNETH ALFRED | THE KENYANS AND THEIR FOREIGN POLICY: PRESSURES, IMAGES, AND DECISIONS. | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | POLITICAL SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RELATIONS (0616) | ||
| 1969 | MAITHA, JOSEPH KAMUYA | COFFEE PRODUCTION IN KENYA: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO | PHD | 128 | Abstract | |
| 1969 | NERLOVE, SARA BETH | TRAIT DISPOSITIONS AND SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR AMONG GUSII CHILDREN OF SOUTHWESTERN KENYA | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 244 | Abstract | |
| 1969 | PRATT, MILDRED | A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN A SELECTED GROUP OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES: GHANA, SIERRA LEONE, KENYA AND TANZANIA | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | PHD | 257 | Abstract | |
| 1969 | SWARTZ, ARLENE CECILIA | A STUDY OF THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN KENYA–POST-INDEPENDENCE. | DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY | MA | 90 | Abstract | |
| 1969 | THOMASON, MICHAEL VINCENT RAPHAEL | THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA, 1900-1912 | DUKE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 272 | Abstract | |
| 1969 | WOLFF, RICHARD DAVID | ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BRITISH COLONIALISM IN KENYA, 1895-1930 | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 249 | Abstract |
| Year | Author’s Name | Title | Institution | Degree | Pages | Subject | Abstract |
| 1970 | CHARD, EVERETT WARREN | DISTRICT GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 355 | abstract | |
| 1970 | GACHUHI, J. MUGO | THE ROLE AND IMPACT OF SELF-HELP SCHOOLS ON A KENYAN COMMUNITY OF CHINGA | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO | PHD | 177 | Abstract | |
| 1970 | GITHARA, HENRY KAMANU | THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN SECONDARY EDUCATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA (1924-1968) | THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA | PHD | 246 | Abstract | |
| 1970 | HAKES, JAY EDWARD | THE PARLIAMENTARY PARTY OF THE KENYA AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION: CLEAVAGE AND COHESION IN THE RULING PARTY OF A NEW NATION | DUKE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 364 | Abstract | |
| 1970 | HARBESON, JOHN WILLIS | NATIONALISM AND NATION-BUILDING IN KENYA: THE ROLE OF LAND REFORM | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 719 | Abstract | |
| 1970 | KITEME, KAMUTI | THE IMPACT OF A EUROPEAN EDUCATION UPON AFRICANS IN KENYA: 1846-1940 | YESHIVA UNIVERSITY | EDD | 234 | Abstract | |
| 1970 | KOVAR, MICHAEL HARRY | THE KIKUYU INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS MOVEMENT: INTERACTION OF POLITICS AND EDUCATION IN KENYA (1923-1953) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | EDD | 369 | Abstract | |
| 1970 | MAXWELL, ROBERT HAWORTH | THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION TO ACADEMIC SUCCESS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL AND OCCUPATIONAL PATTERNS IN KENYA: THE CHAVAKALI CASE | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 287 | ||
| 1970 | MCKEE, JANET WILLIS MILLER | INDUSTRIAL PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 204 | Abstract | |
| 1970 | MORIS, JON RUSSEL | THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION IN CENTRAL KENYA: A STUDY OF FARM INNOVATION INEMBU DISTRICT | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 473 | Abstract | |
| 1970 | ONYUNDO, AMRAM O | PROPOSAL FOR A MODEL, COMMUNITY-BASED SECONDARY SCHOOL IN KISUMU, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | PHD | 185 | Abstract | |
| 1970 | WATERS, ALAN RUFUS | THE COST STRUCTURE OF THE KENYA COFFEE INDUSTRY | RICE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 326 | ECONOMICS, GENERAL (0501) | |
| 1971 | BALL, MARGARET ELIZABETH | VARIATIONS IN THE ASSIMILATION OF ARABIC AND ENGLISH LOANS INTO THE SWAHILI OF MOMBASA, KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN | PHD | 103 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | CORRY, JOSEPH JAMES | THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN KENYA, 1922-1954 | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 254 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | DANIELS, ROBERT E. | BY RITES A MAN: A STUDY OF THE SOCIETAL AND INDIVIDUAL FOUNDATION OF TRIBAL IDENTITY AMONG THE KIPSIGIS OF KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO | PHD | |||
| 1971 | EDARI, RONALD S. | ETHNIC RELATIONS AND PROSPECTS FOR NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN KENYA | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 184 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | ETHERINGTON, DAN MAXWELL | AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SMALLHOLDER TEA GROWING IN KENYA | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 215 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | FJELLMAN, JANET ANN SHEPHERD | THE MYTH OF PRIMITIVE MENTALITY: A STUDY OF SEMANTIC ACQUISITION AND MODESOF CATEGORIZATION IN AKAMBA CHILDREN OF SOUTH CENTRAL KENYA | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 197 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | KAREI, KARIUKI | KENYA ADMINISTRATION: ATTITUDES AND THE SALA MODEL | UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA | PHD | 243 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | MACKIE, WILLIAM LESLIE | EDUCATING FOR AGRICULTURE – THE KENYAN EXPERIENCE | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 232 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | MITCHELL, FRANCIS HARRIS | THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF TOURISM IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 412 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | MORGAN, JOHN STANLEY | KENYA SECONDARY EDUCATION: CONTRIBUTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT | UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 260 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | MUHAMMED, SALEH IDRIS | WATER POLLUTION BACTERIA IN KENYA | COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 148 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | MULLEN, JAY CARLTON | THE DEVONSHIRE DECLARATION: NATIVE PARAMOUNTCY IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY | PHD | 215 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | MUTHIANI, ELIZABETH A | THE USEFUL SEED PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS OF KENYA. | WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY | MA | 157 | BIOLOGY, BOTANY (0309) | |
| 1971 | NEHER, WILLIAM WALTER | CONTEMPORARY PUBLIC ADDRESS IN KENYA: A STUDY IN COMPARATIVE RHETORIC | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 413 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | PALMER, GARY BRADFORD | THE SHIMBA HILLS SETTLEMENT SCHEME: THE ADMINISTRATION OF LARGE-SCALEINNOVATION IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 296 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | PETTISS, SUSAN THAMES | SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL-URBAN YOUTH MIGRATION IN TWO AFRICAN COUNTRIES: NIGERIA AND KENYA | BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY | PHD | 264 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | POSNER, ROBERT | AGRICULTURAL LABOR MARKETS IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 373 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | REMPEL, HENRY | LABOR MIGRATION INTO URBAN CENTERS AND URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 187 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | ROUYER, ALWYN RUDOLPH | POLITICAL RECRUITMENT IN KENYA: THE LEGISLATIVE ELITE, 1957-1968 | TULANE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 337 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | SENGA, WILLIAM MAUNDU | WAGE AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT EFFECTS ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE EAST AFRICANINDUSTRIAL SECTOR: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KENYA, 1954-1968 | THE CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 139 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | SHELBY, MARTHA JANICE | INFLUENCE OF TRIBALISM, LINGUA FRANCA, AND MASS COMMUNICATION ON NATIONALDEVELOPMENT OF EAST AFRICAN STATES OF KENYA, UGANDA, AND TANZANIA | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN | PHD | 252 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | STRAYER, ROBERT WILLIAM | THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY IN EASTERN AND CENTRAL KENYA, 1875-1935: A MISSION COMMUNITY IN A COLONIAL SOCIETY | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 414 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | STREN, RICHARD ELI | POLICY, LOCAL POLITICS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF LOW-COST HOUSING IN MOMBASA, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1971 | THOMAS, ANTHONY EVERSLEY | ADAPTATION TO MODERN MEDICINE IN LOWLAND MACHAKOS, KENYA: A CONTROLLED COMPARISON OF TWO KAMBA COMMUNITIES | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 290 | Abstract | |
| 1971 | WAIGUCHU, JULIUS MURUKU | NATION BUILDING IN KENYA: CULTURE, POLITICS, ECONOMICS AND TECHNOLOGY | TEMPLE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 411 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | BANZIGER, GEAROGE J. JR. | PREFERENCE, TRAINING, AND DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN THE CLASSIFICATION BEHAVIOR OF BUKUSU (KENYA) SCHOOL CHILDREN | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 258 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | BUCKNALL, JEFFERY JAMES | AN APPRAISAL OF SOME OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE KENYA NATIONAL TRADING CORPORATION | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 281 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | BUNGER, ROBERT LOUIS, JR. | ISLAMIZATION AMONG THE UPPER POKOMO OF KENYA | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 217 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | CAPONE, DONALD L. | WILDLIFE, MAN AND COMPETITION FOR LAND IN KENYA: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 245 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | GARST, RONALD DAVID | THE SPATIAL DIFFUSION OF AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS IN KISII DISTRICT, KENYA | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 280 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | GLAZIER, JACK | CONFLICT AND CONCILIATION AMONG THE MBEERE OF KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 327 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | HELLER, PETER STEVEN | THE DYNAMICS OF PROJECT EXPENDITURES AND THE PLANNING PROCESS: WITH REFERENCE TO KENYA | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1972 | HENNEIN, SWAILEM SIDHOM | THE STUDY OF FAMILY STRUCTURE IN PUMWANI, NAIROBI, KENYA | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 263 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | JACKSON, KENNELL ARDOWAY, JR. | AN ETHNOHISTORICAL STUDY OF THE ORAL TRADITIONS OF THE AKAMBA OF KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 390 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | KAGOMBE, MAINA D. | BUREAUCRACY AND SOCIAL CHANGE: A STUDY OF TRANSFORMING THE BRITISH COLONIAL BUREAUCRACY IN KENYA INTO AN INDIGENOUS NATIONAL SERVICE | NEW YORK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 275 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (0617) | |
| 1972 | MUELLER, SUSANNE DOROTHY | POLITICAL PARTIES IN KENYA: PATTERNS OF OPPOSITION AND DISSENT, 1919-1969. | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 547 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | MUKASA, LOTANI BUKAIDE | ETHNICITY AND NATIONAL UNIFICATION IN UGANDA AND KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF OREGON | PHD | 176 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | NJOROGE, NGANGA | AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN KENYA, 1844-1970 | OHIO UNIVERSITY | PHD | 249 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | NYANGIRA, NICHOLAS | RELATIVE MODERNIZATION AND PUBLIC POLICY OUTCOMES IN KENYA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 289 | abstract | |
| 1972 | OGGEMA, MATTHIAS WANYAMA | THE GENETICS OF RESISTANCE TO PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI IN EIGHT WHEAT VARIETIES FROM KENYA. | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1972 | OLIVIER, THOMAS JOSEPH | MICROEVOLUTION IN KENYA BABOONS | DUKE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 122 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | QUINLAN, THOMAS ELDREGE | THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGES IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL ENGLISH SYLLABUS AND THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN KENYA, 1964-1970 | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 300 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | REYNOLDS, DAVID HAMILTON | A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF SELECTED GRADUATES OF A SCHOOL IN KENYA FOR CHILDREN OF MISSIONARIES: 1965-1970. | UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA | EDD | 162 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | SABEN, TIMOTHY JOHN | THE LACK OF KENYAN PLANNING: A MAJOR PROBLEM AFFECTING THE RECRUITMENT, TRAINING, AND RETENTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TEACHERS IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF OREGON | DED | 274 | abstract | |
| 1972 | SCHILLING, DONALD GILMORE | BRITISH POLICY FOR AFRICAN EDUCATION IN KENYA, 1895-1939 | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 559 | Abstract | |
| 1972 | STICHTER, SHARON BAKER | LABOR AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN COLONIAL KENYA. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 592 | abstract | |
| 1973 | ALGER, BERNARD CARL | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES IN KENYA SINCE 1946: IMPLICATIONS OF A DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE. | THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA | PHD | 505 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | AMAYO, GERSHOM N. | A HISTORY OF THE ADVENTIST CHRISTIAN EDUCATION IN KENYA: ILLUSTRATED IN THE LIGHT OF ITS IMPACT ON THE AFRICANS’ SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, 1906-1963. | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 397 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | BEHRENSMEYER, ANNA KATHERINE | THE TAPHONOMY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF PLIO-PLEISTOCENE VERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES EAST OF LAKE RUDOLF, KENYA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1973 | BLEVINS, HANSEL HERBERT | POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION THROUGH THE SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM: THE CASE OF KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA | 269 | Abstract | ||
| 1973 | CONLEY, WILLIAM WALLACE | THE KALIMANTAN KENYAH: A STUDY OF TRIBAL CONVERSION IN TERMS OF DYNAMIC CULTURAL THEMES | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY | DMISS | 482 | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract |
| 1973 | CRIPPEN, DAVID WELLS | A STUDY OF THE INTERESTS AND CONCERNS OF PUPILS OF STANDARDS THREE, FIVE, AND SEVEN OF THE BALUYIA ETHNIC GROUP OF KENYA, EAST AFRICA. | PEABODY COLLEGE FOR TEACHERS OF VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY | PHD | 153 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | DATTA, SUHASHNI | RACIAL INTEGRATION AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN KENYA. | WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 133 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | DUTTO, CARL A. | NYERI TOWNSMEN, KENYA. | THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA | PHD | 365 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | EVANS, EMMIT BUD, JR. | KENYAN SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS: A VIEW TOWARD THE FUTURE. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1973 | FADIMAN, JEFFREY ANDREW | TRADITIONAL WARFARE AMONG THE MERU OF MT. KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 389 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | FRIESEN, RONALD LEE | EMPIRICAL STUDIES IN IMPORT DEMAND AND TARIFFS: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA AND EAST AFRICA. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 320 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | GAFFNEY, MICHAEL JAMES | DECISION-MAKING POTENTIAL AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN KENYA: A SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH-LEVEL MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 239 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | GETHAIGA, WACIRA | A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE NEW KENYA PRIMARY SCHOOL SYLLABUS AND A PROPOSAL FOR ITS REVISION | THE CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 180 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | GOGGINS, LATHARDUS | THE HISTORY OF AN INTANGIBLE ITEM OF TRADE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN KENYA | ST. JOHN’S UNIVERSITY (NEW YORK) | PHD | 317 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | HALL, SYDNEY OWEN | THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT IN THE NATION-BUILDING PROCESS IN KENYA | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 372 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | HINNEBUSCH, THOMAS JOSEPH | PREFIXES, SOUND CHANGE, AND SUBGROUPING IN THE COASTAL KENYAN BANTU LANGUAGES. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 390 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | KAY, STAFFORD | THE SOUTHERN ABALUYIA, THE FRIENDS AFRICA MISSION, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN WESTERN KENYA, 1902-1965 | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 330 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | MOHIDDIN, AHMED | THE FORMULATION AND MANIFESTATION OF TWO SOCIALIST IDEOLOGIES: DEMOCRATIC AFRICAN SOCIALISM OF KENYA AND THE ARUSHA DECLARATION OF TANZANIA. | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | POLITICAL SCIENCE, GENERAL (0615) | ||
| 1973 | MOOCK, PETER RUSSELL | MANAGERIAL ABILITY IN SMALL-FARM PRODUCTION: AN ANALYSIS OF MAIZE YIELDS IN THE VIHIGA DIVISION OF KENYA. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 351 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | MUNRO, WINTHROP HAROLD | AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF MAIZE MARKETING IN KENYA, 1952-1966. | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 229 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | MWANIKI, DINGURI NGUGI | EDUCATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA: A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES FOR EDUCATION | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 186 | Asbstract | |
| 1973 | MWANIKI, MEBO KABETA | THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-CONCEPT AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN KENYAN PUPILS | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 141 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | NG’ENO, JONATHAN KIMETET NGULOLU ARAP | EDUCATION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN POST-COLONIAL BLACK AFRICA: WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO KENYA | SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY AT CARBONDALE | PHD | 249 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | NZOMO, DAVID | THE EXECUTIVE IN AMERICAN ENTERPRISES IN KENYA | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | EDD | 210 | abstract | |
| 1973 | ORWENYO, JASON NYARIKI | THE SOVIET UNION AND COMMUNISM AS FACTORS AMONG KENYAN INTELLIGENTSIA IN KENYA’S INTERNAL PROBLEMS, 1957-1966. | GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 417 | Abstracts | |
| 1973 | OSOLO-NASUBO, NG’WENO | A SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE KENYA HIGHLANDS FROM 1900 TO 1970: A CASE STUDY OF THE UHURU GOVERNMENT. | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 455 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | RADEL, DAVID JOSEPH | ELITE PERCEPTIONS OF POPULATION PROBLEMS AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS: RESEARCH TO GUIDE AN ELITE ORIENTED POPULATION EDUCATION PROGRAM IN KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 372 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | SMITH, CYNTHIA BRANTLEY | THE GIRIAMA RISING, 1914: FOCUS FOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE KENYA HINTERLAND, 1850-1963 | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 370 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | STEPHENS, ROBERT FYFE | AN ANALYSIS OF THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF TANZANIA AND KENYA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 373 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | STOCKTON, RONALD RALPH | DEVELOPMENT AND DISCONTENT: A STUDY OF SOCIAL MOBILIZATION IN THE NYERI DISTRICT OF KENYA | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 306 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | TORRY, WILLIAM IVAN | SUBSISTENCE ECOLOGY AMONG THE GABRA: NOMADS OF THE KENYA/ETHIOPIA FRONTIER. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 464 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | TRUMAN, ROBERT HAYWARD | THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF RACIAL PLURALISM IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF KENYA FROM 1895 TO 1925 | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 366 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | WASSERMAN, GARY BRUCE | THE ADAPTATION OF A COLONIAL ELITE TO DECOLONIZATION: KENYA EUROPEANS AND THE LAND ISSUE, 1960-1965. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 359 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | WEISNER, THOMAS STEVEN | ONE FAMILY, TWO HOUSEHOLDS: RURAL-URBAN TIES IN KENYA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1973 | WHITTIER, HERBERT LINCOLN | SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND SYMBOLS OF SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE KENYAH DAYAK OF EAST KALIMANTAN (BORNEO) | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 276 | Abstract | |
| 1973 | WOLGIN, JEROME MORRIS | FARMER RESPONSE TO PRICE IN SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE IN KENYA: AN EXPECTED UTILITY MODEL | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 135 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | ALMY, SUSAN WHITIN | RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN MERU, KENYA: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN ACCELERATING CHANGE. | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 291 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | BAILY, MARYANN REARDON | CAPITAL UTILIZATION IN KENYA MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY. | MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1974 | BERMAN, BRUCE JOSEF | ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICS IN COLONIAL KENYA. | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 547 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | BOWEN, BRUCE EUGENE | THE GEOLOGY OF THE UPPER-CENOZOIC SEDIMENTS IN THE EAST RUDOLF EMBAYMENT OF THE LAKE RUDOLF BASIN, KENYA. | IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 220 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | COHEN, NEAL PETER | STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN A LOW-INCOME COUNTRY: AN ECONOMETRIC APPROACH USING THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA. | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 121 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | DEALING, JAMES RALPH | POLITICS IN WANGA, KENYA, C. 1650-1914. (VOLUMES I-III) | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 1262 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | EDWARDS, CAROLYN POPE | THE EFFECT OF EXPERIENCE ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT: RESULTS FROM KENYA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 301 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | FELDMAN, ROBERT HARRY LAIDLAW | CHANGES IN NUTRITION ATTITUDES AND KNOWLEDGE AS A FUNCTION OF SIMILAR AND EXPERT COMMUNICATION SOURCES AMONG THE GUSII OF KENYA. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 144 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | GRATION, JOHN ALEXANDER | THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE AFRICA INLAND MISSION AND ITS NATIONAL CHURCH IN KENYA BETWEEN 1895 AND 1971. | NEW YORK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 414 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | GROEN, GERRIT D. | THE AFRIKANERS IN KENYA, 1903-1969. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 313 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | HERZ, BARBARA KNAPP | DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE AND ECONOMIC CHANGE: THE CASE OF KENYAN LAND REFORMS. | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 339 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | HOPCRAFT, PETER NORMAN | HUMAN RESOURCES AND TECHNICAL SKILLS IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF EDUCATIVE INVESTMENTS IN KENYA’S SMALL FARM SECTOR. | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 248 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | KARANJA, EDWARD | THE DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | PHD | 223 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | KELLER, EDMOND JOSEPH, JR. | EDUCATION, MANPOWER, AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: SECONDARY SCHOOLING AND SOCIALIZATION IN KENYA. | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 428 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | LEONARD, DAVID KING | ORGANIZATION THEORY FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGEMENT OF KENYA’S EXTENSION AGENTS. | THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO | PHD | 449 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | LINDSAY, BEVERLY JOYCE | KENYAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. | UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS | EDD | 212 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | MCKIM, WAYNE LLOYD | THE ROLE OF INTERACTION IN SPATIAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLANNING: A CASE STUDY FROM KENYA. | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 221 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | MEMON, PYARALI ABDULLA | MERCANTILE INTERMEDIARIES IN A COLONIAL SPATIAL SYSTEM: WHOLESALING IN KENYA, 1830-1940. | THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO (CANADA) | PHD | GEOGRAPHY (0366) | ||
| 1974 | MUREITHI, LEOPOLD P. | EMPLOYMENT, TECHNOLOGY, AND INDUSTRIALIZATION IN KENYA: A STUDY IN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY. | THE CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 198 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | MUTUNGA, STEPHEN NGUI | A STUDY OF THE POST-SECONDARY TECHNICAL INSTITUTES IN KENYA. | THE CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 192 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | MWANGANGI, RUTH JULIE WAYUA | THE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF KENYA AFRICAN CHILDREN AS SHOWN BY THEIR PERFORMANCE ON SELECTED PIAGETIAN TASKS OF CONSERVATION. | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 184 | EDUCATION, ELEMENTARY (0524) | Abstract |
| 1974 | NAZZARO, ANDREW ALLEN | CHANGING USE OF THE RESOURCE BASE AMONG THE TAITA OF KENYA. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 257 | GEOGRAPHY (0366) | Abstract |
| 1974 | OBUDHO, ROBERT A. | DEVELOPMENT OF URBANIZATION IN KENYA: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATION FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY. | RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY – NEW BRUNSWICK | PHD | 346 | ||
| 1974 | OKELO-OBONG, GEORGE SAMUEL | KENYA’S FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT: AN ANALYSIS FROM EAST AFRICAN CURRENCY BOARD TO CENTRAL BANKING, 1919-1971. | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA – LINCOLN | PHD | 159 | BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, BANKING (0770) | Abstract |
| 1974 | OLEMBO, JOTHAM OMBISI | FINANCING PRIMARY SCHOOL FACILITIES IN KENYA | BALL STATE UNIVERSITY | EDD | 134 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | OLSON, JERRY B. | EDUCATIONAL CHANGE IN KENYA: 1961-1968. | THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO | PHD | EDUCATION, THEORY AND PRACTICE (0532) | ||
| 1974 | OMOSULE, MONONE | POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN KENYA 1895-1963. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 583 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | PHILLIPS, RICHARD B. | THE AGRARIAN SETTLER COLONY AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF KENYA AND TANZANIA. | NEW YORK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 568 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | ROELKER, JACK RICHARD | THE CONTRIBUTION OF ELIUD WAMBU MATHU TO POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE IN KENYA. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 293 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | SINGLETON, CAREY BRYAN, JR. | A CASE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ORGANISED IRRIGATION: THE MWEA IRRIGATION SETTLEMENT, KENYA, 1973. | UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 398 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | SPEAR, THOMAS TURNER | THE KAYA COMPLEX: A HISTORY OF THE MIJIKENDA PEOPLES OF THE KENYA COAST TO 1900. | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 269 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | THIURI, PHILIP JOHN | THE DAIRY INDUSTRY IN SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE WITH A FOCUS ON RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA AS DRAWN FROM THE NEW YORK STATE CASE. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 356 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | WACIRAH, H. KARIUKI MWANGI | RELATIVE MODERNIZATION, ELITE RECRUITMENT, AND PUBLIC POLICY OUTPUTS IN KENYA AND TANZANIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 346 | Abstract | |
| 1974 | WA-GITHUMO, MWANGI | LAND AND NATIONALISM IN EAST AFRICA: THE IMPACT OF LAND EXPROPRIATION AND LAND GRIEVANCES UPON THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN KENYA, 1884-1939. A HISTORY. | NEW YORK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 581 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | AVERITT, JANICE WALKER | SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF MASS MEDIA EXPOSURE IN KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1975 | CONNOLLY, YOLANDA EVANS | ROOTS OF DIVERGENCY: AMERICAN PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN KENYA, 1923-1946. | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 231 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | CUMMINGS, ROBERT J. | ASPECTS OF HUMAN PORTERAGE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AKAMBA OF KENYA: TOWARDS AN ECONOMIC HISTORY, 1820-1920. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 360 | ||
| 1975 | DALLEO, PETER THOMAS | TRADE AND PASTORALISM: ECONOMIC FACTORS IN THE HISTORY OF THE SOMALI OF NORTHEASTERN KENYA, 1892-1948. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 329 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1975 | DURAN, JAMES JOSEPH | THE ROLE OF SWAHILI IN A MULTILINGUAL RURAL COMMUNITY IN KENYA. | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 191 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | ESHIWANI, GEORGE SAMMY | THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION, CONVENTIONAL CLASSROOM APPROACH, AND INTEGRATED PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION IN THE TEACHING OF PROBABILITY TO HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KENYA. | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 263 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | FLETCHER SCHOOL OF LAW AND DIPLOMACY | HALL, PETER ARMSTRONG | (TUFTS UNIVERSITY) | PHD | LAW (0398) | Abstract | |
| 1975 | GERHART, JOHN DEUEL | THE DIFFUSION OF HYBRID MAIZE IN WESTERN KENYA. | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 332 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | GETAO, FRANCIS NGWERE | A CURRICULUM MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE KENYAN EDUCATION SYSTEM. | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO | PHD | 158 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | GRAMLY, RICHARD MICHAEL | PASTORALISTS AND HUNTERS: RECENT PREHISTORY IN SOUTHERN KENYA AND NORTHERN TANZANIA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1975 | GREENSTEIN, LEWIS J. | AFRICANS IN A EUROPEAN WAR: THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN EAST AFRICA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NANDI OF KENYA. | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 321 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | HARKNESS, SARA | CHILD LANGUAGE SOCIALIZATION IN A KIPSIGIS COMMUNITY IN KENYA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1975 | HARTWIG, CHARLES WALTER | HEALTH POLICIES AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY | PHD | 229 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | HOLMQUIST, FRANK WESLEY | PEASANT ORGANIZATION, CLIENTELISM AND DEPENDENCY: A CASE STUDY OF AN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS COOPERATIVE IN KENYA. | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 542 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | HOPCRAFT, DAVID | A PRODUCTIVITY COMPARISON BETWEEN THOMSON’S GAZELLE AND CATTLE, AND THEIR RELATION TO THE ECOSYSTEM IN KENYA. | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 232 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | HUNTINGTON, HILLARD GRISWOLD | AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF ETHNIC LINKAGES IN KENYAN RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION. | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON | PHD | 174 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | JAMES, JEFFREY ALLAN | LEGISLATIVE ROLE PERCEPTION IN KENYA. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 410 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | KETTEL, DAVID WELLINGTON WILLIAM | PASSING LIKE FLOWERS: THE MARRIAGE REGULATIONS OF THE TUGEN OF KENYA AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR A THEORY OF CROW-OMAHA. | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 104 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | MCKAY, WILLIAM FRANCIS | A PRECOLONIAL HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN KENYA COAST. | BOSTON UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL | PHD | 321 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | MERRITT, E. HOLLIS | A HISTORY OF THE TAITA OF KENYA TO 1900. | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 316 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | MZEE, RASHID MUHAMMED | STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS OF CATTLE: I PREPARATION AND NATURE OF DOSAGE ANTIBODIES. II. SEASONAL VARIATION OF ANTI-J IN THE TROPICS. III. A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT ON CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL POLYMORPHISMS IN CATTLE OF KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS | PHD | 111 | ||
| 1975 | NASEEM, ABDUL WAHEED | NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE INDIAN ENTERPRISE ALONG THE EAST AFRICAN COAST AND SUBSEQUENT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF KENYA, 1840-1905. | ST. JOHN’S UNIVERSITY (NEW YORK) | PHD | 207 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | NJIIRI, RUTH STUTTS | KENYA AND NORTH AMERICA: EDUCATIONAL COMPARISONS OF THEIR BLACK POPULATIONS. | UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS | EDD | 212 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | REED, HARRY ATWOOD | COTTON-GROWING IN CENTRAL NYANZA PROVINCE, KENYA 1901-1939: AN APPRAISAL OF AFRICAN REACTIONS TO IMPOSED GOVERNMENT POLICY. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 158 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | ROSENBERG, STEPHEN | THE BUILDING OF AN INDIGENOUSLY-BASED CIVIL SERVICE IN KENYA: A STUDY OF INNOVATION IN STAFFING TECHNIQUES IN AN EMERGING COUNTRY. | NEW YORK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 221 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | SCOVILL, MARY EDITH | LOCAL TAXATION IN UGANDA, KENYA, AND ZAMBIA. | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 224 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | SEDLAK, PHILIP ALAN STEPHEN | SOCIOCULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND LANGUAGE SHIFT IN A RURAL COASTAL KENYAN COMMUNITY. | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 184 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | SIELEY, SARAH J. | ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL CHILDREN: A STUDY OF A KIPSIGIS COMMUNITY IN WESTERN KENYA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 313 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | SMITH, WINFRED JOSEPH | A GUTTMAN FACET ANALYSIS OF RACIAL ATTITUDES IN KENYA, NIGERIA, SOUTH AFRICA, AND THE UNITED STATES. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 183 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | SPENCER, LEON PHARR, JR. | CHRISTIAN MISSIONS AND AFRICAN INTERESTS IN KENYA, 1905-1924. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 506 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | STEEVES, JEFFREY SAYRE | THE POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA: THE KENYA TEA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY. | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | POLITICAL SCIENCE, GENERAL (0615) | ||
| 1975 | STROBEL, MARGARET ANN | MUSLIM WOMEN IN MOMBASA, KENYA, 1890-1973 . | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 436 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | TER WEELE, ALEXANDER HENDRIK | EQUITY IN FINANCING EDUCATION IN EAST AFRICA: THE CASES OF ETHIOPIA, KENYA, AND TANZANIA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 531 | Abstract | |
| 1975 | WEJULI, HABIL WAUDO WANGIAH | ANALYSIS OF THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN OBJECTIVES OF BIOLOGY SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHING IN KENYA AND EXAMINATIONS DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE ATTAINMENT OF THOSE OBJECTIVES. | NEW YORK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 205 | abstract | |
| 1975 | YLVISAKER, MARGUERITE HELEN | THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP OF THE LAMU ARCHIPELAGO TO THE ADJACENT KENYA COAST IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY. | BOSTON UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL | PHD | 348 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | ACUFF, HOYT NEALY | LATE CENOZOIC SEDIMENTATION IN THE ALLIA BAY AREA, EAST RUDOLF (TURKANA) BASIN, KENYA. | IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 111 | GEOLOGY (0372) | Abstract |
| 1976 | BARNES, CAROLYN | AN EXPERIMENT WITH AFRICAN COFFEE GROWING IN KENYA: THE GUSII, 1933-1950. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 281 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1976 | BENNETT, CHARLES JOSEPH. II | PERSISTENCE AMID ADVERSITY: THE GROWTH AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ASIAN POPULATION OF KENYA, 1902-1963. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 306 | GEOGRAPHY (0366) | Abstract |
| 1976 | BHATT, PURNIMA MEHTA | A HISTORY OF ASIANS IN KENYA, 1900-1970. | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 447 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1976 | BREEN, RITA MARY | THE POLITICS OF LAND: THE KENYA LAND COMMISSION (1932-33) AND ITS EFFECTS ON LAND POLICY IN KENYA. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 221 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1976 | BWAMBALE, HENRY EDWARD | AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION BY FOREIGN AGRIBUSINESS FIRMS IN KENYA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | DBA | 207 | BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, GENERAL (0310) | Abstract |
| 1976 | CHAE, HI KYUNG | TWO ESSAYS ON THE RESIDENTS OF NAIROBI, KENYA: I. INTRAURBAN MIGRATION. II. SCHOOLING, EARNINGS, AND EXPERIENCE. | UNIVERSITY OF OREGON | PHD | 101 | ECONOMICS, GENERAL (0501) | Abstract |
| 1976 | CHEGE, MICHAEL | PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN AN UNDERDEVELOPED CAPITALIST STATE: KENYA, 1964-1974. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 368 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (0617) | Abstract |
| 1976 | FESSEHATZION, TEKIE | INTERNAL POPULATION MOVEMENTS AND URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT IN KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | PHD | 267 | ECONOMICS, GENERAL (0501) | Abstract |
| 1976 | GILPIN, CLIFFORD WESLEY | THE CHURCH AND THE COMMUNITY: QUAKERS IN WESTERN KENYA, 1902-1963. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 371 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1976 | HILLHOUSE, JOHN WELDON | PALEOMAGNETISM OF THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE SEDIMENTS OF LAKE TECOPA, CALIFORNIA AND EAST RUDOLF, KENYA: MAGNETIC STRATIGRAPHY AND POLARITY TRANSITIONS. | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 235 | GEOPHYSICS (0373) | Abstract |
| 1976 | JOHNSTON, MARGUERITE BRADLEY | DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AMONG THE GIRIAMA OF KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA | PHD | 392 | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract |
| 1976 | JONES, GEORGE | SOME DIMENSIONS OF AN URBAN EXPERIENCE: THE WANANCHI OF NAIROBI, KENYA, AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF THE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM. | UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER | PHD | 261 | SOCIOLOGY, INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY STUDIES (0628) | Abstract |
| 1976 | KARIISA, GABRIEL MARTIAL BUSHEIJA | THE PROCESS OF MONETIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA. 1922-1972. | THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY | PHD | 156 | ECONOMICS, FINANCE (0508) | Abstract |
| 1976 | LILLYDAHL, JANE HANDY | ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES ON HOUSEHOLD SAVING IN URBAN KENYA. | DUKE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 189 | ECONOMICS, GENERAL (0501) | Abstract |
| 1976 | MALECHE, MATTHEW KALUNA | UNEMPLOYMENT OF YOUTH IN KENYA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE | EDD | 203 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | MBURU, FRANCIS MWICHIGI | HEALTH BEHAVIOR IN KENYA: A COMPARATIVE MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILD HEALTH IN RURAL COMMUNITIES. | THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI | PHD | 182 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | MINER, WILLIAM RICHARD | MANPOWER FOR INDEPENDENCE: THE ROLE OF A TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT IN THE EVOLUTION OF A NATIONAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN KENYA. | BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY | PHD | 444 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | MISIKO, PETER ANTHONY MARTINUS | INCENTIVES AND DISINCENTIVES INFLUENCING FARMERS IN THE ADOPTION OF AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS: THE CASE OF BUNGOMA DISTRICT, KENYA. | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 363 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | MOOCK, JOYCE LEWINGER | THE MIGRATION PROCESS AND DIFFERENTIAL ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR IN SOUTH MARAGOLI, WESTERN KENYA. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 246 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | MORTON, RODGER FREDERIC | SLAVES, FUGITIVES, AND FREEDMEN ON THE KENYA COAST, 1873-1907. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 452 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | MUGYENYI, MEDDI | A TRICHOTOMY OF ELITE PARTICIPATION IN DECISIONMAKING: THE CASE OF MUNICIPAL KISUMU IN KENYA. | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 348 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | MUKRAS, MOHAMMED SULEIMAN | KENYA: THE PROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION SERVICES, 1964-1972. | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | ECONOMICS, GENERAL (0501) | Abstract | |
| 1976 | OKELO, ARNETHIA WRIGHT | A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE RECOMMENDED ART EDUCATION CURRICULA OF KENYA AND CALIFORNIA IN TERMS OF ACHIEVING THE PERCEIVED GOALS/NEEDS OF KENYANS AND AFRO-AMERICANS. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 156 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | PANYAKO, DAVID E. M. | CHANGING PATTERNS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN KENYA. | BALL STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 275 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | RHOADES, JOHN DOUGLAS | LANGUAGE USE IN JOKE CHARACTERIZATIONS: A STUDY OF LANGUAGE STEREOTYPES IN KENYA. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 306 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | SHARPLEY, JENNIFER GRACE | INTERSECTORAL CAPITAL FLOWS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM KENYA. | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | 238 | Abstract | ||
| 1976 | SPENCER, IAN ROBERT GRANT | THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE RESERVE AREAS OF KENYA, 1895-1929. | SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract | |
| 1976 | STAUDT, KATHLEEN ANN | AGRICULTURAL POLICY, POLITICAL POWER, AND WOMEN FARMERS IN WESTERN KENYA. | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 422 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | STRUM, SHIRLEY CAROL | PREDATORY BEHAVIOR OF OLIVE BABOONS (PAPIO ANUBIS) AT GILGIL, KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 257 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | TALBOTT, IRVIN DURWARD, JR. | AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION AND POLICY CHANGES IN KENYA IN THE 1930S. | WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 376 | ||
| 1976 | THADANI, VEENA NARAIN | THE FORGOTTEN FACTOR IN SOCIAL CHANGE: THE CASE OF WOMEN IN NAIROBI, KENYA. | BRYN MAWR COLLEGE | PHD | 259 | Abstract | |
| 1976 | TOWNSEND, NORMAN ARTHUR | LIMITED OPTIONS: CONTINGENCY AND CONSTRAINT IN THE ECONOMY OF THE POKOMO OF NORTHEASTERN KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract | |
| 1976 | VARGHESE, MARY I NOOZHUMURRY | THE EAST AFRICAN INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 1914 TO 1939: A STUDY OF INDIAN POLITICAL ACTIVITY IN KENYA. | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1976 | YURETICH, RICHARD FRANCIS | SEDIMENTOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MODERN SEDIMENTS IN LAKE RUDOLF (LAKE TURKANA), EASTERN RIFT VALLEY, KENYA. | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 322 | ||
| 1977 | AGBASI, GABRIEL OKENNA | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY IN URBAN KENYA. | FORDHAM UNIVERSITY | PHD | 424 | SOCIOLOGY, DEMOGRAPHY (0938) | Abstract |
| 1977 | BARCLAY, ALBERT HAMPTON JR. | THE MUMIAS SUGAR PROJECT: A STUDY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN WESTERN KENYA. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 485 | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract |
| 1977 | BROWN, BRACK | POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA–LESSONS FROM SETTLEMENT AND OTHER RURAL PROGRAMS. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 375 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (0617) | Abstract |
| 1977 | FISCHER, HEINZ | THE INFLUENCE OF JOMO KENYATTA AND JULIUS K. NYERERE ON EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA AND TANZANIA. | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA | PHD | EDUCATION, HISTORY OF (0520) | Abstract | |
| 1977 | FUMAGALLI, CARL TARCISIO | A DIACHRONIC STUDY OF CHANGE AND SOCIOCULTURAL PROCESSES AMONG THE PASTORAL NOMADIC SAMBURU OF KENYA, 1900-1975. | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO | PHD | 400 | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract |
| 1977 | GREELEY, EDWARD HOUGHTON | MEN AND FERTILITY REGULATION IN SOUTHERN MERU: A CASE STUDY FROM THE KENYA HIGHLANDS. | THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA | 273 | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract | |
| 1977 | HALL, ROBERT LOUIS, JR. | EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE KENYAN EXAMPLE. | THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE | EDD | 170 | EDUCATION, ADMINISTRATION (0514) | Abstract |
| 1977 | HENAGE, LYLE FREDERICK | THE GEOLOGY AND COMPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION OF MT. OLOKISALIE, KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF OREGON | PHD | 238 | GEOLOGY (0372) | Abstract |
| 1977 | IGAMBI, LEVI LIBESE | AN INQUIRY INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE TEACHING IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN THE WESTERN PROVINCE OF KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON | EDD | 89 | EDUCATION, CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION (0727) | Abstract |
| 1977 | KAMOCHE, JIDLAPH GITAU | IMPERIAL TRUSTEESHIP AND POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA, 1923-1963: A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OFFICIAL VIEWS AND POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL EVOLUTION. | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO | PHD | 533 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1977 | KINNISON, S. MORAG | URBANIZATION AND POVERTY IN AFRICA. CASE STUDY: NAIROBI, KENYA. | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 262 | URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING (0999) | Abstract |
| 1977 | KISULU, NELSON MUEMA | KENYA EDUCATION AND TEACHER EDUCATORS’ PERCEPTIONS REGARDING EDUCATIONAL POLICIES AND NEEDED CHANGES. | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 309 | EDUCATION, GENERAL (0515) | Abstract |
| 1977 | KNOTTS, MARY ANN | THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION OF KENYAN WOMEN | THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY | PHD | 306 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RELATIONS (0616) | An examination of the factors which affect the rural-urban migration of Kikuyu and Abaluyia women has been undertaken in this dissertation. A basic premise of the study is that alterations in the social and economic positions of women will be reflected in increased rates of rural-urban migration. It is hypothesized that many of the factors which migration theorists have shown to affect male migration are also positively related to the migration propensities of women. It is also proposed that certain factors, notably husband’s place of residence, husband’s ownership of land in the rural area and children can have an important influence on women’s mobility. Given women’s low rates of participation in the formal employment sector, some doubt is cast on the significance of rural-urban wage differentials as motivations for these women’s movement. Indeed, it appears that the search for employment has more relevance as an explanatory variable. However, the data support associated hypotheses that levels of educational attainment, age, marital status, husband’s place of residence and ownership of land in the rural area, children, the presence of relatives and friends in the area of destination and prior knowledge about Nairobi are positively associated with women’s propensities to enter the rural-urban migration stream. The analysis is based on data collected in Kangemi and Kariobangi Housing Estates and Ngecha Village. With the help of an interpreter and research assistants, interview schedules were administered to 117 Kikuyu and Abaluyia women who had migrated to Kenya since 1963 and to 28 Kikuyu women who live in Ngecha Village, which is located some 20 miles outside of Nairobi. |
| 1977 | LEO, CHRISTOPHER PERIGRINUS | THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF LAND IN KENYA: THE CASE OF THE MILLION-ACRE SETTLEMENT SCHEME. | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | POLITICAL SCIENCE, GENERAL (0615) | Abstract | |
| 1977 | LOHRENTZ, KENNETH PETER | THE POLITICS OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN NORTH NYANZA, KENYA, 1904-1939. | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 422 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1977 | MARANGA, JAPHETH SAMWEL | GUIDELINES FOR TRAINING EDUCATIONAL SUPERVISORS IN KENYA. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE | EDD | 412 | EDUCATION, CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION (0727) | Abstract |
| 1977 | MIGOT-ADHOLLA, SHEM EDWIN | MIGRATION AND RURAL DIFFERENTIATION IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 232 | SOCIOLOGY, GENERAL (0626) | Abstract |
| 1977 | MINGOT-ADHOLLA, SHEM EDWIN | MIGRATION AND RURAL DIFFERENTIATION IN KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1977 | MUTUNGA, PETER KIILU | CURRENT PRACTICES IN THE RECRUITMENT, SELECTION, TRAINING AND RETAINMENT OF KENYAN SECONDARY SCHOOL HEADS: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA’S GOVERNMENT MAINTAINED SECONDARY SCHOOLS. | THE CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 171 | EDUCATION, ADMINISTRATION (0514) | Abstract |
| 1977 | NGURU, GODFREY MBITI | A STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES IN KENYA 1963-1975. | THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE | EDD | 163 | EDUCATION, FINANCE (0277) | Abstract |
| 1977 | OCULI, OKELLO | COLONIAL CAPITALISM AND MALNUTRITION: NIGERIA, KENYA AND JAMAICA. | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 215 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, GENERAL (0615) | Abstract |
| 1977 | OKELO, OTIENO | A STUDY OF THE PARLIAMENTARY RECRUITMENT PATTERNS IN KENYA DURING THE YEARS 1957-1967. | MIAMI UNIVERSITY | PHD | 265 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RELATIONS (0616) | Abstract |
| 1977 | OLUOCH, GILBER PAUL | CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT: TOWARD EFFECTING IMPROVEMENT IN KENYA SCHOOLS. | UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS | EDD | 178 | EDUCATION, CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION (0727) | Abstract |
| 1977 | O’SHEA, THOMAS JOSEPH | ASPECTS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, BEHAVIOR, AND ECOLOGY IN A KENYA POPULATION OF THE BAT PIPISTRELLUS NANUS (CHIROPTERA: VESPERTILIONIDAE). | NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 236 | BIOLOGY, ZOOLOGY (0472) | Abstract |
| 1977 | PALA, ACHOLA OLIECH | CHANGES IN ECONOMY AND IDEOLOGY: A STUDY OF JOLUO OF KENYA (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WOMEN). | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1977 | SHIPMAN, PATTY LEE | PALEOECOLOGY, TAPHONOMIC HISTORY, AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE VERTEBRATE FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE FROM THE MIDDLE MIOCENE DEPOSITS EXPOSED AT FORT TERNAN, KENYA. | NEW YORK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 410 | ANTHROPOLOGY, PHYSICAL (0327) | Abstract |
| 1977 | SPENCER, JOHN | THE KENYA AFRICAN UNION, 1944-1953: A PARTY IN SEARCH OF A CONSTITUENCY. | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 354 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1977 | TESFAY, BRHANE | LABOR AND MANAGEMENT NEGOTIATORS IN KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 173 | BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, GENERAL (0310) | Abstract |
| 1977 | TYSON, CAROLE HENDERSON | EDUCATION AND SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGE: A STUDY OF THE SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL ATTITUDES OF PARENTS AND TEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | ||
| 1977 | VON PISCHKE, JOHN D. | THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF FARM CREDIT IN KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 560 | ECONOMICS, FINANCE (0508) | Abstract |
| 1977 | ZARWAN, JOHN IRVING | INDIAN BUSINESSMEN IN KENYA DURING THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: A CASE STUDY. | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 396 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1978 | ALILA, PATRICK ODERA | THE ROLE OF PUBLIC BUREAUCRACY IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KISUMU DISTRICT-WESTERN KENYA. | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 423 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (0617) | Abstract |
| 1978 | BADR, ABEL-MONEIM MOHAMED | RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL INCOME: THE CASES OF EGYPT AND KENYA AND A NEW RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR EGYPT. | THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 161 | SOCIOLOGY, SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT (0700) | Abstract |
| 1978 | BARTHWELL, MARY JANE | BRITISH IMPERIALISM AND THE POLITICS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE IN UGANDA: A CASE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COTTON INDUSTRY 1890-1930 | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 307 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RELATIONS (0616) | The study examines the relationship between imperialism, colonialism and socio-economic change in Uganda during the period 1890-1930. During this period the most radical change instituted by British imperialism was the transformation of Uganda into a large-scale producer of cotton. The study therefore focuses on the development of the cotton industry as a case study to examine conflicting theories of the relationship between imperialism and development as presented by modernization and dependency analysts. Specifically the study attempts to investigate the relationship between the development of the cotton industry and the growth of entrepreneurial roles and the appropriation of the surplus. The results of the study indicate that by 1930 the Ugandan political economy had many characteristics of the classic dependency model. Within the country a deliberate policy of regional inequality was instituted in order to create an underpaid migrant labor force which could be derived from the peripheral areas. Therefore the development of the economy and social services tended to be concentrated in centers of commercial crop production and virtually prohibited in the outlying areas. Within East Africa Uganda was deliberately underdeveloped to allow Kenya to become the center of industrial development in the region. The administration of valuable land was transferred from Uganda to Kenya. A number of East African institutions were developed by the British through which capital was appropriated by the Kenyan government. At the same time proposals for industrial development within Uganda up until 1930 were generally denied. Capital flowed from Uganda to foreign capitalists in Kenya, India and Britain. Capital was also appropriated by the colonial governments of Uganda and Kenya which was generally invested in British securities. However the central contribution of the study is the illustration of the effects and methods of socio-economic change caused by British imperialism in Uganda through its focus on the cotton industry. The work shows how British imperialists, particularly through the British Cotton Growing Association, were able to control the development of the cotton industry in order that maximum profits could be extracted. The Association was able to determine from its metropolitan headquarters the type of seed planted, areas of production and the marketing of the crop within Uganda. The entrepreneurial roles created by the cotton industry were generally not made accessible to Africans. The alliance of British capitalists and the colonial government led to a policy of initially favoring the control of the commercial aspects of the industry by Europeans. Through various Cotton Rules the African was generally restricted from developing entrepreneurial skills either as an independent buyer or by operating inexpensive hand gins. The government also permitted price-fixing by groups of ginners which further limited the amount of capital available to Africans. On the other hand, foreign capitalists were able to accumulate great amounts of profit due to the cheap cost of cotton. Through price-fixing and rules restricting competitive buying, the African in Uganda was generally underpaid for his cotton. The cheap cost of cotton and its ready sale abroad led to the accumulation of large profits by the ginners and marketers of the crop. Revenue from cotton production therefore became the primary source of taxation and government income. Finally the study indicates that the modernization of Uganda was not an objective of colonial policy. The modernizing of Uganda was instituted to the degree that it was necessary to expedite the export of commercial crops. The development of social services such as health and education remained minimal by 1930. |
| 1978 | BEWAYO, EDWARD DDAMULIRA | CENTRAL-LOCAL RELATIONS IN KENYA: THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPERIENCE IN RELATION TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY | DPA | 411 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (0617) | Abstract |
| 1978 | BODE, FRANCIS CHRYSOSTOM | LEADERSHIP AND POLITICS AMONG THE ABALUYIA OF KENYA, 1894-1963. | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 395 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1978 | BOWKER, MARGARET HIGGINS | BEHAVIOR OF KIRK’S DIKDIK (MADOQUA KIRKI HINDEI) IN KENYA. | NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 172 | BIOLOGY, ZOOLOGY (0472) | Abstract |
| 1978 | CLOUGH, MARSHALL SANDER | CHIEFS AND POLITICIANS: LOCAL POLITICS AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN KIAMBU, KENYA, 1918-1936. | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 390 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1978 | DAVIS, RAYMOND HOWARD | CHURCH GROWTH AND CULTURE CHANGE IN TURKANA: A STUDY OF THE AFRICA INLAND CHURCH AMONG KENYA’S TURKANA PEOPLE. | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION | MA | 181 | RELIGION, GENERAL (0318) | Abstract |
| 1978 | DILYARD, JOHN RAYMOND | EDUCATION, HUMAN CAPITAL AND DEVELOPMENT: AN APPLICATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY TO KENYA. | THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY | MA | 140 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RELATIONS (0616) | Abstract |
| 1978 | EROZER, SAVAS | PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF EXTENSION TRAINING IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT AT THE BUKURA INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE, KENYA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 180 | EDUCATION, ADULT AND CONTINUING (0516) | Abstract |
| 1978 | GILLETTE, CYNTHIA | A TEST OF THE CONCEPT OF BACKWARDNESS: A CASE STUDY OF DIGO SOCIETY IN KENYA. | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | 315 | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract | |
| 1978 | HARVEY, STEVEN | HUNTING AND GATHERING AS A STRATEGIC ADAPTATION: THE CASE OF THE BONI OF LAMU DISTRICT, KENYA. | BOSTON UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL | PHD | 291 | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract |
| 1978 | HOWARD, GLENN A. | HOST COUNTRY – TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION RELATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF KENYAN CONTROL OVER FOREIGN ENTERPRISES. | THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA | PHD | 332 | POLITICAL SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RELATIONS (0616) | Abstract |
| 1978 | LATHAM, LANI STEPHENSON | NUTRITIONAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF ASCARIS INFECTION IN KENYA -STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND PRESCHOOL CHILDREN | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 410 | HEALTH SCIENCES, NUTRITION (0570) | Abstract |
| 1978 | LAUBSTEIN, KARL HEINZ | THE FAILURE OF PHYSICAL PLANNING IN POST-COLONIAL KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | POLITICAL SCIENCE, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (0617) | Abstract | |
| 1978 | LYNAM, JOHN KELLY | AN ANALYSIS OF POPULATION GROWTH, TECHNICAL CHANGE, AND RISK IN PEASANT, SEMI-ARID FARMING SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF MACHAKOS DISTRICT, KENYA. | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | 282 | ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL (0503) | Abstract | |
| 1978 | LYNCH, B. MARK | THE NAMORATUNGA CEMETERY AND ROCK ART SITES OF NW KENYA: A STUDY OF EARLY PASTORALIST SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | 388 | ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY (0324) | Abstract | |
| 1978 | MWANGI, WILFRED MUTHAKA | FARM LEVEL DERIVED DEMAND RESPONSES FOR FERTILIZER IN KENYA. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 191 | ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL (0503) | Abstract |
| 1978 | NDOMBI, JOAB MAERO | GEOLOGY, GRAVITY AND RESISTIVITY STUDIES OF OLKARIA GEOTHERMAL FIELD, KENYA. | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 157 | GEOPHYSICS (0373); ENERGY (0791) | Abstract |
| 1978 | PALMER, JOHN CARRINGTON | ENTREPRENEURS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN A SMALL TOWN IN KENYA. | LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 389 | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract |
| 1978 | POYNTER, THOMAS ARTHUR | MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES AND POLITICAL RISK IN LESS-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CORPORATE DETERMINANTS OF HOST COUNTRY INTERVENTION | UNIVERSITY OF LONDON (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 339 | BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, GENERAL (0310) | The steady increase in the confidence and bargaining skills of developing country governments has been accompanied by change in the kinds of political risks faced by foreign direct investors. Reports that governments are eschewing expropriations and nationalisations in favour of less emotive actions such as localisations have suggested that foreign direct investors may now have greater scope for influencing the amount of government intervention they experience. This study examines the intervention experiences of over 100 subsidiaries of multinational enterprises operating in Kenya, Indonesia, Zambia and Tanzania during the period 1970-1975. The intervention histories of these firms indicate that governments discriminate in their intervention behaviour. Furthermore, this discrimination takes place even where there exists non-discriminatory localisation legislation. An examination of the strategies and characteristics of these subsidiaries provided evidence to suggest that firms can influence the amount of intervention they experience. The most effective corporate characteristics were those which reduced the appeal of the firm to domestic groups likely to campaign for government intervention. These characteristics included the level of operational and managerial complexity in addition to other corporate defensive attributes, and the proportion of host nationals in managerial and supervisory positions. At the same time certain characteristics tended to induce politically-motivated intervention directly by the ruling party. Large employee size, involvement in a strategically-important sector, government sponsorship and, most importantly, a dogmatic adherence to a low ‘political profile’ were the hallmarks of such ‘high intervention’ subsidiaries. In addition, there was also some evidence to indicate that aspects of foreign direct investment which are frequently criticized by developing nation leaders do not really influence the intervention policies of governments. Several measures of the firm’s economic contribution and adaptation to the local economy were found to be independent of intervention. Although government intervention broadly defined can be said to consist of both controls and incentives, the latter type was not examined by this study. Nevertheless, the results obtained may be used as a basis for the prediction of government behaviour towards specific foreign subsidiaries. *Publication No. 78-70,074 previously published in European edition Dissertation Abstracts International 39/04-C, Summer 1979. |
| 1978 | RUIGU, GEORGE MUNIU | AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE KENYA MILK SUBSYSTEM. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 233 | ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL (0503) | Abstract |
| 1978 | RUKANDEMA, FRED MWITA | RESOURCE AVAILABILITY, UTILIZATION AND PRODUCTIVITY ON SMALL-SCALE FARMS IN KAKAMEGA DISTRICT, WESTERN KENYA. | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 152 | ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL (0503) | Abstract |
| 1978 | SCHERRER, JOANN CAROLE | FISHERFOLK OF THE DESERT: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE ELMOLO OF KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA | PHD | 213 | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract |
| 1978 | SEITZ, JACOB RAYMOND | A HISTORY OF THE SAMIA LOCATION IN WESTERN KENYA, 1890-1930. | WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 275 | HISTORY, AFRICAN (0331) | Abstract |
| 1978 | SENYKOFF, RONALD SERGEI | TRANSFERRING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING TO KENYA: APPLICATION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY TO SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION. | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 441 | SOCIOLOGY, THEORY AND METHODS (0344) | Abstract |
| 1978 | SSENGOBA, CORA MAE ELLEN BRYANT | THE EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS ON PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL KENYAN INFANTS. | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 180 | EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY (0525) | Abstract |
| 1978 | THOMSON, A. FIONA DOUGLAS MACKENZIE | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF THE MARKET PLACE AS A CENTRE FOR INNOVATION DIFFUSION IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROGRAMMES: EXPLORATION OF AN IDEA RELATED TO MURANGA DISTRICT, KENYA. | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | GEOGRAPHY (0366) | ||
| 1978 | WACHTEL, ANDY ABRAHAM DAVID | TOWARDS A MODEL OF URBANISM IN AN AFRICAN CITY: THE DUAL FOCUS CAREER OF FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS IN NAKURU, KENYA. | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 519 | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL (0326) | Abstract |
| 1978 | WISNER, BENJAMIN GOODWIN, JR. | THE HUMAN ECOLOGY OF DROUGHT IN EASTERN KENYA. | CLARK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 384 | GEOGRAPHY (0366) | Abstract |
| Year | Author’s Name | Title | Institution | Degree | Pages | Abstract |
| 1979 | AHMED, OSSAM SHEIKH | THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF INCOME REDISTRIBUTION ON OUTPUT, EMPLOYMENT, IMPORTS, SAVINGS AND THE PATTERN OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION: THE CASE OF KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL | PHD | 371 | |
| 1979 | ALLAWAY, JAMES D. | ELEPHANTS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH PEOPLE IN THE TANA RIVER REGION OF KENYA. | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 405 | |
| 1979 | ARAP-MARITIM, EZRA KIPRONO | THE ACADEMIC SELF-CONCEPT AND THE TEACHER’S PERCEPTION: THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PUPIL’S GRADE ATTAINMENT IN RURAL KENYA. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 454 | |
| 1979 | ASIACHI, ADAM J. O. | PUBLIC POLICY ALTERNATIVES FOR SELF-HELP (HARAMBE) SCHOOLING IN KENYA | VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY | EDD | 309 | |
| 1979 | BERG-SCHLOSSER, DIRK | THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BASES OF POLITICS IN KENYA: A STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL ANALYSIS | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 930 | This study attempts to analyze the social bases of politics in Kenya both in their ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ dimensions. Part One presents a theoretical outline which includes a specific structural model of social analysis based on ‘materialistic’ criteria. This is followed by a closer presentation of the case studied both in its comparative and historical perspectives. Part Two then discusses the traditional economic, social and political background as well as the contemporary significance of seven of Kenya’s main ethnic groups: the Kikuyu, Kamba, Mijikenda, Luyia, Luo, Kalenjin, and Maasai. They are the most important ‘horizontal’ structures of society, comprising almost 80% of the total population. Part Three presents the most important ‘vertical’ conflict-groups, the social classes, in their basic ‘objective’ aspects. Part Four is then devoted to a closer analysis of some significant ‘subjective’ aspects of the most important horizontal and vertical conflict-groups. These include different levels of social identification, some basic social, economic and political attitudes such as the acceptance of ascriptive criteria, the social role of women, attitudes towards social change, levels of economic satisfaction, disposition towards violence, political authoritarianism, and the acceptance of democratic values, as well as some specific orientations towards the political system. Among the last mentioned are the levels of political interest and political information, different types of political participation, the ‘support’ accorded to the political system, attitudes towards input structures including the Members of Parliament, orientations towards the central government and the bureaucracy. This is followed by a more general evaluation of the system as a whole and the discussion of some potential alternatives including the return to a multi-party system, some basic changes in the economic system, or a more general socialist orientation. Part Five then discusses some major dynamic aspects of Kenya’s society, including the relations of the most important horizontal and vertical conflict-groups, rates of geographical and class mobility, and the continuing process of further vertical structural differentiation. This last aspect includes a detailed analysis of actual class formation in the crucial period of transition from colonial rule to independence between the years 1950 and 1970. It also gives projections based on the best available estimates of further population growth and economic development determining the range of potentialities in this regard for a ‘medium-term’ time period up to the year 2000. Part six, finally, summarizes the most important findings and attempts to interpret these results in the light of different approaches of democratic theory. All this is based, to the fullest extent possible, on the available primary and secondary sources, some of which are unpublished. In addition, an extensive survey was conducted in the home areas of seven of Kenya’s main ethnic groups and in the city of Nairobi in spring 1974. This study thus provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the major forces in Kenya’s society and the dynamics of their interaction. Although no more definite ‘forecasts’ are possible or even desirable at the present stage, this study clearly delineates the range of future potentialities and their respective political impact. In particular, the chances of ‘democracy’ are discussed more fully and the feasibility, although not necessarily the probability of a democratic ‘way to modernity’ is demonstrated. On the ‘cultural’ side, some of the requisite conditions, including meaningful forms of political participation, indeed seem to exist. ‘Structural’ tensions, however, remain very strong. Within the range of potentialities analyzed very diverse political outcomes are possible. |
| 1979 | CLARK, PHILLIP GUY | SELECTED MORAL DILEMMAS IN POPULATION PROGRAM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: KENYA AND THE PHILIPPINES. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | DSC | ||
| 1979 | CLARK, PHILLIP GUY | SELECTED MORAL DILEMMAS IN POPULATION PROGRAM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: KENYA AND THE PHILIPPINES. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | DSC | ||
| 1979 | HOLLANDER, ROBERTA BETH | OUT OF TRADITION: THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN KENYA AND TANZANIA DURING THE PRE-COLONIAL, COLONIAL AND POST-INDEPENDENCE ERAS. | THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 399 | |
| 1979 | JANOVSKY, GERLINDE KATARINA | PLANNING AS ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSACTION AND BARGAINING:THE CASE OF HEALTH IN KENYA | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 206 | |
| 1979 | KARANI, FLORIDA AMAKOBE | A STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF INTERACTION ANALYSIS TO THE TRAINING OF PRESERVICE TEACHERS IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | PHD | 130 | |
| 1979 | KELLY, NORA | IN WILDEST AFRICA: THE PRESERVATION OF GAME IN KENYA 1895-1933 | SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1979 | KELLY, NORA | IN WILDEST AFRICA: THE PRESERVATION OF GAME IN KENYA 1895-1933 | SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1979 | KIBERA, FRANCIS NDUNGU | THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED COMMUNICATIONS VARIABLES ON THE ADOPTION OF NEW AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES BY SMALLHOLDERS IN CENTRAL KIAMBU, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1979 | KIBERA, FRANCIS NDUNGU | THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED COMMUNICATIONS VARIABLES ON THE ADOPTION OF NEW AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES BY SMALLHOLDERS IN CENTRAL KIAMBU, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1979 | KINYANJUI, KABIRU | THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY: A STUDY OF THE ROOTS OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY IN COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL KENYA | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 350 | |
| 1979 | LACEY, CAROL MARRETT | RANKINGS ON THE ROKEACH VALUE SURVEY OF KENYAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. | UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 98 | |
| 1979 | MAFORO, DAVID DHLALANGAMI | BLACK-WHITE RELATIONS IN KENYA GAME POLICY: A CASE STUDY OF THE COAST PROVINCE, 1895-1956 | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 313 | The subject of this study is the history of game policy in Kenya. It is a subject which concerns a vital element of the country’s economy, an element that not only returns a sizeable revenue, but also opens the door of Kenya to a unique association with the outside world. It is a study in conservation during a period of a growing scarcity in resources important to man. It is also a revealing chapter in the relationship between colonizers and subject peoples, especially between blacks and whites, within the framework of European colonialism, 1900-45. The area that eventually became the Coast Province of Kenya was unique in its peculiar combination of climate, vegetation, and peoples which proved highly conducive to the development of wildlife that during the British administration, was to be designated as ‘game’. The indigenous African, nomadic hunters and gatherers, pastoralists, and agriculturists, were able to achieve a fairly harmonious relationship with wildlife through their system of totemism. This system allowed man to flourish without appreciably diminishing the number or character of wildlife. However, this situation was altered with the arrival of the Asiatics, who established trade settlements along the coast and who bargained for a variety of game products. The result was the beginning of a mass slaughter of wildlife which reached its climax in 1895 when the British Government took over the administration of the coast and opened the ‘Age of the Safari’. This study examines the economic causes for the mass slaughter of wildlife; the effect of that depletion of wildlife upon the habitat; the enactment of Game Ordinances from 1900 to the eve of independence (1963); the effect of the Game Ordinances upon black-white relations; and the African response to game depredations. The study argues that the problem of poaching was created by the Government’s discriminatory Game Ordinances which, between 1900 and 1945, denied Africans the right to hunt wildlife under any circumstances. From 1900 to 1945 different economic interests and emphases called for the preservation of wildlife through game laws. Although Asiatics and Europeans were making money on game and by-products, they visualized a time when wildlife would bring in better and unlimited economic returns through tourism, but then failed to make this clear to the Africans, who took to poaching. Wildlife depletion from 1900 to 1945 was due primarily to lack of government directives and communication between the Government and the Africans. During this time game policy promoted a deterioration of the black-white relationship. The situation was, however, remedied between 1945 and 1956 when Colonial administrations began to incorporate African counsel and participation in the process of formulating new Game Ordinances, creating National Game Reserves, and Royal National Parks. The Kenya Government, in collaboration with the British Government, decided to end discrimination in game laws by passing a series of non-discriminatory Game Ordinances. The study concludes by pointing out that although Africans suffered immense game animal depredations, loss of lives, imprisonments, and fines, the Game Ordinances, Game National Reserves, and Royal National Parks were an effective method of preserving wildlife and the habitat: a blessing in disguise for independent Kenya. The Kenya economy would not be better off without game, even by diverting it to other economic activities or sectors. This, then was Britain’s statesmanship with regards to Kenya and the world for that matter — a model — in game conservation and preservation. As such, the study pays a special tribute to Britain for arresting the extermination of wildlife. Britain not only stopped and prevented wildlife extermination, but also the tipping of balance of nature for the good of mankind. |
| 1979 | MAKAU, MUIA | TRADE UNIONS AND GOVERNMENT REGULATION IN KENYA, 1950-1970. | NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH | PHD | ||
| 1979 | MAKAU, MUIA | TRADE UNIONS AND GOVERNMENT REGULATION IN KENYA, 1950-1970. | NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH | PHD | ||
| 1979 | MARSDEN, MICHAEL | ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE PLEISTOCENE OLORGESAILIE LAKE SERIES: KENYA RIFT VALLEY. | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1979 | MUKWA, CHRISTOPHER WEKESA | TOWARD A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO EDUCATIONAL MEDIA USE IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA: A FIELD SURVEY OF TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR LEARNING. | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 252 | |
| 1979 | MULINDI, HENRY AMADALO | GUIDELINES FOR PURE AND APPLIED MODERN MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE | EDD | 336 | |
| 1979 | MULUMBA, JOHN BOSCO M. | A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN SOUTH DAKOTA AND KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA | EDD | 261 | |
| 1979 | MUNYWOKI, SAMSON MAKAU | THE IMPACT OF WESTERN EDUCATION ON KENYANS IN THE UNITED STATES | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA | EDD | 105 | |
| 1979 | NELL, JOHAN TOBIAS | ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM WITH A VIEW TO COUNTERING CONFLICT BETWEEN WHITE AND BLACK IN SOUTH AFRICA (AFRIKAANS TEXT) | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA (SOUTH AFRICA) | DLITT | Political revolution may develop as the result of a complex combination of political, economic and social factors. The latter could stem from the realization in a community that it is being discriminated against by another ethnic or racial group which may be either different or similar to it. Such discrimination usually leads to frustrations and the development of political groups which may attempt, by means of various methods (of which insurgency is the most general), to overthrow that authority responsible for such discrimination and frustrations. By satisfying the aims of such political groups, a conflict situation could be prevented. Combating a political revolution already in existence requires joint and co-ordinated action by a state authority based on a strategy of control, isolation and the eradication of political revolutionaries. The factors which led to political revolutions in Algeria, Angola, Indo-China, Kenya, Cuba, Malaya, Mozambique and Rhodesia, originated primarily from denying a portion of the population participation in governmental processes and permitting discrimination in the economic and social areas. To eliminate this discrimination, some political groups in the countries mentioned primarily employed insurgency. Government actions to counter this in these countries varied from defensive measures to aggressive action and the employment of a strategy of control, isolation and eradication of insurgency forces by means of joint and co-ordinated state action. Urban-oriented Black political groups in White South Africa demand participation in the political decision-making processes and the removal of all forms of discrimination. Alternatively the violent overthrow of the White government and its replacement by a Black majority government is advocated. Homeland-orientated political parties, however, demand more territory, economic and agricultural development in the homelands, and homeland consolidation. On account of the high growth of the Black population, the South African Government can increasingly not satisfy the political and other demands of urban-orientated Black political groups, on ideological grounds and as a result of its financial inability. The provision of more homeland territory, economic development in it and the consolidation of these homelands is also directly related to the high increase in the Black population and what will probably be an increasing inability on the part of homeland governments to, without assistance from the South African Government, provide for the financial, economic and social needs of the homelands, especially after 1980. The conclusion is that the co-existence in South Africa of a numerically superior developing Black community and a numerically inferior developing White community which maintains its authority in all fields by means of discriminatory legislation and practices, has led to cultural conflict, inferiority and eventual frustrations amongst the numerically superior Black population. Measured against the factors that caused political revolutions in various countries, there exists, therefore, already a conflict situation between White and Black in specifically White urban areas in South Africa. To counter the White-Black conflict situations identified in South Africa, comprehensive administrative reforms are suggested. These reforms are based on the model of separate development and of which political independence (by implication therefore participation in decision-taking processes also for the urban Blacks) and economic inter-dependence for every population group, should constitute the joint aim. With a view to this end, it is argued, inter alia, that a top-level committee should draw up a master development plan for South Africa; that recommended practices be applied which could lead to a decrease in Black birth rate in order that the needs of the Black could be met more effectively; that homelands be consolidated into geo-political units with strategically important mountain ranges situated in White areas; that communally orientated labour-intensive agriculture and agricultural processing industries be developed in homeland hinterlands; that better political, economic and social alternatives be established in the homelands for Blacks in White areas; that Black townships in homelands and White areas by strategically replanned; that Black farm labourers in White areas be settled in protected villages; and, that, in addition to abolishing discriminatory legislation and practices, co-equal trade unions be established for all races. | |
| 1979 | NG’ETHE, J. NJUGUNA | HARAMBEE AND DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATION IN KENYA: THE POLITICS OF PEASANTS AND ELITES INTERACTION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HARAMBEE PROJECTS IN KIAMBU DISTRICT | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1979 | OTT, RICHARD BRIAN | DECISIONS AND DEVELOPMENT: THE LOWLAND TUGEN OF BARINGO DISTRICT, KENYA. | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT STONY BROOK | PHD | ||
| 1979 | RAMSAY, VINETTE PENNISI | THIAMIN, RIBOFLAVIN, AND PYRIDOXINE NUTRITURE OF PLACENTAL TISSUES FROM KENYAN WOMEN | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | DRPH | 108 | |
| 1979 | SEIDENBERG, DANA APRIL | THE ASIANS AND UHURU; THE ROLE OF A MINORITY COMMUNITY IN KENYA POLITICS, 1939-1963 | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 301 | |
| 1979 | STANDA, EVERETT MARAKA | A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO INSTRUCTIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING IN THE KENYA SCHOOL SYSTEM: A MODEL. | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO | PHD | 169 | |
| 1979 | SWARTZ, CAROLINE | HUMAN CAPITAL, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, AND THE EXTENDED FAMILY IN URBAN KENYA | DUKE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 173 | |
| 1979 | WINTERFORD, DAVID BRUCE | CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1980 | AMOBI, NNAMDI KEN | ECONOMICS OF FAMILY SIZE: THE CASE OF THE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES OF KENYA AND NIGERIA | CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK | PHD | 119 | In this thesis, models based on the theory of human fertility behavior pioneered by Becker and others, is constructed and tested in a multivariate context on survey data sets from Kenya and Nigeria. These models are however modified wherever possible to capture behaviors which are peculiar to the developing economies of Africa. In these economies child rearing by the mother tends to be carried out simultaneously with labor market activities. Also parents transform part of their present income into future consumption opportunities by old age support from their children. Marriage patterns of polygamy exist and household units tend to have the extended-family influence. Using static models, the effects on desired fertility of family income, duration of marriage, age of wife, education of wife, labor force participation of wife, infant mortality, polygamy, sex composition of the family, and the interaction variable (of lifetime family income and value of wife’s time) are investigated. In a simultaneous equations context the determinants of the quality and quantity of children are also investigated. A sequential model, in which the dependent variable becomes the additional number of children desired, is constructed and tested. The following findings are noteworthy: (1) Family income exhibits a positive and strong influence on family size. (2) Education of the wife has a negative effect on fertility. (3) Duration of marriage has a positive influence on family size; while age of wife shows a positive effect on family size when duration of marriage is omitted. (4) Infant mortality rate has an inverse influence on fertility. (5) Polygamy has no significant effect on fertility. (6) As the proportion of sons increases family size increases thus indicating that the ‘price’ influence is stronger than the ‘taste’ influence of the sex composition of the family on fertility. (7) Migration; Family Planning Practices; and Separate Habitation of Married Couples all depress fertility. (8) The interaction variable of wife’s education and lifetime family income has negative while the individual variables have positive effects on family size. Thus the interaction model explains the non-linear effects of family income and wife’s education on fertility. (9) The income elasticity of quantity of children and the income elasticity of quality of children are both positive, but the former is larger. (10) From the sequential model analysis of additional number of sons desired, the motive of a least one son is found to be quite strong. |
| 1980 | BERAKI, JOSEPH | CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP IN THE NATIONALISTIC MOVEMENTS IN GHANA AND KENYA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY | UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 472 | The underlying assumption of the study was that charismatic leadership in Africa rose up within the context of nationalist movements. This dissertation, however, confined itself to two countries. It addressed itself to the investigation of charismatic leadership in the nationalist movements of Ghana and Kenya. The study had a doublefold purpose. On the one hand, it analysed and compared the social, psychological, and historical processes that gave rise to charismatic leadership in the above two countries. On the other hand, it attempted to establish some observations of wider application regarding the nature of charisma and charismatic leadership. Information relevant to the study were collected from various libraries. Selected works pertinent to the study were consulted. Data on charismatic leadership and nationalist movements in Ghana and Kenya were gathered from assorted books, monographs, journals and government publications. Then the gathered data were analyzed, compared and evaluated. As a point of conceptual clarification, selected views of nationalism and nationalist movements, charisma and charismatic leadership were discussed. Likewise, a survey of colonialism and colonial policies in SubSahara Africa was presented to serve as a socio-historical background to the study. The idea of nationalism was transmitted from Western Europe to Ghana and Kenya by imitation. Yet a long period of time elapsed before nationalism was interpreted into group action. And in Ghana and Kenya, it was through the agency of charismatic leadership that nationalism was embodied in nationalist movements. As much as charismatic leadership propelled nationalist movements, the latter provided a fertile ground for the origin, establishment of continuity or decline of the former. Charismatic leadership in Ghana and Kenya, as acquired by Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta, respectively, was analysed in a comparative detail. Perhaps, the following were some of the significant observations made by the study: charisma is not inherent in the individual make-up of the given leader. Nor does it exclusively reside in the given social situation. In other words, charisma is neither psychological nor sociological, but it is a fluctuating and impermanent linkage between a charismatic leader and his followers. A charismatic leader is one who is not necessarily self-appointed or self-baptised, he can be appointed or annointed by his potential and future followers. The continuity of the relationship between the charismatic leader and his followers, is carried on through mutual intercourse, which involves mutual adjustment on either side. And the essence of the reciprocal adjustment is to promote symmetry between the expectations of the leader and that of his followers. Indeed that tends to be the very differentia of charismatic leadership. Finally, the role of Nkrumah’s and Kenyatta’s charismatic leadership, in the patterns of institution formation, in post independence Ghana and Kenya, respectively, was suggested as a beneficial or useful area of inquiry. |
| 1980 | BURT, EUGENE CLINTON | TOWARDS AN ART HISTORY OF THE BALUYIA OF WESTERN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON | PHD | 593 | East Africa has been ignored by students of African art, considering it a region lacking in significant artistic traditions. Detailed study of the Baluyia people of western Kenya seriously calls that concept into question. Their rich material culture, which has resulted from a history characterized by the migration of peoples of diverse background into an area with abundant resources, offers a unique opportunity to document and understand an East African art tradition in a regional perspective. In an attempt to delineate the development of Baluyia art, the dissertation establishe an art historical framework with three major style periods. From the time of the earliest migrants, about 1,000 A.D., to the mid-18th century, Baluyia territory was being populated by peoples of Nilotic, Bantu, and Kalenjin backgrounds from Sudan, Uganda, and Kenya. In a cumulative, but selective, manner art forms and styles were adopted, gradually modified, and eventually absorbed into the Baluyia culture. This early period must be reconstructed from evidence provided by oral traditions and archaeological, historical, and distribution studies. The second phase of Baluyia art history begins in the mid-18th century and continues until the beginning of the 20th century. During this period, when mass movements of peoples had largely ceased, earlier Baluyia cultural and artistic trends reached maturity. Close contact with their immediate neighbors brought further adoption of Nilotic and Kalenjin material culture features to Baluyia art. Accounts by early European travelers describe the latter half of the 19th century as an era of Baluyia prosperity and ascendency. The third phase of Baluyia art history covers the period of European penetration and influence, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day. This modern period is characterized by Baluyia efforts to assimilate the impact of colonialism and westernization on their way of life, engendering substantive changes in the arts. The Baluyia possess a material culture consisting of forms which must not only be functional but most satisfy Baluyia criteria of beauty. This functional-aesthetic nexus is crucial to the concept of Baluyia artistry, expressed by the Baluyia categorization of virtually all their material culture under the term uvusitsa (‘things made’). Within this concept are included objects of almost pure utility and others which are almost totally aesthetic expressions. Certain Baluyia artistic traditions are under the control of specialized ‘guilds’, whose memberships are regulated by clan affiliation. These include ironworking, pottery making, woodcarving, and basketry. Other arts may be practiced by anyone with the inclination and skill to produce them, including body arts, architecture and its decoration, the fashioning of musical instruments, initiation paraphernalia (including masks), and household implements. The primary differences between these two categories concern the relationships between producer, consumer, and patterns of use. Throughout Baluyia history the arts have reflected the dynamics of the historical processes at play. New ideas in techniques, tools, materials, styles, and forms have been continuously experimented with, but only accepted if they satisfied Baluyia concepts of utility and aesthetics. Change for its own sake has generally been discouraged and only when alterations offer recognizable advantages over established modes are they accepted. This pragmatic approach to change continues to the present and characterizes Baluyia responses to contemporary influences. |
| 1980 | CLIFTON, DAVID SAMUEL JR. | AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN THEOREM | GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 144 | The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem along with the factor-price equalization theorem provide the basis for the modern theory of international trade. Since the empirical tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem have, in general, yielded results contrary to the theorem it is important to critique the empirical literature and to seek further to substantiate or reject the theorem. A multi-commodity, two-country, and two-factor model is constructed in order to examine the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem with either balanced or unbalanced trade. Within the context of the model a critique of the empirical literature was conducted. According to previous studies the pattern of trade between the rest of the world and the United States, Japan, West Germany, and India supported the theorem. The empirical results of the studies presented in the literature are not as ‘paradoxical’ as they have seemed when consideration is given to the countries’ capital-labor endowments relative to the rest of the world and the results obtained by Williams which reserved Leontief’s findings for the United States. Support for the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem is provided by the studies for Canada, East Germany, West Germany, India and the United States while for Japan the results did not provide support for the theorem. Further evaluation of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem was conducted with tests for Australia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Korea, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States. The nine countries involved in the study provide a cross-section of those in the world. Australia, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, United Kingdom and the United States are considered to be industrialized nations. Developing countries can be classified by income group. Israel is in the higher income category with Korea and Kenya classified in the middle and lower groups, respectively. Although trade flows have been traditionally evaluated in terms of their capital and labor content, the developed model provided testable hypotheses for balanced and unbalanced trade in terms of the profit and usage content of trade. The results of the analysis showed that the 1968 trade patterns for Australia, Ireland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and the United States provided support for the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem while the trade patterns for Israel, Kenya and the United Kingdom did not. In conclusion, the critique of previous empirical work as well as the empirical findings from this study would suggest that the weight of the empirical evidence would lend support to the simple two-factor version of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, that is, the cause of international trade can be primarily contributed to the difference in capital and labor endowments between countries. |
| 1980 | DAVIS, BRUCE ELLSWORTH | INTERPRETATION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES: THE UTILITY OF REMOTE SENSING TO KENYA’S COASTAL ZONE | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 269 | This research articulates and applies the concept of cultural landscape to regional analysis (effectively ignored previously), emphasizing Third World landscapes as the primary focus. The CLIP (Cultural Landscape Interpretation Procedure) system is developed to interpret cultural landscapes in a systematic, objective manner. It offers a step by step procedure, building from an initial general survey through detailed interpretation to data summary. While remote sensing is used as the major medium of interpretation, the system also accomodates ground-based observations. The southern coastal zone of Kenya is used as the study site and the Mississippi Gulf Coast provides a ‘test site’, an area different from Kenya and possessing a relatively full complement of remote sensing scales and sensors. Numerous applications are offered, with emphasis on the needs and abilities of low resource users, especially those of the Third World. |
| 1980 | DEJENE, ALEMNEH | A BROADER CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION: ANALYSIS OF THREE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 141 | The pressing problems of food production, unemployment, over-population, poor health conditions, high dropout rate from schools, rural-urban migration and ineffective curriculum are among the causes of underdevelopment, particularly in the rural sector. In view of that, this thesis attempts to do the following: (1) To examine the potential role of non-formal education in human resource development of the rural sector and its place in the process of national development. (2) To identify essential characteristics of non-formal educational and developmental activities and see the degree in which their presence or absence may affect the function of non-formal education projects. (3) To generate themes and researchable questions which can be investigated further in future studies. To do these, this study examines three different species of non-formal education projects, namely the Basic Village Education Project in Guatemala, which is geared to increase the agricultural productivity of small farmers without requiring literacy; the Mothers’ Club in South Korea, which has the objective of reducing fertility and improving the health and living conditions of rural women; and the Village Polytechnic movement in Kenya, which intended to provide rural youths with skills that would enable them to find employment or self-employment in their communities. Organizational structure (sponsor, bureaucracy, staff and leadership), content (mission, curriculum), time, method, control, cost, reward, participation and integration are identified as essential characteristics of non-formal educational and developmental activities from the literature review. These, in turn, have been used to form an analytical guide for examining non-formal education. Several major themes emerged from the analysis of the three case studies representing international, national, and locally funded projects. Projects which have strong local organization and control, tend to be less rigid and more responsive to local needs than those directed from a national or international level. They attract participation and support–especially when indigenous leaders and staff are used–and are thus more apt to sustain services over longer periods of time. Costs are generally lower, and the problems with a high degree of bureaucratic structure and responsiveness can be offset by local organization. Internationally or nationally sponsored programs tend to be better funded than local ones, but operate at higher costs. On-the-job training and group and individual discussions were found to be useful methods to specific skills and disseminate information at lower costs. The top-down approach, which tends to have standardized curriculum, may bring quick results, but is not likely to respond readily to local conditions, especially in the absence of local organization. Efficient use of local resources helps project to adopt to local conditions better and leads to extension of such projects in other areas. Participation seems to be directly related to the presence or absence of local organization. The greater the level of participation, the lesser the cost and the more the tendency for a project to be self-sufficient. Obtaining rewards among participants is fundamental for a project to achieve its objectives. Coordination of services with government and other similar development agencies tends to avoid duplication of services and lowers project costs. In all, its ability to perform diverse tasks, to meet the needs of a community, and to cultivate the untapped human resources of the rural sector, make non-formal education a legitimate and formidable strategy in the process of national development. |
| 1980 | EBURUOH, FELIX NNAMUKA | CHANGES IN EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS IN SELECTED AFRICAN COUNTRIES FROM 1965-1975; A COMPARISON WITH DEVELOPED NATIONS | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | EDD | 312 | The purpose of this study is to compare the trends of educational investments (expenditures) in a sample of African countries, mainly the former British colonies in tropical Africa, including Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, The United Republic of Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Swaziland, and Lesotho, with the trends in a selected group of non-African nations. The objectives specifically emphasize: (1) the relationships between governmental expenditures on education and other services in eleven African countries as compared with non-African nations from 1965 to 1975; (2) the trends of expenditures on education as compared with other services in both the African and non-African nations; (3) the implications of the differences in the trends of educational investments in relation to abilities and efforts of nations; (4) some basic internal developments in education in the selected sample of African nations. Simple trends are compared for each service from the base year to the final year: (1) The percent change of one year over the preceding year, and average for the entire period; with education indicated as ‘A’, (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED…PLEASE SEE DAI) percent change in ‘A’ in 1966 over 1965, expressed mathematically as (DELTA). The average annual change from 1965 to 1975 is expressed mathematically as (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED…PLEASE SEE DAI) (2) Another useful measure of change in ‘A’ is the ratio (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED…PLEASE SEE DAI) the percent change in 1975 over the base year 1965. (3) A comparative trend is computed for each category of services as related to the trend in the Gross National Product (GNP), to show the rate of change in expenditure of a given service compared with the rate of change in the GNP. This reflects the income elasticity (e) of the expenditure of the given service. (4) Investment in education, as is compared with other services, is computed in percent of the GNP that was expended on education for each year of the period under study. A similar computation is made for each of the other services under comparison. Selected findings are: (1) Governmental expenditures on education, when compared with the expenditures on other services in African and non-African nations, suggest differential policies among governments of nations to provide services to their citizens. (2) The relationships between education and other services reveal a great divergence in the proportions of income spent on educational and social needs. (3) The African nations portray a faster growth rate for education than for most of the other services. (4) Developed nations tend to allocate more governmental financial resources to education than do the African nations. (5) Serious gaps exist between the levels of educational development as well as economic progress in developed nations and developing countries. (6) The growth of education in developing countries is hampered and handicapped seriously by the lack of adequate information systems to provide knowledge for public understanding, policy making and planning. Selected suggestions are: (1) To educate leadership to meet the pressing needs of expanding the educational system, through: (a) The establishment of higher priority for special training programs in universities, teachers colleges, technical and other colleges; (b) Reconceptualization of the traditional expatriate staff practices and develop foreign exchange personnel programs for high level expertise in critical occupational levels. (2) Universities to be provided with sufficient funds to develop programs for research, teaching, and public services. (3) To establish an efficient information system to provide critical data and knowledge for public use. |
| 1980 | FARRELL, EILEEN RUTH | NGOMA YA USHINDANI: COMPETITIVE SONG EXCHANGE AND THE SUBVERSION OF HIERARCHY IN A SWAHILI MUSLIM TOWN ON THE KENYA COAST. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | ||
| 1980 | GATERE, KAREKO | MARKETING EFFICIENCY IN KENYA: A STUDY OF THE MARKETING SYSTEM FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. | UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1980 | GITHII, ETHEL WADDELL | LITERARY IMPERIALISM IN KENYA: ELEMENTS OF IMPERIAL SENSIBILITY IN THE AFRICAN WORKS OF ISAK DINESEN AND ELSPETH HUXLEY | TUFTS UNIVERSITY | PHD | 225 | |
| 1980 | HENRY, WESLEY RAYMOND, JR. | RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VISITOR USE AND TOURIST CAPACITY FOR KENYA’S AMBOSELI NATIONAL PARK | COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 121 | Observational research on visitor behavior and use of Kenya’s Amboseli National Park, one of the most heavily visited wildlife areas in that country, reveals a series of significant interrelated constraints on the tourist capacity and revenue earning potential of the Park. Visitation rates varied widely on a daily, weekly and seasonal basis. At any given time, use was also extremely concentrated in a spatial sense. The net result was an extremely poor utilization of the current supply of wildlife viewing attractions which greatly reduced potential tourist capacity. A more serious constraint was the restricted range of visitors’ wildlife viewing demand. Intense visitor interest in lions and cheetahs, and the relative scarcity of these animals, make them potentially limiting attractions in capacity calculations. Additional support for this conclusion was derived from the fact that vehicle numbers and harassment were found to have an adverse effect on the behavior of observed cheetahs. These problems must be addressed by management plans and actions. Some actions proposed by the Park do address these problems and, consequently, are recommended for implementation. This is especially true of the proposed road system which will aid in the dispersion of use and increase the supply of available wildlife attractions. Other actions, such as restocking rhinos and adding new visitor facilities, also need to be considered. It is even more important to find out if it is feasible to alter visitors’ wildlife viewing demand. Methods such as training guides and/or drivers and using information to alter viewing patterns are long-term strategies to deal with this situation. They need to be developed and tested as soon as possible. Immediate management attention should be given to the problems of vehicle congestion around lions and cheetahs and the harassment of those species. Decisions are needed on what the most desirable configuration of use should be and how this can be realized. A realistic policy on off-road driving is also needed. Since Amboseli may well serve as a model for other wildlife areas that will be developed for tourism, all implemented management actions need to be monitored and evaluated. Major research needs include an examination of the cheetah population to identify the overall impact of vehicle use and to facilitate policy and management decision-making with respect to this endangered species. Visitor attitudes and preferences also need to be examined in depth to see if and how it will be feasible to alter wildlife viewing demand and to identify the important social determinants of tourist capacity. |
| 1980 | IRVINE, JANICE IRENE | EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF STRUCTURAL SEMANTICS: ANALYSES OF THE BUU KINSHIP SYSTEM AND THEIR SOCIAL ORDER | THE UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER | PHD | 373 | The subject of this dissertation is the social order of the Buu, a tribe of Wabfokomo (Swahili-Wapokomo) people who reside in Salama and Ngao locations of the Tana River District in Kenya. The object is, where possible, to isolate the principles or set(s) of principles that: (1) generate their system of kin classification, (2) account for the meanings of those kinship terms that they use to call or refer to persons because of ties of kinship and/or marriage or considerations of age, social identity or descent from male predecessors who were agemates, and (3) regulate the distribution of rights and duties to Buu as individuals, as members of categories and as members of corporate groups. Their systems of inter-relative and inter-non-relative address is examined and a formal accounting of their system of kin classification is provided. The latter conforms to the specifications set for such analyses by Scheffler and Lounsbury in their study of the Siriono kinship system. In order to adequately account for their usage of kinship terms care was taken to understand the relationships among the concepts of context, meaning and use. It was then possible to demonstrate that when Buu use kinship terms figuratively there is no critical transformation of elements of these terms’ status relationship connotations. Instead equivalences are made on the basis of age, social identity or descent from male predecessors who were age-mates. Because Buu use kinship terms figuratively to address certain kinds of relatives as well as non-relatives, care was taken to observe how the principle of the consistency of reciprocals applies to this body of data. Their referential usage of kinship terms conforms to the dictates of this principle of kin classification and so called ‘multiple polarity relationships’ are explained by the presence of hyponymous and polysemous sense relationships on different levels of complex reciprocal sets. The metaphoric usage of kinship terms in their system of inter-non-relative address likewise conforms to this principle, but it has only a limited utility in their system of inter-relative address. This is because where kinship terms are metaphorically applied in this system of address, they are usually used to address kinspersons who repersonify a social identity in common with either the speaker’s spouse or one of the speaker’s antecedent agnates or antecedent agnates’ wives; and kinspersons who are so addressed do not respond with a figurative usage of a kinship term, but use the term that designates the kinship relationship that exists between them and that speaker. At this point in the dissertation the emphasis shifts from the meanings of kinship terms to the contents of relationships in a structure that is continuously created by action. Situational analyses are employed to show how rights, duties and obligations are differentially deployed. In these analyses social categories are isolated and their articulation with this society’s descent group structure is delineated, and the differentiation and equation of statuses within their descent groups are also examined to show how authority is allocated and transmitted. In these analyses the implications that the process of social identity repersonification, i.e., the inter-generational transmission of non-physical attributes of persons, has for their lineage system are also noted. |
| 1980 | JOHNSON, STEVEN LEE | PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE LUO-ABASUBA OF SOUTHWESTERN KENYA | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 362 | In this study, an analysis is made of agricultural production and crop distribution during 1975-77 by small-holders residing in the highlands of Migori Division, Kenya; an area of medium to high agricultural potential which is situated in a well-watered portion of the Lake Victoria Basin. Two prime concerns are the understanding of social relations of production, and social investment (or the use of material resources by individuals attempting to gain social position or a measure of prestige). These social dimensions of economic performance are then analysed in a somewhat broader context in order to understand how they both affect, and are affected by, economic development programs being implemented in the area (which are themselves shaped by forces operating at national and international levels). The work ends with a discussion of policy implications for this, and similar, rural settings. With respect to social relations of production, it was observed that micro-level dependency relationships existed between small-holders who owned a certain level of productive capital (i.e., two oxen and a plow), and those who did not. Those without ox-plow teams were dependent upon those with teams to provide them with the means necessary to produce their crops. It was observed that these relations were historically connected to pre-colonial (or pre-capitalist) relations of production, and that, while they were exacerbated by the penetration of capitalist markets and a capitalist mode of production, they were not caused by these more recent penetrations. Social investment involved the allocation of resources towards the attainment of social positions in churches, schools and other local institutions. This usually involved the distribution of valued items to neighbors who would then be obligated to support a donor’s attempts to achieve position. Allocative strategies included ox-plow team loaning, land sharing and entertainment. In some cases, a material benefit accrued to the position-holder, for position-holders were more likely to receive assistance from unpaid laborers than were those who did not hold position. Social investment, then, was also related to labor mobilization. Both micro-level dependency relations and social investment negatively affected the over-all success of a Special Rural Development Programme project designed to promote widespread hybrid maize utilization. Dependent small-holders had difficulty sustaining use of hybrid seed, while those who invested in social position reduced their potential use of hybrid seed and the over-all scale of their productive activities (though they were able, at the same time, to mobilize inexpensive labor which had the effect of raising productivity). These social relations were also being affected by the maize project. An emphasis on growth in production and productivity seemed to exacerbate dependency relations and promote increased rural stratification, though the process had not proceeded very far by 1975-77. It is argued that relations of dependency among small-holders must be broken if widespread or equitable development is to occur (assuming that equity is not to be equated with parity). This would require granting all small-holders some degree of access to the primary means of production, which is an ox-plow team. In the face of declining or non-existant external funding for the necessary redistributive effort, it is further argued that this might only be accomplished through the formation of two to six homestead alliances within which capital resources could be circulated by means of balanced, reciprocal exchange. |
| 1980 | KARUGU, GEOFFREY KAMAU | AN INVESTIGATION OF JOB SATISFACTION – DISSATISFACTION AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS AND HEADTEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA, AND A COMPARISON OF THEIR PERCEPTIONS ON FOURTEEN SELECTED JOB FACTORS FROM HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY | NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY | EDD | 206 | The problem addressed in this study concerned identifying job factors for two groups of randomly selected elementary school Kenyan educators, teachers and headteachers, considered as most satisfying and dissatisfying in their current jobs. A comparison of the two group members’ perceptions on 14 selected job factors from Herzberg’s two-factor theory (motivation-hygiene) was conducted. Generation of data was accomplished through a three-part questionnaire which was completed by 338 teachers and 35 headteachers. Part I of the instrument contained 4 write-in, open-ended, questionnaire items; Part II contained 48, forced choice, paired motivation-hygiene job factors; and Part III contained 9 demographic and personal independent variables. The design for the study was descriptive and ex post facto. Seven hypotheses were analyzed, 4 of them by hand and 3 by use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency, percentage count, and ranking of the identified job factors were completed for the descriptive hypotheses, schi-square, t-test, and analysis of variance conducted for the comparative hypotheses. Significance level was set at the .05 level. Results of this study indicated that the Kenyan educators in the sample groups identified Job Security, No Alternatives, Holidays, Sense of Building the Nation, Chance to Continue Learning, Love of Job Itself (Noble), Love for Children, Extracurricular Activities, and Communication with Teachers, Parents, and Pupils as the most satisfying job factors in their current positions and also as the factors which cause them to retain their positions. The job factors that were identified as dissatisfying and as reasons for wanting to resign current jobs were Poor Pay, Poor Promotion Methods by Merit, Lack of Recognition, No Chance for Advancement, No House Allowance for Married women, No Loan Privileges, Frequent Supervision and Administration Policies, and Delay of School Supplies and Maintenance. For the comparative hypotheses, it was concluded that there was no significant difference in the preferences of the total respondent educator group with respect to motivation and hygiene factors. No significant differences were found between teachers’ and head-teachers’ preference with respect to motivation and hygiene job factors. When preferences of teachers and headteachers were further analyzed by demographic and personal independent variables (gender, location, education, marital status, race, tribe, years of experience, and religion) only age of respondents (35 years and younger as compared to 36 years and older) yielded significant difference. One implication of this study is that personnel problems and policies might be adopted to deal with feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction among educators in Nairobi. |
| 1980 | KEINO, ESTHER ROSE CHERONO | THE CONTRIBUTION OF HARAMBEE (SELF-HELP) TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION IN KENYA: THE CASE OF SOSIOT GIRLS’ HIGH SCHOOL, 1969-1978 | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 262 | This is a study of how Harambee, or self-help, the Kenyan national strategy of self-reliance, is implemented at the grassroots level by a small, rural community in Kericho District. Faced with a shortage of resources, the Kenyan Government devised this strategy, which utilizes local resources and traditional methods of organizing work, to generate extra resources for developing small-scale, rural infrastructure. However, due to a high public demand for secondary education, the rural communities focused their Harambee efforts on establishing secondary schools. Consequently, the majority of Kenyan secondary schools have been established on a Harambee basis, and most of these are still run on this basis. Harambee has also contributed to the development of water projects, health projects, etc. Despite the vital part that Harambee has played in rural development, existing knowledge of the strategy is based on views of the Government and its policy-makers at the national level, where the policy was formulated. At this level, Harambee gives the impression that the implementors of Harambee are a homogeneous group of people acting cooperatively toward a common goal of expanding secondary school provision. Consequently, evaluation of the strategy has been based on these views. However, the theories of Harambee that are cited indicate that the implementation of Harambee is much more complicated than is generally known, and involves other kinds of participants besides the local members of communities that establish the projects. Therefore, before the contribution of Harambee to development can be accurately assessed, it is important to understand it both from the national level, where the policy is formulated, and at the grassroots level, where the strategy is implemented. This study seeks to find out how Sosiot Girls’ High School–a Harambee secondary school for girls–came to be established. Using a case study, various key participants in the project were identified and interviewed on how the school was established. The interviews focused on one question: Why, how and by whom was a decision made to build the secondary school? The study identified four different kinds of participants–the central Government, a national politician, the local leaders and the ordinary members of the local community–who were involved for different reasons in establishing the Harambee school. Consequently, when the project was completed and successfully ‘taken-over’ by the Government, it had varying implications for the various participants. While it served the political and economic interests of the central Government, the national politician and the local leaders, it did not meet the educational needs of the ordinary local people. |
| 1980 | KETTEL, BONNIE LEE | TIME IS MONEY: THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC CHANGE IN SERETUNIN, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | 331 | This dissertation deals with the emergence of class, a relation of social categories based in differential access to the means of production, in Seretunin, a Tugen community in the Baringo District of Kenya. Seretunin is a poor and remote community where peasant farmers still subsist on domestic production utilizing a very simple technology. But poverty is not uniform in Seretunin, and its residents are not an uncaptured peasantry. In Seretunin the process of class formation is structured by ‘capital’, by the control which local ‘business men’ have over the hired work-time of their neighbours. This differential access to wage labour, which is based in ownership of small-scale commercial property, in tiny shops and cash-based farms, operates in a social context which is closed by the existing lack of opportunity in the larger nation. The residents of Seretunin come together in an encompassing network of property/wage relations, an aspect of social structure which integrates life in the contemporary community, and attenuates the significance of older, but still existing social categories based in age and family. These social relations of capital, which structure access to opportunity inside and outside of Seretunin, are a critical factor in the replication of poverty and underdevelopment in the microcosm. Capital is a new phenomenon in Tugen social organization, an aspect of social structure which has acquired relevance only in the years since Independence in 1963. The process by which capital emerged as a class relation of production is viewed in an evolutionary perspective. Analysis begins with an assessment of the shape of power in the precontact Tugen mode of production, a pursuit which provides a new look at the Tugen as ‘pastoralists’, and a reassessment of the social significance of livestock in the precontact social formation. The dissertation shows how the contradictions in power characteristic of Tugen social organization at the turn of the century were altered in the context of colonial rule, allowing power to become a dependant variable in Seretunin, and describes the legitimation of class relations of production in the context of land consolidation and registration in the 1960’s. The activities of local business men are shown to be central to this process of class formation. Prominent amongst them are six men who were amongst the first school-boys in Seretunin. These men acquired new avenues of access to progress through their contacts with missionary and government personnel, and they also benefited from the expansion of local opportunity characteristic of Baringo District during and after World War II. They were the first commercial entrepreneurs in Seretunin, and they turned their own work-time to the search for profit, from timber-cutting and shop-keeping, and later from the establishment of cash-based farms. The profits which accrue from these activities are very small. But in Seretunin the profits of commerce are significant as a source of access to the work-time of local residents who are now dependant on established business men as their primary source of local employment, and their major channel of access to opportunity outside of Seretunin. In Seretunin, social life revolves around the plans, activities, and opinions of local business men. They see themselves, and are seen by others, as leaders in the process of community development. They are able to follow their own economic pursuits with the expectation that their success will be admired and appreciated as a sign that Seretunin is ‘going ahead’. Nevertheless, there is a covert aspect to progress in Seretunin as particular individuals are ‘factored’ for success and failure in the context of class relations of production. | |
| 1980 | KHIMULU, PASCHAL JOHN | TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ASPECTS OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS’ DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE INDUSTRIALISATION OF KENYA | UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY | DBA | 173 | The Purpose of the Study. The study was concerned with foreign direct investment in the industrialisation of Kenya through transnational corporations to determine whether they have contributed positively or negatively to the economic development of Kenya, particularly in the area of technology transfer. An attempt was made to identify the degree to which this had been a success or failure, leading to an attempt to define future guidelines in evaluating foreign investments. The study additionally attempted to determine the successfulness of Kenya Government’s policy and strategy relating to foreign direct investments. It is hoped that its conclusions may be useful to those concerned with the formulation and impletation of strategy for encouraging and attracting private foreign direct investments to other developing countries. Procedures. To provide a formulation for the empirical analysis, an analytical framework relating industries’ and firms’ performance and technological factors was formulated. Then proxy measures were developed for those technology factors based on the analytical framework and subjected to data limitations in Kenya. The analytical framework was translated into regression equations and correlation analysis to assess the effects of the independent variables like the techonolgical factors on industries’ and firms’ performance and dependent variables at the two levels. Findings and Conclusions. The results of the study seemed in general to conform to Kenya’s industrial policy design. However, in a number of areas, there was evidence at variance with the expectations of Kenya’s economic development design. The evidence on the interactions among the technological and transfer factors comprising the profile of technology transfer both confirmed and disconfirmed the hypothesized expectations. The attraction and inflow of technology via TNC’s to Kenya appeared, in general, to contribute to productivity and value added of the industries, although the extent of the contribution was not accertained. The transfer of technology through direct foreign investment is, by its nature, highly restrictive and expensive. Although it provides the recipient developing economy with the opportunity to take advantage of the fruits of heavy expenditures by foreign firms in the trial and error of research and development, and in subsequent technological innovations, private and social benefits are generally subject to major limitations. The policy implications would therefore suggest that if the stated aim of the government policy is to expand manufacturing for export, no restrictions should be placed on the degree of foreign ownership, other than in strategic industries. The fundamental asymmetry between the goal of short-run maximization of economic opportunities in host country by most TNC’s on one hand, and the medium, as well as presumed long-term development objectives of host country on the other, has precluded the full exploitation of all the economic development capabilities of direct foreign investment including technology. In light of this experience, there have been mounting pressures for increase in labour absorption, local control and even for some form of mutually beneficial synergy between TNC’s and the host country, but these issues are not likely to be resolved solely through the current trend of joint ventures between TNC’s and public enterprises. Major collaborative efforts are also necessary in broadening the stages of production in which labour intensive techniques are economically profitable and socially useful in terms of generating high employment. Bearing this in mind, the success of Kenya’s industrialisation policy measures discussed, will depend significantly on the ability of the government to implement them based on crystallized national development objectives. |
| 1980 | KILASI, EPAINITUS FUNDI-JEAN | A PROPOSAL FOR MODIFICATION OF THE CURRICULUMS OF KENYA’S COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | EDD | 193 | The problem of this study is to propose modifications in the curriculums of the colleges and schools in Kenya, the proposed modifications to have been based upon the results of the national survey of attitudes about education done in 1975-76. According to the national surveys carried on in 1975-76, over 90 per cent of the total sample of the population said that there should be educational modifications in Kenya to narrow the gulf between the bright and slow students. Those responding to the surveys proposed a nine-year basic education in the following order: First, achieve universal seven-year primary education; second, raise the quality of primary education by providing trained teachers and suitable instructional materials; third, lengthen the duration of primary education from seven to nine years; fourth, continue pre-vocational subjects and emphasize the project approach in Junior Secondary I and II; fifth, remove the demarcation between secondary academic and secondary technical education and to make secondary education increasingly scientific, pre-vocational and craft-oriented. The source of data of this study was from the Report of the National Committee on Educational Objectives and Policies. The methods and procedures used in this study were interviews which were conducted by the national surveys between December, 1975, and October, 1976. The committee held extensive interviews in all the seven provinces, including Nairobi. These took a total of 24 full working days during which over 160 papers were presented by delegations. One of the major findings was the problem of unemployment, caused by the formal educational system which has not equipped school and college graduates with the skills and qualities required by the modern sector of the economy. It was concluded, among other things, that Kenya needs to approach education from the point of view of its usefulness in society and relevance to economic and national development. Education should be directed toward making Kenya self-sufficient in the political, economic and social sphere. Among recommendations were the abolition of Certificate of Primary Education and introduction of progressive examination to serve as a basis for guiding and counseling all children into Junior Secondary Education and expanded vocational training. It was also recommended to remove the demarcation between secondary academic and secondary technical education and to make secondary education increasingly scientific, pre-vocational and craft-oriented. |
| 1980 | KINGORIAH, GEORGE KINOTI | POLICY IMPACTS ON URBAN LAND USE PATTERNS IN NAIROBI, KENYA: 1899-1979 | INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 385 | In the twentieth century, three basic models of city structure have been accepted by scholars as being representative of land use patterns in most cities of the western world. These models are (1)the Concentric Zone Model, (2)the Radial Sector Model, and (3)the Multiple Nuclei Model. As the cities grow, the arrangement of land uses that conforms to the stipulations of these models has been mainly the result of processes that affect land as an economic commodity and land uses within each city. Many scholars have tested empirically the operation of these models in America, Western Europe, and other parts of the world. Land use patterns in most cities have conformed with expectations of the models or exhibit some elements of the models. An examination of the city structure of Nairobi, Kenya, reveals a hierarchy of land use patterns that resembles the models. The structure of the Nairobi CBD has a strong resemblance to the theoretical expectations of the Concentric Zone Model. The land use pattern in the older and most intensively developed area of the city is sectoral, while the spatial arrangement of specialized service centers within the current city boundary has a Multiple Nuclei appearance. A question arises, however, as to whether or not Nairobi’s land use patterns are mostly affected by economic forces or by the central government and local authorities having jurisdiction over the city throughout its history. To examine this problem this study investigated the impact of government and local authority policies and actions on land use in the city since it was founded in 1899. The data base drew upon major documents related to land use policy decisions, government policies and plans that have affected the city’s land, and impacts of each major policy, law, and administrative action. It was found that the central government and local agencies have significantly influenced the land use pattern in Nairobi through their policies and actions. The existing land use patterns are mainly the result of government policies and actions. The economic organization of land use as stipulated in the theories of city structure has taken place only to a limited extent in Nairobi. It has operated within definite policy and legal frameworks designed by the governmental authorities. These frameworks have restrained the operation of economic forces and have limited the tendency for these forces to influence the spatial pattern of land use within the city. Consequently, land use patterns in Nairobi that resemble the classical city structure models are mainly coincidental and are not the results of the urban land market mechanism within Nairobi. The spatial patterns of land uses within the City of Nairobi should not be used literally as examples of the effects of economic forces on city structures. They should be cited analogously, and with many qualifications when demonstrating the nature of land use in urban areas. |
| 1980 | KRAMER, JOYCE MARIE | PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF PARTICIPATION IN THE MODERN WORLD SYSTEM: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON FERTILITY FOR TWELVE COMMUNITIES IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL | PHD | 371 | Amos Hawley’s Human Ecology paradigm is used to predict and explain observed increases in fertility among rural peoples during the initial phases of encroachment by the modern world system. Ethnographic data collected in twelve communities in Kenya are analyzed. The research communities represent several of the largest culture groups in Kenya. They are the Abaluyia (three communities, including one Maragoli site), the Luo, the Gusii, the Kipsigis, the Maasai, the Kikuyu (two communities), and the Kamba (three communities). The employment of men for wages is utilized to operationalize ‘urbanization’ which is the principal predictor variable. Age adjusted measures of reproductivity are focused upon as the dependent variable. At the macro (community) level of analysis, it is found that urbanization is positively correlated with reproductivity (at less than .05 probability of error) for women of child bearing age. While in the predicted direction, failure to obtain statistical significance when post-menopausal women are included in the pooled community data sets may be attributable to increased recall error with age. At the micro (individual) level of analysis, the data for ever-married women in all the communities are pooled for analyses of variance. The hypothesized positive association between ‘urbanization’ and ‘age adjusted fertility’ is supported. Other factors found in the simultaneous equations models to increase fertility included ‘child mortality’ (measured as the ratio of offspring who died after birth to total live births) and ‘modernity’ (measured as the ratio of rectangular residential buildings to total residential buildings within the residential compound). The hypothesis of no direct relationship between ‘husband’s years schooling’ and fertility is supported by the findings. More equivocal are the possible effects of ‘capital’ (measured as the head of cattle owned by the residential unit) and of ‘non-traditional religiosity’ (measured by a Guttman Scale indexing degree of commitment to a Christian or Moslem faith). Alternative explantions for the findings are discussed and investigated to the extent possible. These alternative theories include (a) theories which posit improvements in the general health, and particularly in the nutritional status, of urbanizing populations and (b) theories which stress behavioral correlates of normative change (such as potential increases in ‘sexual promiscuity’ or changes in breastfeeding practices). The ethnographic literature is reviewed, and additional data are examined which tend to support the argument that these alternative hypotheses are insufficient to explain the increases in fertility observed. The basic research proposition which is advanced is that people tend to respond to the stressful socio-economic conditions characteristic of early urbanization by attempting to strengthen the base of the deteriorating kinship mutual support system through increased human reproduction. |
| 1980 | LUNGU, GATIAN FABIAN | THE LAND-GRANT MODEL IN AFRICA: A STUDY IN HIGHER EDUCATION TRANSFER | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 322 | The years between 1960 and 1979 witnessed the growth of American educational assistance to and influence in independent African countries. This study describes, analyzes and interprets one form of assistance and influence–the Land-Grant university model–in former British colonies, now the new nations of Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia. The process through which Land-Grant features have been transferred from America and adopted by African universities in these countries is examined within the context of economic, political and sociocultural dynamics at institutional, national and international levels. Data were collected from course catalogs, documents, policy statements, reports and studies of universities, governments, philanthropic foundations, international agencies and associations, and through direct contacts with administrators, faculty and students of the institutions under discussion. The analysis was qualitative and used a descriptive-analytical style, and the approach was mainly historical comparative. The study reveals a considerable amount of Land-Grant influences on the universities examined, especially in admissions criteria, applied fields and structure of degree courses. However, some British academic conventions have survived such as administrative structures and titles, the institutions of the external examiner and the rigid separation between universities on the one hand, and colleges of further/vocational education, on the other. However, these, too, are being slowly undermined by American influences. Major factors in favor of the Land-Grant model appear to be: (i) imperatives of economic development, especially the high demand for skilled manpower and the need for rapid industrialization, (ii) national policies favoring educational innovations and expansion of manpower-oriented higher education, (iii) the increasing stock of American-educated African administrators and faculty in these universities, whose experiences were colored by Land-Grant influences, (iv) support from prestigious British faculty and administrators for Land-Grant innovations in these institutions, (v) American leadership in technological prowess which African countries seek to emulate, and (vi) American financial input into African universities. The transfer process, however, has not been smooth due to problems generated by environmental turbulence, defined here as economic, political and sociocultural instability at institutional, national and international levels. These include: (i) economic poverty and hardships in these countries; (ii) governmental instability, (iii) increased ideological friction between American and African governments as well as suspicion about the motives behind American educational aid, (iv) general scepticism about the contribution of universities to national development; (v) the relative isolation of universities from local indigenous cultures; and (vi) the relatively unstructured American participation which has often led to conflicts among donor agencies, to unnecessary duplication of effort and wrong concentration of resources, and lack of accountability measures. Despite these obstacles, the future of the Land-Grant model looks bright in the countries examined. However, the relatively short history of African universities precludes prediction of future developments. Further research is needed to include more countries, especially those in Francophone and Lusophone zones, in order to obtain more comparative data. Intensive single-country and single-institution studies are also needed to gain deeper insights on the impact of the Land-Grant innovations. There is also need to quantify some variables such as stages of institutional development and their impact on externally introduced change. Finally, there is need for studies that deal with prescriptive models of effective transfer between developed and developing educational systems. The rule-of-thumb approach to the transfer of the Land-Grant model to Africa has reduced much of its potential impact on recipient institutions: models showing how to manipulate variables for more effective transfer are urgently needed. |
| 1980 | MAMBO, ROBERT MAKONDE | CHALLENGES OF WESTERN EDUCATION IN THE COAST PROVINCE OF KENYA, 1890-1963 | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 341 | The Coast Province is among the most ‘underdeveloped’ areas of Kenya in the provision of Western education. Inactivity within the province has commonly been ascribed to the prevalence of disease, Moslem predominance and friction with Christianity. The dissertation explores these environmental and cultural factors, together with the more institutional and financial aspects of educational policy. This regional history of education considers, in particular, the period before the government’s attempt at closer administration and the systematization of education that took place in the early 1920s and then proceeds to discuss first the provision of schooling in the period 1925-1950 and secondly the magnification of inequality in the period, 1950-1963. The foundation of Western education before World War I was through mission schools. However, Western education made little headway among Moslems who suspected that their children would be proselytized. In the Coast Province special consideration was given to the Arab communities in the protectorate but their former slaves were not a subject of reform and were largely ignored. State educational policy calling for government-missionary ‘cooperation’ in matters concerning African education did little to improve opportunities among Africans in the province. By the 1920s the province was weakly occupied by the four main missionary organizations, namely the Church Missionary Society, the Methodist Missionary Society, the German Congregationalists of Neukirchen and a Roman Catholic Order, the Holy Ghost Fathers. Taita-Taveta District, which was strongly occupied by the C.M.S. and the Holy Ghost Fathers, became largely Christianized and benefited from considerable educational opportunities. Tana River District faced setbacks when the Neukirchen missionaries were twice deported following the outbreak of each World War. Educational work by missionaries in Kilifi District remained modest, while that in Kwale District was quite discouraging. In addition to missionary supervision, local demand and economic resources were important factors in establishing and maintaining schools. The agencies which interpreted demand were the Local Native Councils, L.N.Cs., created in the mid-1920s primarily to extend and refine colonial administration. The local taxes as levied and distributed by the four above named and authorized districts of the Coast Province demonstrated a considerable diversity of commitment to education. The Taita-Taveta situation most approximated that obtaining in the central highlands of the country where appropriations for education exceeded the proportions approved by the administration. In Kilifi and Kwale districts expenditure was low. In the two protectorate districts of Lamu and Mombasa excluded from the legislation constituting L.N.Cs., education of Africans was virtually ignored. In some ways the protectorate came to symbolize the effects of a colonial caste system in the provision of social services including education. The evidence from this region is especially strong in showing how Indians and to a lesser extent Arabs were provided with expensive schools and training for the responsible middle positions in the colonial society. In contrast only a small percentage of African children was encouraged to pursue ‘industrial’ training. The attempt to ‘reform’ education through measures of the sort proposed by the Beecher Report served between 1950 and 1963 to mollify discontent and prepare for decolonization. In actuality, the formulae allowed the rich L.N.C. districts to benefit far more than the poor ones in the Coast Province. Within the protectorate, almost nothing was done to provide even primary educational services to Africans. The inequalities inherent in the coastal region before colonial rule had not only been sustained but also exacerbated both by the racially divided and stratified school system and by the policies for funding through the Local Native Councils. |
| 1980 | MBOGOH, STEPHEN GICHOVI | AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF KENYA’S SUGAR INDUSTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SELF-SUFFICIENCY PRODUCTION POLICY. | UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1980 | MBUGUA, WAMBUI WA | A STUDY OF TEACHING AIDS/MEDIA FOR KENYA PRIMARY SCHOOLS | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE | EDD | 199 | This study was undertaken as a survey of the use of teaching aids and media in Kenya primary schools. The literature has indicated that there is a need for additional emphasis upon and planning of the use of teaching aids and media so that an adequate development of curriculum will occur in this area. The diverse background of the Kenyan population underscores the need for the assessment of the use of teaching aids in primary schools. The major instrument used in this survey was a questionnaire, one version of which was presented to teachers currently in Kenya and one of which was presented to former Kenyan teachers who are now residing in the United States. Included within the sample were both men and women primary school teachers from both urban and rural areas. In addition to these questionnaires there also was a follow-up visit to twenty schools for observation of the use of teaching aids and discussion with the teachers concerning their use. Both groups who were presented with the questionnaire agreed that more teaching aids are needed in Kenya and that the Ministry of Education does not supply enough of these materials. Although there is official approval of the use of aids, according to the respondents, encouragement in that use by the Ministry of Education was minimal, as reflected in the slight emphasis given to the aids in the official syllable. Teachers have therefore had to become very involved with constructing these materials themselves, having their pupils construct them, or finding them in the surrounding environment. A listing of those materials which are used by the teachers is included as part of this study. Additional data were obtained through the series of follow-up observations and interviews. Along with conforming the accuracy of the data obtained in the questionnaire, it was also found that poor conditions in many of the schools had a negative effect upon the use of teaching aids. Some teachers, for example, noted that the demands placed upon teachers in Kenya are such that they have little time to involve themselves with the gathering or making of teaching aids. |
| 1980 | MUCHENJE, WALTER C. | THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL FACTORS ON A SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | DRPH | 114 | The purpose of this study is to examine the potential impact of structural factors on a successful implementation of the concept of primary health care. Structural factors are conceptualized in this study as being: (a) political inequality and (b) economic inequality. When the World Health Organization formulated this concept it was anticipated that primary health care would be the key to achieving an acceptable level of health for all by the year 2000. More emphasis has since then been placed on detailing the mechanics and outcome of the process of primary health care. Very little effort has been invested in analyzing the set of conditions under which this concept could be successfully implemented by all countries. This study suggests that the concept of primary health care will not be successfully implemented by all countries unless there are fundamental changes in some of the prevailing political and economic inequalities which have previously impeded the implementation of various development policies. Two East African countries, Kenya and Tanzania were selected for analysis. These two countries were selected as case studies because of their unique development strategies and also because of the fact that they share many similar characteristics, including the heritage of the British colonial medical services. After gaining independence in the early 1960’s, Kenya and Tanzania followed very similar development strategies. However, after the Arusha Declaration in 1967, Kenya and Tanzania became two very different states ideologically. Health care systems of these two countries have since then reflected their respective ideological differences. Kenya is continuing with the health care system which it inherited from the British colonial rulers. Most of its health resources are being invested into hospital complexes which cater to mainly urban dwellers. On the other hand, Tanzania has adopted a strong rural development policy. It is de-emphasizing comprehensive, urban-based hospital services for a much more needed rural oriented basic health care system. By redirecting health care resources from urban to rural areas, Tanzania appears to have adopted concrete measures to reduce the gap between the health ‘haves’ and the health ‘have nots.’ Consequently, it can be concluded on the basis of these findings that a country such as Tanzania will be able to implement the concept of primary health care much more successfully than a country such as Kenya. |
| 1980 | MUKUNI, ELIJAH MUTHENGI | INSTITUTIONAL GOALS IN FIVE TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY | EDD | 208 | The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the discrepancies between the stated national development priorities, as found in the 1970-74 Kenyan National Development Plan and the institutional goals of five Kenyan teacher education institutions, as they were perceived by the populations connected with the institutions. The questions in the study were thus directed at the relationship between the perceptions and preferences of institutional goals (IG), by the population of Kenyan teacher education institutions (TEI), and the national development priorities (NDP) as delineated in the 1970-74 Kenyan National Development Plan. Review of related literature showed that discrepancies occur when policy is translated into practice. Discrepancies were shown to be a product of many factors, factors that are likely to be present in many situations where policy is required to be translated into action. Thus, discrepancies were found to be normal and natural occurrences. When educational policy statements that were to be put into practice in Kenya were examined, it was found that throughout Kenya’s educational history, discrepancies between policy and practice have been continuously encountered. The basic procedures followed in this study were as follows: (1) an inventory to assess institutional goals was prepared; (2) a sample of the population of five teacher education institutions in Kenya: students, graduates, faculty, and administrators, was used to obtain ratings of the importance of institutional goals according to the populations’ perceptions (‘is’) and preferences (‘should be’); (3) the respondents rated institutional goal statements in terms of what they perceived the goals of their institutions to be, as well as in terms of their preferences as to what they would have preferred the goals to be; (4) the correlation coefficients between the rankings of the preferences (‘should be’) and the perceptions (‘is’) mean ratings and national development priorities were calculated and used to examine the relationship between the perceptions and the preferences of the teacher education institutions’ constituences and national development priorities. The following results of the study were found to be significant. (1) It was found that the preferences and the perceptions of the population in the five teacher education institutions with regard to the goals of their institutions and the requirements of national development priorities showed a negative and nonsignificant correlation. There are, however, substantial and important discrepancies between the stated national development goals and institutional goals as perceived and as preferred by the constituents involved in the translation of national policies into practice in the teacher educating institutions in Kenya. (2) It was found that when the separate subgroup’s preferences and perceptions of institutional goals were correlated with national development priorities, the correlation coefficients were not signficant and in most cases they were negative. There is, thus, some evidence to show that the separate constituents do not prefer or perceive the institutional goals of their colleges to be supportive of national development priorities. (3) It was found that the perceptions of each separate subgroup as to what the present goals of their institutions are were to a great extent in agreement with the perceptions of the other subgroups. There is, then, evidence to show that the separate constituents in the Kenyan teacher education institutions are agreed as to the present goals and practices in their institutions. (4) It was found that the preferences of each separate constituent group differed markedly from the preferences of the other groups. Thus, there is a situation in the teacher education institutions in which the separate constituent groups are agreed as to what their institutional goals and practices are, but they disagree as to what these ought to be. |
| 1980 | NAMATOVU, GERMINA | INDUSTRIAL CO-OPERATION IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMON MARKET | DUKE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 416 | This paper examines the proposition that small underdeveloped countries can accelerate economic growth and structural change by enlarging their domestic markets through forming integration schemes in which they inject dynamic industries or leading sectors. Empirical material was gathered on the East African Common Market, consisting of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, which has been in existence 1948-1971. The material was in two parts. The first part contained institutional material on the East African Industrial Council and its experience in regulating dynamic industries to encourage balanced industrial development on an East African basis. The second part consisted of time-series data on the cement and textile industries. An implicit assumption behind the above proposition is that purely competitive behavior will prevail in the dynamic industries once domesticated in the integration schemes. Either the larger market will encourage this behavior autonomously or a regional corporation will regulate the industries to ensure performance that is consistent with pure competition. This paper took a different view. It was assumed instead that the domestication of dynamic industries is accompanied by imperfectly competitive behavior in the form of monopoly and oligopoly market power. This assumption rested on the consideration that the industries, because of their expected contribution to growth and their relatively large size, can turn the incentives used to domesticate them into privileges. Economic theory predicts that privilege leads to market power for excess profits maximization rather than the promotion of efficiency, growth and structural change. Regulation by inexperienced regional corporations is unlikely to sufficiently eliminate market power. The market power assumption was consistent with both the institutional experience of the East African Industrial Council and the empirical results from the cement and textile industries. The firms operating the two dynamic industries used their privileged positions to consolidate market power. The cement firms used their position to build an inter-territorial oligopoly. Calico Printers used the very incentives to domesticate textiles to consolidate her monopoly power. The imperfectly competitive firms whether public or privately owned, earned excess profits instead of promoting efficiency, growth and structural change. The maximization of excess profits imposed considerable excess costs on the economies in the form of production and consumption costs, for example. These excess costs also stunted the emergence of dynamic benefits from industrialization and structural change, like a decrease in the supply price of output from economies of scale and forward linkage. As a market size expanded the entry of more producers did not eliminate market power nor promote competition and cost consciousness that would have produced performance results close to pure competition. Instead, as more producers entered, market power changed from pure monopoly to oligopoly. Public participation in dynamic industries accommodated itself to the managers’ objectives of excess profits maximization instead of promoting an efficient allocation of resources. The empirical results do not deny the importance of integration in promoting industrial growth, for in all cases where inter-territorial trade was encouraged, it did contribute to this objective. What the results seriously question is the likelihood to attain self-sustained industrial growth and structural change efficiently, given the imperfectly competitive behavior of the operators of dynamic industries and the inability of public participation to change this behavior toward an efficient allocation of resources. The indigenization of industrialization is instead suggested as an alternative approach to industrialization and structural change; such indigenization avoids the excess costs and antigrowth performance associated with the dynamic industries and integration approach. |
| 1980 | NJOKA, THEURI JESSE | ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL TRENDS OF KAPUTIEI GROUP RANCHES IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 311 | |
| 1980 | NKINYANGI, JOHN ABRAHAM | SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF REPETITION AND EARLY SCHOOL WITHDRAWAL AT THE PRIMARY SCHOOL LEVEL AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL PLANNING IN KENYA | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 354 | Despite all the signs of rising ‘educated’ unemployment and the relative devaluation of positions which has meant that more and more well trained people have had to accept less and less well paid jobs, in Kenya, as in many other developing countries, schooling still remains the only open route to upward social mobility among the members of the lower social classes. Either because they are unable, or more appropriately, they are unwilling, to effect a more straight-forward design of redistributing national wealth, increasingly, all spokesmen of the Kenyan regime prescribe schooling. As a result, the masses clamour for it in big doses and the government responds by allocating nearly a third of the country’s recurrent budget to it. Yet, for the majority of Kenyan children and their parents, the dream of the educational route to upward mobility only seems to result in failure or disappointed hopes, at least as expressed in increasing numbers of children who cannot even complete primary school. Using both national school data for the period 1970-78 as well as 1978 primary school field data (N = 3090 pupils), the study explored the incidence and extent of repetition and dropouts along regional and socio-economic lines in the primary schools of Kenya. At the same time, the study also examined those factors which differentiate children who progress with their education from those who repeat or drop out. The school sample was carefully selected from among 47 schools of different types and quality, in rural and urban areas, in four roughly representative regions at different stages in educational and socio-economic development. Analysis of national data showed that magnitude of repetition and dropouts among the districts and municipalities of Kenya is much higher than is often thought. The incidence of repetition and dropouts was also found to fall squarely along the lines of past and present-day disparities in educational and socio-economic development. Unlike the usual cursory observations made by the spokesman and ideologues of the Kenyan regime about why the majority of Kenyan children leave school prematurely–to look after cattle, assist in family farm work, or help in the house–analysis of field data showed that objective barriers having more to do with the cost of primary school education, rather than those ‘official’ explanations or the lower social classes’ supposedly low aspirations for their children’s education, were the real explanations behind premature school withdrawal. On the side of grade repetition, it was found that the emphasis on examinations to select and promote pupils from one class to another and from one level of schooling to another was working in favour of the privileged social classes and the relatively more developed districts of the country. Since an additional year in school also entailed additional outlays of scarce financial resources, this meant that only the children of the relatively richer peasants had an opportunity for a second chance. At the regional level, the impact of the relative ability among parents to provide financial support to children to ensure better chances for selection to secondary school was being demonstrated in such a way that the regions with the highest repetition rates were also naturally the regions sending relatively more children to secondary school. At the same time these were the relatively more advanced regions of the country. The findings of the study have serious implications for continued social differentiation in Kenya since type of schooling attended and level of schooling attained seem to be the most important criteria determining upward social mobility. |
| 1980 | ONADERU, ADENKUNLE MOBOLAJI | FINANCIAL SYSTEMS IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (GHANA, KENYA, NIGERIA, SUDAN, TANZANIA) | UNIVERSITY OF WALES (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 339 | |
| 1980 | POWERS, DENNIS WAYNE | GEOLOGY OF MIO-PLIOCENE SEDIMENTS OF THE LOWER KERIO RIVER VALLEY, KENYA | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 191 | |
| 1980 | RASSNER, RONALD MARK | NARRATIVE RHYTHMS OF GIRYAMA NGANO | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 389 | Ngano are the oral narrative-performances of the Agiryama people of eastern Kenya. The ngano (singular and plural form) is an aesthetic work of art which combines aspects of history, education, philosophy, religion, drama, and entertainment into a single performance. The ngano sometimes depict real human experiences, sometimes the fantastic. Some ngano have moral, ethical, or aetiological concerns; others relate the kinds of problems faced by the AGiryama in their daily lives. A ngano can be historical or fictitious; the AGiryama make no distinctions. Traditionally, the ngano were performed in the evening hours as a leisurely activity. The AGiryama have no professional story-tellers, but their communities recognize those individuals who have special narrating and performing skills. This lack of a professional class of raconteurs emphasizes the familiarity all AGiryama have with their ngano traditions. Each individual performer has his/her own style of narration, ranging from those who use a great deal of non-verbal communication to those who rely on purely verbal techniques. Ngano are composed of traditional and contemporary images which are similar to and understood by members of the audience. These images are ‘felt’ actions evoked by a performer in the imaginations of an audience, and they create narrative rhythms through their patterning and repetition. Although repetition is the single, most important technique in ngano construction, it alone cannot create narrative rhythm. Repetition must undergo (or promise) variation in order for rhythm to occur. Variation occurs in many ways: reversion, inversion, allusion, distinction, emphasis, non-congruence, etc. Narrative rhythm is based on auditory phenomena, but is more concerned with the expectation and resolution of communication-produced images through time and space. Narrative rhythm falls into two broad categories, from the rhythmic organization of syntagmatic units (micro-rhythms) to the rhythmic organization of paradigmatic units (macro-rhythms). As micro-rhythms organize and follow the ngano plot, they create, resolve, and renew tension. They range from image-patterns of short duration at the ‘word’ level, to larger image-groups created by multiple actions and songs. Unlike micro-rhythms, macro-rhythms do not follow the linear narrative sequence, but may be drawn in perception from (and during) the narrative performance into paradigms. Macro-rhythms are more complex narrative rhythms which also produce and resolve tensions. Macro-rhythmic units are determined by structural consistencies, persistent symbols and themes, constancy/change in character conflicts, and in many cases, the movement of micro-rhythms. Macro-rhythms generally have a lengthy duration, enduring over the span of an entire performance. ‘Message’ is the result of the interplay between these two categories of rhythm, and within each category of rhythm–particularly the more intellectual macro-rhythmic category. The impact of the message is not only revealed cognitively through the linear and non-linear rhythms in the ngano. The intent of the micro- and macro-rhythms is to release the message gradually through the interplay of tension and release, i.e., at the level of emotions. The movement of, and balance between, tension and release is fundamental to rhythm. Message is produced, then, by the juxtaposition of traditional themes (harmony vs. disharmony, Man vs. Nature, Life vs. Death, individual vs. society, etc.) with aesthetic construction techniques (such as rhythm) and emotional and dramatic emphases in presentation (produced through and by rhythm). |
| 1980 | SABULA, MABULA MASENI | TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF MURANGA DISTRICT, CENTRAL PROVINCE, KENYA, EAST AFRICA. | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | ||
| 1980 | SEMMA, GOSHU | AN INQUIRY INTO THE IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF WORK-ORIENTED EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN THE ETHIOPIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN | EDD | 239 | The main purpose of this study is to find ways of overcoming the problem of young school leavers in Ethiopia. The study is an attempt to find educational strategies for assisting the young school leavers to fit into the appropriate sector of the national economy and to enable them to develop economically or socially satisfying careers. Based on the comparative assessment of the work-oriented education programs in the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R., Kenya and Tanzania, the study pointed out eight fundamental political, economic and social conditions that promote the development of work-oriented education programs. As far as the political conditions are concerned, the consideration of educational opportunity as a human right, the consideration of vocational courses in the universal or voluntary military service programs for the youth, and the growing feeling of nationalism in order to cop up or to be superior to other nations are considered that enhanced the expansion of work-oriented programs. From an economic point of view, the need for skilled manpower, the growth of professional associations or unions, the competition in the international market, the need to integrate production and education, are some of the contributing conditions that encouraged the expansion of the work-oriented education programs. As for the social conditions, the desire to assist delinquent children to gain some skills and to improve their antisocial behavior is considered as one of the contributing factors for the expansion of work-oriented education programs. Then the study assessed that the above-mentioned conditions are exhibited in Ethiopia and have been some of the contributing elements for the development of work-oriented education programs. Based on the comparative findings of the study, presenting major recommendations for improving the current work-oriented education of Ethiopia is considered as a realistic initial educational approach to reduce the problem of young school leavers. Eleven recommendations for the improvement and expansion of work-oriented education programs in Ethiopia are presented. |
| 1980 | WAIT, ALEXANDER DALLAS | ORGANIC MOLECULAR STRATIGRAPHY OF THE LAKE TURKANA BASIN, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND | PHD | 289 | Interest in the Lake Turkana Basin centers around the discovery of rich assemblages of vertebrate fossils, artifacts and homonid remains. In order to fully understand and characterize the environment of deposition of most of these fossils, it is essential to understand the stratigraphy associated with the area. Organic geochemical studies are concerned with the fate and distribution of organic compounds in contemporary and ancient environments. It is recognized by organic geochemists that some organic compounds which were the complex biochemical products of ancient organisms have survived in geological sediments for relatively long periods of time, often with little or no transformation of their basic skeleton. The theories that these recognizable organic remnants may be used as a stratigraphic correlation parameter or that they may indicate paleoenvironmental situations have often been suggested by organic geochemists. The Koobi Fora region of the Lake Turkana Basin seems like an ideal area to examine these ideas, in an environment characterized by alkaline arid conditions over several million years. Eighty-five paleosol samples were collected and analyzed from well-defined sedimentary horizons in two regions (Area 103 and Area 130) of Koobi Fora. The paleosols were extracted with organic solvents to retrieve the lipid material; paraffins and fatty acids were isolated from the concentrated extract by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and were analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography. Analytical results indicate that a majority of the organic matter present in these paleosols was derived from the terrestrial higher plant waxes. In sediments where extensive diagenetic activity has occurred, microbial input of organic matter may also be substantial. Weathering processes have influenced the qualitative and quantitative character of the lipids in many of the paleosols analyzed, especially in Area 130. Weathering of sediments has decreased the relative content of low molecular weight hydrocarbons (C(,17)-C(,20)), produced or retained relatively large amounts of C(,21), C(,22) and C(,25) paraffins within a unimodal distribution, lowered CPI values, and lowered extractable quantities of lipids, especially fatty acids. Consequently any correlation by unique paraffin and fatty acid distributions has been relegated to short distances. The paraffin distribution of clay organics differs significantly from those found in sandstones. In Area 103, where weathering has been less severe, compositional variations with stratigraphic position have been noted. This is probably due to variations in the chemical nature of the original organic constituents which are deposited and subsequent differences in diagenetic factors. This observation indicates that the lipid material has been constrained within each of the facies. |
| 1980 | WARUINGI, B. CHEGE | THE CONSUMER AND THE MARKETING SYSTEM IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: KENYA | INDIANA UNIVERSITY, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS | DBA | 340 | There is a lamentable scarcity of quality information on actual behavior of consumers and firms in developing countries. This lack of information can lead to serious errors of judgement on the part of decision makers in both the public and private sectors. This dissertation is an effort to begin to reduce the knowledge void about consumers and business firms in one developing country–Kenya. The dissertation describes a study which was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya’s capital, from October 1978 to June 1979. Four samples are discussed, viz: (1) a nonprobability sample of 205 consumers which is discussed in the body of the dissertation, (2) a probability sample of 114 consumers who were surveyed by mail. Analysis of this sample’s responses is presented in Appendix A; (3) a nonprobability sample of 50 manufacturing firms; and (4) a nonprobability sample of 130 retailers. The ten page questionnaire used in both consumer surveys obtained information about prepurchase information seeking behavior, shopping behavior and attitudes towards advertising. The instrument also probed for particularly unsatisfactory experiences with products, obtained data about the reasons for being dissatisfied, determined if any actions were taken after dissatisfaction, and obtained information on demographics and attitudes of respondents. Several hypotheses are proposed and tested by non-parametric and multivariate analysis. Results indicated that respondents searched for product information extensively. The number of sources of information consulted was not related to demographics. Respondents who had negative attitudes towards businessmen and marketing practices tended to consult more sources. Respondents also rated personal information sources as more important than commercial sources. Respondents shopped very frequently. Some 44.5 percent of those responding indicated that they went shopping at least once a week. Bargaining represents the classic way of doing business in Kenya, as it does in other developing countries, and about half of the respondents indicated that they bargained in the retail outlets often or almost always. Over half of the respondents appeared to use price as a surrogate indicator of quality. They indicated that a higher price generally means a higher quality often or almost always. On dissatisfaction, some 55.1 of those responding indicated that they had one or more unsatisfactory experiences with products during the last two years. Demographics and attitudes toward businessmen and marketing practices were not able to discriminate those reporting one or more instances of dissatisfaction from others who did not. Reasons for respondents’ dissatisfaction were mainly related to the ‘performance’ of the product. Some 60.5 percent of those reporting one or more unsatisfactory experiences took no action. About two thirds of those who took action only took private actions–they switched brands or warned their friends or family. In the manufacturer survey one senior executive was interviewed in each of the 50 firms. The firms represented different nationalities of ownership, industries, and sizes. Marketing research, as perceived by the respondents, appears to have gained acceptance in the sample firms. A large variety of research activities were reportedly performed on a regular basis. An impressive 38 percent of the firms reported that they (1) had a complaint form; (2) kept a complaint file and (3) regularly reviewed the complaint file. Size was the most important determinant of a firm’s engagement in marketing research activities and organization for handling complaints. An important, and perhaps unique part of the study, was the large number of identical questions on consumer, retailer and manufacturer questionnaires. Ten identical questions on advertising, for example, were analyzed and differences and similarities across the samples were revealed. Executives of manufacturing firms held the most favorable attitudes toward advertising while consumers were most critical of advertising. In comparing perceptions between consumers and retailers, it was found out that there was no difference in the way they rated the importance of a given list of patronage motives. There was also no difference in the way consumers and retailers rated the importance of a given set of criteria used in making product decisions. Although the results of this study cannot be freely generalized to the entire Kenya population, they may be treated as a first step in the process of building up knowledge about buyers and sellers in developing countries. |
| 1980 | WEBSTER, JOHN BURT | THE PARADOX OF HISTORICAL ILLUSIONS OF TRIBE AND THE DURABILITY OF ETHNIC MYTHS IN EASTERN AFRICA | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 469 | Ideas of ethnic purity or superiority among the peoples of eastern Africa, or among those who study them, are illusions; yet these durable myths have been a fundamental force in precolonial, colonial and recently independent societies. Part One of the paradox stresses that the peoples of eastern Africa have so intermingled over the millenia that any ideas concerning ideal ‘physical types’, ‘pure tribes’ or geographically and culturally ‘discrete units’ are illusory. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed throughout the twentieth century concerning the origins of eastern Africans, their migration routes, causes for moving and processes of cultural interchange. With the aid of maps these hypotheses are compared and contrasted to show that however vigorously they may conflict they all agree, for different reasons, that eastern African speakers of Bantu, Nilotic, Cushitic, Khoi, San and other language groups have intermarried extensively. These groups moved, however, not in isolation but in relation to one another, often simultaneously, across the eastern African stage. A resume of this great odyssey shows that over the last four or five millenia the peoples of eastern Africa have organized themselves into groupings and identities of varying longevity, have established interlocking genealogical ties throughout Africa and beyond and rendered illusory any present day claims of tribal purity. Part Two notes that anciently rooted myths of origin, ethnic identities and cultural pride have proved very durable throughout the world and shows that the peoples of eastern Africa are not an exception. Precolonial African leaders, European colonial rulers and leaders of newly independent African states have all found that ethnic and cultural identities are durable, that attempts to crush them can have severe repercussions, that by skillful leadership they may be redirected as positive sources of social, cultural and political development. The ethnic management policies of Moshoeshoe of Lesotho, Sebetwane and Sekeletu of the Kololo in upper Zambezia, Shaka of the Zulu and Kigeli IV Rwabugili of Rwanda are reviewed as case studies of success and failure in precolonial eastern African states. European colonial leaders were often baffled by the ethnic and cultural identities they confronted; their responses were often vacillating and paradoxical social policies of accommodation and change which fundamentally redefined and redirected ethnic, language and cultural identities. Since independence these identities have been not far below the social and political surface, but fairminded and strong leaders have maintained relative social peace in Tanzania, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Malawi, Kenya and Zambia. Less fortunate have been the citizens of Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, Zanzibar (subsequently part of Tanzania), Uganda, Ethiopia and Somalia. This paradox of illusions of tribal purity and the evident durability of ethnic myths does not necessarily pose insurmountable dilemmas, because these are the same recurring social phenomena found throughout the world. Social researchers must set at least four priorities: to dispel any remaining illusions concerning ethnic purity; to show by cross-cultural comparisons how eastern African identities are not more primordial, primitive or irreducible than in many industrially developed societies; to resolve semantic controversies concerning the vocabularies and concepts that disparage eastern African societies, cultures and politics and which present them as unique in the world; and to cite examples of social policies from other plural states which may assist eastern African leaders to use their diversity as a prime source of social and cultural wealth for nation-building. That plural identities will long endure and resurface in new guises is a fact which must be squarely faced, but they can be redirected if leaders at all levels of society will actively foster social partnership and well-being of all citizens and enhance those many bonds which will help unite them. |
| 1980 | WESCOTT, CLAY GOODLOE | THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION IN KENYA | BOSTON UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL | PHD | 354 | |
| 1980 | YAMBO, MAURI ONYALO | A PROFILE OF THE KENYAN LABOR FORCE: RACE, OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY; ETHNICITY AND SEX DIFFERENTIALS IN THE POSTCOLONIAL PERIOD | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 232 | The motivation for this study is the ongoing debate on the impact of economic dependency on the occupational distribution of different racial groups in the Kenyan economy. The debate has yielded two conflicting generalizations. The first argues that despite the dominance of foreign private capital in the Kenyan economy, Africans already hold a large proportion of middle and high-level jobs in the country. The second states that Europeans still hold most of the high-level jobs, and Asians most of the middle-level ones. The study reexamines the two generalizations using data which focus on a unit of analysis–industry–which is more detailed than the usual public-private sector duality. But testing the two generalizations is only part of the wider, three-pronged objective, namely: (a) to a large extent using the ECTA program, to draw a profile of Kenya’s ‘modern sector’ labor force based on the effects of industrial differentiation on the relationship between race and occupation during the period for which we have adequate data–i.e., 1968-1974; (b) to assess the labor absorption capacities of respective occupations and industries in the light of a rapidly expanding total labor force, and, on the basis of that assessment, to forecast what profile of the employed labor force as a whole is likely to prevail in Kenya in 1986; and, (c) to examine the role of ethnic and sex cleavages in the occupational structure. The forecasting exercise is based on observed and estimated trends in the period 1968-1976. The study finds that while Europeans and Asians continue to be heavily concentrated in white-collar jobs, Europeans no longer monopolize high-level jobs. In fact, Africans already are an outright majority in high-level jobs–having risen from a 31.9 percent share in 1968 to 55 percent (or 10,345 out of 18,823 jobs) in 1974. The ‘modern sector’ labor force as a whole continues to be predominantly African, and predominantly in blue-collar jobs. Given current trends in employment generation and population growth (now 3.4 percent per year) in Kenya, it is predicted that unemployment and underemployment will become increasingly acute; and social strata based on broad income brackets even more pronounced. On the other hand, ethnic and sex discrimination in the labor market will probably decline. Using ECTA and rank-order correlations, it is found, inter alia, that as the level of economic dependency diminishes across industrial categories, the recruitment advantage of Africans over Europeans or Asians in high-level jobs rises slightly. So does the recruitment advantage of Asians over Europeans. There is also a positive correlation between the recruitment advantage and human capital advantage of Africans over Europeans or Asians, and vice-versa, in high-level jobs. On the basis of these and other findings, it is concluded that as the relative human capital investment of Africans accumulates qualitatively and quantitatively, and as state involvement in the economy escalates–accompanied by size/structural changes in state and parastatal bureaucracies–the number of Europeans in high-level jobs in Kenya will progressively decline. And yet, to the extent that foreign investors remain welcome, and new ones continue to arrive, non-citizen Europeans and Asians are likely to remain a feature of Kenya’s labor markets, augmenting the numbers of those who have become Kenyan citizens. |
| 1980 | YEGO, JOSPHAT KIPKOECH ARAP | DEVELOPMENT OF A PREPARATION PROGRAM FOR CHURCH AND CHURCH SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS IN KENYA | ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 208 | The problem of this study was twofold. The first part was to correlate perceived needs based on present job and future needs of church and church school administrators, Bible college, Bible institute, and theological seminary teachers. The second part of the problem was to develop a suggested training program for future church and church school administrators in Kenya. Respondents were asked to rank ten listed administrative functions and responsibilities. They were to rank from the most important to the least important based on present job and future needs of administrators. The data were subjected to analysis through the use of three statistical methods. The methods employed were: Kendall’s W coefficient of concordance, Spearman rank order correlation coefficient, and the t-test. The most important administrative functions and responsibilities ranked by all respondents based on present job as well as future needs of administrators were: (1)planning, (2)motivating, and (3)organizing. The least important administrative functions and responsibilities ranked by all respondents based on present job as well as future needs of administrators were: (1)working with the organizational structure, (2)conducting meetings, and (3)managing conflicts and human relations. Based on the analysis of the data, a need appeared to exist for two types of training programs: a pre-service training program and an in-service training program. |
| 1981 | ABDRABBOH, BOB A. | TAX STRUCTURE CHANGE IN KENYA (1964-1978) AND TAX REFORM IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NINETEEN EIGHTIES | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 142 | Kenya, as other developing countries, has need to increase savings and investment to generate economic development. The public sector even in a market-oriented, or ‘mixed economy,’ is still a vital engine of development. This thesis analyzes the determinants of the change in Kenya’s tax structure in both its size and composition during the critical 1964-78 period. It explains how the inadequate generation of Kenyan public sector savings pre-1973 was corrected by a shift to a sales tax (internal indirect taxation). The thesis concludes from this theoretical and empirical analysis of the Kenyan tax structure as related to policy implications for the tax reforms needed for the decade of the 1980s where continued revenue increase for development is needed. The income tax system should be restructured regarding depreciation allowances, joint returns, and the handling of taxpayer appeals. A special court of appeals is recommended along with incentives for out-of-court settlements. New tax sources for the 1980s should include a tax on telephone use, higher effective taxes on coffee and tea, which are now under taxed by international standards, and a shift of customs quotas to increase tariffs as a means to recoup revenue for the government. A tax on agricultural land, especially large estates, would be a prime source of new revenue along with taxes on the booming tourist industry via hotel taxes and casino taxes. As the public finance growth in the decade of the 1970s was made possible by the shift to the growing tax base of internal indirect taxation, so the growth of the public finance system (and the development program it finances) will hinge on the flexibility of policy makers to shift the tax system to gather a share of the growth in the booming tax bases for the 1980’s: exports, tourism, agriculture, and personal incomes. Only by such flexible responses to a changing economy can the public finance system succeed in serving the needs of development. |
| 1981 | BARTHELME, JOHN WEBSTER | LATE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE PREHISTORY TO THE NORTHEAST OF LAKE TURKANA, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 613 | This dissertation presents a geo-archaeological study of late Pleistocene-Holocene sediments along the northeastern side of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Objectives included (1) identification of the number and magnitude of Holocene transgressive-regressive cycles, (2) formation of a cultural-historical succession, and (3) reconstruction of site distribution patterns for each cultural phase. In-depth descriptions of 16 archaeological sites including aspects of their paleo-topographic setting, sedimentary context, material culture, economic patterns and chronology are provided. Analysis of stone, bone and ceramic artifacts are considered in detail. The following conclusions were reached: (a) The lacustrine transgressive-regressive data from East Turkana are in broad agreement with the Holocene lake fluctuation model proposed by Butzer. (b) A widespread lacustrine cultural adaptation occurred in the Turkana Basin by at least 9000 B.P. The earliest settlements were apparently aceramic but were followed shortly afterward by sites with coarse undecorated pottery and distinctively decorated sherds with ‘wavy-lines’. Primary economic emphasis centered on the rich fish and aquatic mammal resources of Lake Turkana. Depending on site location and other factors, different land mammals were also hunted. Barbed bone harpoons were recovered from all 7 fishing settlements that were either excavated or sampled. (c) By 4500 years B.P., human groups with domestic ovicaprids and probably domestic cattle had settled in the Basin. These early pastoralists continued to make use of the rich lacustrine food sources but hunting of wild land mammals had substantially declined. Some groups manufactured a distinctive type of pottery named Nderit Ware while other pastoralist groups made and used stone bowls. (d) Analysis of site distribution patterns demonstrated changing settlement preferences for each cultural phase. |
| 1981 | BEAMAN, ANNE WINDSOR | THE RENDILLE AGE-SET SYSTEM IN ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT: ADAPTATION AND INTEGRATION IN A NOMADIC SOCIETY (PASTORALISM; EAST AFRICA, KENYA) | BOSTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 553 | This dissertation deals with the Rendille people: a nomadic pastoral society of northern Kenya with a mixed-species livestock economy focused on camels as a primary species, an East Cushitic language closely related to Somali, and an intricate age-set system that combines elements of chronological age, genealogical generation, and calendrical time. The dual purpose of this work is to present a detailed descriptive ethnography of the society (Part I), and to describe and analyze the age-set system in the context of the total culture (Part II). The age-set system, previously described by Paul Spencer (1973) as a derivative of the age-set system of the Nilotic Samburu, is reinterpreted on the basis of more complete data as an inherently Cushitic system, similar to but independent of the Samburu system, and perhaps resembling that which gave rise many centuries ago to other Cushitic and, subsequently, Nilotic age-set systems in the Lake Turkana region. Cross-cultural comparison and the structural analytical methods of Frank H. Stewart (1977) are used in the analysis. The work, based on fieldwork undertaken between 1976 and 1979, was inspired in part by the work of Harold C. Fleming (1965). Fleming’s cross-cultural historical study of age-grading societies of East Africa hypothesized a major impact on area cultures by early contact between the Nilotes and the Cushitic ancestors of today’s Rendille and Somali peoples. |
| 1981 | BOTNE, ROBERT DALE OLSON | ON THE NATURE OF TENSE AND ASPECT: STUDIES IN THE SEMANTICS OF TEMPORAL REFERENCE IN ENGLISH AND KINYARWANDA | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 480 | This dissertation proposes an integrated theoretical approach to the semantic analysis of tense and aspect, both intra- and inter-linguistically. This approach is based on a concept of ‘temporal frames’ which function either to index a situation as a point of orientation, or to index a particular aspect of the temporal structure of a situation. It is argued that verbal morphemes refer specifically to one or another of these temporal frames, or to relations between these frames. The nature and number of frames and connecting relations specified in any verbal construction determines the potential range of interpretation of that construction. This approach is applied extensively to the semantic analysis of temporal expressions in English and Kinyarwanda (a Bantu language spoken in Rwanda). Verbal morphemes, whether affixes or auxiliaries, are analyzed as having unique ‘referents’, i.e., either a temporal frame or a connecting relation. The temporal function of a frame, however, is not unique, but depends on the nature of other frames with which it is collocated. The ‘meaning’ of a verbal construction, then, is the product of the particular frames specified and the interaction among these frames. The individual analyses of English and Kinyarwanda are then compared with two goals in mind: (1) to determine the extent of equivalence of ‘similar’ expressions from the two languages, and (2) to determine the extent to which the semantic arrangement of verbal categories, including tense and aspect, is equivalent. The results of comparative analysis suggest that there are three levels of organization that must be investigated in order to determine temporal synonymy: (1) the underlying temporal structure; (2) the functional nature of temporal frames isolated at the structural level; and (3) systemic restrictions on the potential range of interpretation of a particular combination of frames. Comparison of the underlying temporal structures of four languages–English, French, Kinyarwanda, Lulogooli (a Bantu language of Kenya)–suggests that the semantic organization of verbal categories varies only minimally from language to language, and is, to a large extent, independent of surface structure. |
| 1981 | BOYD, ALAN WILLIAM | TO PRAISE THE PROPHET: A PROCESSUAL SYMBOLIC ANALYSIS OF ‘MAULIDI,’ A MUSLIM RITUAL IN LAMU, KENYA | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | 192 | It has long been accepted in anthropology that music is a cultural system, related to other systems such as politics, economics, values, religion and education, but because music is customarily treated as sound alone, the function of music in a society, and its relationship to other systems has only begun to be analysed. The purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate that an analysis of music as behavior as well as sound can contribute to our understanding of music as culture. The theoretical base used in the analysis is processual symbolism as developed in the work of Victor Turner. The ethnographic base is maulidi, the celebration of the birth of the Prophet, Muhammad, in Lamu, Kenya. Through description and analysis of the processes of manipulation, interpretation, and interaction involving a myriad of cultural symbols, including the musical, an understanding is reached of how these symbols participate in, and reflect, meaning that exists in other social systems in Lamu. The festival of maulidi in Lamu is an annual event, similar to practices in other parts of the Muslim world. However, the three forms of maulidi in current use in Lamu are also performed throughout the year in order to celebrate personal events, promote devotional practices among students, and especially, to praise the Prophet as an end in itself. Each form is associated with particular groups, times of the year, and styles of performance, and each makes use of behavioral symbols, some of which are unique to one form, and some of which are common to two or three forms. The processual symbols of maulidi are analysed as instrumental, i.e., at the level of each separate performance, in order to discover how the celebrations are constructed and how they relate to cultural values of control, expression, and competition. The forms are also analysed as dominant symbols, as complete units used by competing groups in the community for political and social purposes. Finally, the symbolic process that combine to create maulidi are analysed in terms of the desire for unity within the town as against its historical and geographical environment. By concentrating attention upon the interactions within and surrounding a musical event, and relating these to the cultural definition of the situation of maulidi and the values that underlie that definition, it is shown that music is culturally derived, just as other behavior systems arise from the cultural base of a given society. By closely observing how maulidi is used to express social dynamics both of dissension and unity, it is shown that a musical event can be a valuable source of data for the understanding of the larger community. The treatment of symbols, as existing in a state of constant interpretation and involved in a process of interaction between participants in an event, furthers our understanding of the role they play in social action. With further research into symbols as processual entities, as well as the behavior involved in their manipulation, interpretation and change, we can increase our ability to analyse adequately the symbolic expression of music. | |
| 1981 | BRAINARD, JEAN MABLE | HERDERS TO FARMERS: THE EFFECTS OF SETTLEMENT ON THE DEMOGRAPHY OF THE TURKANA POPULATION OF KENYA | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON | PHD | 356 | The main question addressed in this thesis is the following: in what ways are present demographic processes in the nomadic pastoralist portion of the Turkana population of Kenya likely to be affected by a new means of producing a livelihood, irrigation agriculture. A comparison of the demographic characteristics of a long settled group of Turkana farmers with the demographic characteristics of a nomadic control group reveals the following crucial differences: although both settled and nomadic women past menopause have the same number of children surviving (4.4), nomadic women have more livebirths and a greater proportion of children dying. It is suggested that there is a strong causal connection between childhood mortality and livebirth rates. This conclusion is reached after a number of other potential influences on the fertility differentials are ruled out. These are mainly factors relating to marriage: incidence and intensity of polygyny, marital types, marital instability, and age at first marriage. Potential intermedicate variables of an ecological nature are then discussed and considered to be far more important, especially factors relating to differences in diet and morbidity between the two groups. It is stressed that many of the conclusions reached here are tentative and that more and better quality demographic data are needed. The demographic data presented here are perhaps best treated as the results of a pilot study, suggesting important demographic characteristics and trends, and pointing out directions for further research to explain the demographic findings. |
| 1981 | BUNDERSON, WILLLIAM TRENT | ECOLOGICAL SEPARATION OF WILD AND DOMESTIC MAMMALS IN AN EAST AFRICAN ECOSYSTEM | UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 241 | Research herein described involved a broad ecological study of an economically undeveloped region encompassing the Lamu and Southern Garissa Districts of Kenya. This area is under pressure for a landuse development strategy which will contribute to the rising demands of Kenya’s rapidly expanding human population. However, development plans have been hindered by conflicts among agriculture, livestock ranching, traditional land-uses, and wildlife conservation. These problems have been compounded by a lack of ecological data on which to base sound land-use policies. This study was designed to provide fundamental information on the ecology of the Lamu-Garissa area for aid in making land-use plans which would integrate the conservation and utilization of wildlife with overall strategies for the region’s economic development. Specific aims were: (1) to define and map habitat types of the area; (2) to determine the numbers, seasonal distributions, and habitat utilization patterns of major wild and domestic mammals; and (3) to make recommendations for conservation of wildlife. The thesis of the study was to elucidate the mechanisms by which diverse communities of wild mammals are able to co-exist, and to evaluate the effects of pastoral man and his domestic livestock on these communities. The approach used emphasized differences in habitat preferences among species, rather than differences in diets and feeding activities. A total of 19 habitat types were delineated, but only 17 were sufficiently large for examining animal-habitat relationships. The results showed that the distributions and habitat selectivity of wild and domestic herbivores were more restricted in the dry season, when food and water were less abundant. During the wet season animals used a wider array of habitats because of improved forage conditions and better water distribution. Wildlife species appeared to co-exist through differential patterns of habitat use. The observed ecological separation was most evident in the dry season, suggesting that wild animals have evolved specialized habitat and feeding characteristics for reducing interspecific competition during periods of resource scarcity. Strong evidence indicated that current livestock densities have no adverse effects on wildlife. In fact, there is reason to believe that grazing by livestock may alter the structure of vegetation in favor of certain species of wildlife. It is stressed that these conditions occur under a system where overgrazing is not apparent, and livestock are grazed in a nomadic fashion, which enables wildlife to graze areas not occupied by livestock. One implication of this research is that the tsetse fly zone, which contains few livestock relative to the tsetse-free zone, is underutilized by wildlife. Cattle could be introduced for commercial production without adverse consequences to wildlife. However, unlike the nomadic practices of Somali and Orma pastoralists, intensive ranching is inherently sedentary in nature and would disrupt wildlife movements. The result would likely be a decline in wildlife numbers. A similar situation would occur if pastoralists become more sedentary and if their animal numbers are increased to a point where overgrazing occurs. Recommendations were therefore made to set aside regions for wildlife conservation. Such areas could be developed for tourism in a system which would enhance the economic stability of the Lamu-Garissa region while preserving its natural resources. |
| 1981 | CARRIE, JAMES WALTER | PEASANT FARMERS AND DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY FROM KENYA. | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | ||
| 1981 | GEIST, JUDITH KAREN | COASTAL AGRARIAN UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL IMBALANCE IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 784 | Regional imbalance in Kenya has been a topic of increasing interest. Assessments of existing inequities have appeared, examining the role of state allocation patterns and their contribution to regional imbalance. This thesis is similarly concerned with regional imbalance, but the central focus is the peasant household and the logic of household economy, rather than the logic of state policy and its distributional effects. My concern is with the nature and evolution of agrarian underdevelopment in the coast province, and with its meaning in the comparative perspective of central rural Kenyan agrarian performance. The argument is presented in broadly comparative rather than statistical terms. Material is drawn from historical accounts and from recent survey data on household production, consumption, and income sources. Data are treated very cautiously. The thesis is organized to present a comparative static picture of agrarian performance among coast and central Kenyan smallholders, followed by an account of the evolution of the regional differential from the pre-colonial period up to the mid-1970s. Specific chapter foci are as follows. Chapters 2 and 3 comprise a comparative static picture of regional disparity and its social dimensions. In Chapter 2, a portrait of coast producer communities is drawn, describing the security enhancement and risk minimization patterns developed by distinct coast producer groups. A common thread is found in the socially induced dispersal of resources and the underlying ethic which helps to maintain the patterns. The resultant extensivity of agriculture and dispersal of resources are notably in contrast to the accumulative model of capitalist production and commerce. Chapter 3 develops a quantitative picture of regional smallholder productive differentials, utilizing aggregate data on district cash export development and household level survey data on food and cash-oriented production. The extent of coast smallholder marginalization is highlighted, as is the correlation between farm performance and off-farm economic participation. However, the causes and implications of regional disparity cannot be read from the cross-sectional data. Accordingly, Chapters 4 through 7 provide a historical analysis of the evolution of agrarian underdevelopment in the coast. Chapter 4 treats the pre-colonial period, Chapter 5 the early colonial period up to the first world war. The capacity of the societies for surplus agricultural production at that time is emphasized, as is the skeletal nature of colonial administrative cadre and the essentially reactive nature of the colonial enterprise in the coast. Chapter 6 treats the interwar period, considering the interaction of administrative regulatory efforts and autonomous African social and economic initiative. A substantial localization of both political and economic arenas is traced. It is argued that this deflation of the regional political economy contributed significantly to the development of underdevelopment. Chapter 7 treats the period after World War II which saw the consolidation of agrarian marginalization on the coast as well as of the regional productive differential. Chapter 8 assesses post-independence policy directions. It draws out implications for more productive policy approaches to the amelioration of coast underdevelopment, and discusses the institutional framework in which these might be undertaken. Interregional relationships are considered as a critical constraining factor, however. Specifically, landlessness in central Kenya is seen as a dilemma affecting policy formulation and outcomes in other areas. The political need to protect the viable smallholder sector in central Kenya encourages the politically-sponsored ‘export’ of the landless into peripheral areas like the coast. The ensuing competitions and tensions may constrain policy formulation and poverty alleviation in peripheral areas. The initial and concluding chapters put this material in some broader theoretical perspective, relating it to recent literature on: the nature and development of underdevelopment; peasant household economy; and recent policy approaches to the amelioration of agrarian underdevelopment. |
| 1981 | GERRARD, CHRISTOPHER DAVID | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT-CONTROLLED MARKETS, AND EXTERNAL TRADE IN FOOD GRAINS: THE CASE OF FOUR COUNTRIES IN EAST AFRICA | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 278 | The dissertation is a comparative study of four countries in East Africa–Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia. The major purpose is to understand why the four countries, although relatively well-endowed with agricultural resources, have increasingly become net importers of food grains since independence in the early 1960s. The countries are exemplary of deep government involvement in domestic food grain markets. They generally try to isolate domestic and international markets, not by tariffs, but by domestic price controls on food grains that are enforced by quantity adjustments that equilibrate supply and demand in each year. The author describes this involvement and measures its impact econometrically by means of a trade model that comprises government price-setting, stock adjustment, and net import demand equations in addition to the usual domestic demand and supply equations found in such models. The author estimates the same model, within limitations of the data, for eight commodities–maize, wheat, and rice in Kenya and Tanzania, and maize in Zambia and Malawi. The econometric results demonstrate that government policy seeks to maintain a degree of self-sufficiency in domestic food grain production. Given the rate of taxation on non-food agricultural exports and the government-determined margins between consumer and producer prices of food grains, the rate of taxation on food grain production in relation to the world price has generally been the maximum consistent with domestic self-sufficiency. Over the long term, these policies have reduced the countries’ participation in international trade in food grains. For the major staple, maize, the countries would have been significant net exporters in the 1960s and 1970s, but policy has generally taxed maize production and reduced net exports. Net imports have been increasing over time because governments have tended to over-tax maize production in relation to domestic self-sufficiency in the 1970s. From year to year, the countries have been very unstable participators in international trade due to short-term ‘constraints’ such as government-held stocks and foreign exchange reserves inherited from previous periods, PL480 imports, and unanticipated demand and supply disturbances. The econometric results also reveal very consistent government responses to these constraints across the four countries. |
| 1981 | GILL, MARGOT CLAIRE NELSON | THE POTTER’S MARK: CONTEMPORARY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTTERY OF THE KENYAN SOUTHEASTERN HIGHLANDS | BOSTON UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL | PHD | 254 | The purpose of this research was to design a ceramic study that would provoke new questions in the archaeological record by presenting a rigorous investigation of the social, cultural, and economic setting for the production, distribution, and consumption of traditional pottery among the Kamba peoples of Southeastern Kenya. The project was developed to answer three questions about the contemporary and archaeological record in Kenya: (1) What is the role of pottery among the Kamba peoples? (2) What are the regional archaeological implications of the Kamba case study? And (3) What is the special significance of ceramic studies in the ethnographic context for the archaeologist? The research design was a regional approach, encompassing both an evaluation of contemporary ceramics and a systematic sampling of archaeological wares involving four 100 square kilometer survey blocks in Machakos District, Kenya. This study was also concerned with an analysis of the physical properties of both the contemporary and archaeological Kamba wares. The work was focused on twelve testable hypotheses which were organized into the following categories: the social and cultural aspects of pottery; the technological and economic aspects of pottery; and the history and settlement of Machakos. The research determined that Kamba potters hold a relatively high position in the society both in terms of personal esteem and financial success. It was further concluded that post-marital residence patterns organize the distribution of women within Kamba society and play a crucial role in determining the influences to which they are subjected and which in turn are likely to be reflected in their craftwork. In contrast to previous reports, it was found that the potter’s mark provides recognition of the individual potter rather than designating a clan. Turning to the technological and economic aspects of pottery, it was concluded that the stylistic variation in Kamba pottery is more highly correlated with the residential units of the potters than with regional or tribal affiliations. The distribution of Kamba pottery by consumer unit was considered in an attempt to show that this may provide valuable ethnographic and by implication, archaeological information about the units. In terms of the history and settlement of Machakos, it was concluded that the survey blocks outlined in this study contained high densities of Kamba pottery and were very likely part of the migration route of the Kamba people coming from Kilimanjaro and moving north through the Chyulu, Kilungu and Mbooni Hills. Of particular interest was the related finding that Chyulu Range should be attributed to an early stage in the emergence of the Kamba peoples. Finally, it was determined that Kamba ceramics can be distinguished both in shape and design motifs from wares produced by other linguistic and cultural groups in the area, and comparative analysis of the respective wares provides an aid in assessing ethnic differentiation, foreign trade wares, and settlement history. The researcher’s intention was to provide a better understanding of the Kamba women potters, to define the role of pottery among the Kamba peoples, and ultimately to determine the archaeological implications of the Kamba case study. Based on this study, it is strongly recommended that additional ethnographic case studies of traditional pottery should be documented and used as the basis for offering postulates as to the relationship between archaeological ceramic wares and their behavioral context in the past. |
| 1981 | GORDON, DAVID FRANK | COLONIAL CRISES, DECOLONIZATION AND THE STATE: THE CASE OF KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | 409 | This dissertation examines the efforts of the colonial regime in Kenya to shape the process of decolonization in that territory from the end of World War II through independence in 1963. Drawing on a critical examination of the literature on development, dependence and the state, I construct a state-structural framework for the analysis of the form, evolution and impact of the colonial state. The state-structural framework strives to link concerns with political authority to the imperatives deriving from the political economy. The state is viewed as having two partially contradictory structural imperatives: (1) to assist the accumulation process in order to both provision the society’s needs and to create the resources that the state can then tap, and (2) to establish and maintain control against both domestic and international challenges, minimizing the cost of doing so. Colonial states depend upon collaborators in the local society to meet these imperatives and formulate political strategies to give guidelines to the various agencies of the state for managing relations with collaborating groups. Within this framework, the dissertation traces the evolution of the attempts by the colonial regime in Kenya to adapt to the rapidly changing political relationship between the imperial power, the European settlers and the African nationalist elite. I emphasize the role of the Mau Mau rebellion in engendering a shift in the strategy and policies of the colonial regime. While recent studies have emphasized the effectiveness of colonial initiatives during Kenya’s decolonization, my findings question the view that the British colonial regime effectively dominated and determined the direction of decolonization in Kenya. In order to understand the impact of changing political strategies I trace the evolution of three key areas of economic policy–land and agriculture; labor and industrial relations; and African capital accumulation. I argue that in Kenya, where economic goals, structures and policies had been largely geared to the activities of the European settlers, decolonization necessitated a restructuring of the political economy to go along with the radical disjuncture in political authority. This restructuring became the object of political competition and conflict. The dissertation, thus, is a case study of the political economy of adaptation by the colonial regime to the decline of empire in Kenya that contributes both analytically and empirically to debates concerning development, dependence, and the state in peripheral societies. | |
| 1981 | GYIMAH-BREMPONG, KWABENA | PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION AND THE STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA | WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 170 | One of the major aspects of development in Africa since World War II is burgeoning urbanization. The distinct part of this urbanization process is its marked departure from the urbanization experience of present day Developed Countries at comparative stages of economic development–especially the creation of very large urban agglomerations in primarily agrarian economies. This study investigates to what extent the strategy of economic development a country adopts determine the spatial distribution of urban population in African economies during transition growth. Fusing the received knowledge in development economics and urban economics (Location Theory and Central Place Theory), spatial distribution of urban population under alternative development strategies during transition growth in Africa is analyzed. It is hypothesized that the adoption of IS strategy during the transition leads to a concentration of the urban population (Primacy) while the adoption of EP leads to the spread of the urban population in many small urban areas. IS, with its emphasis on profit transfer from the primary producing sector to the industrial sector, allocating resources through a bureaucratic organization rather than markets, makes economic opportunities converge at the center of bureaucratic organization. On the other hand, there is no profit transfer under EP and resources are allocated through markets and competitive pricing. This makes it unnecessary for business to locate near bureaucratic organization to take advantage of transfers since there is none under EP. The distribution of jobs and population under EP will not therefore be influenced by any centripetal force of bureaucracy. Data from four African countries–two pursuing IS strategy (Ghana and Zambia) and two pursuing EP strategy (Ivory Coast and Kenya)–were used in the empirical study. In general, the stated hypothesis was highly supported by the empirical investigation. An average of 70% of the variation in urban concentration in Africa was explained by the variables we chose to represent development strategy. Since interest in typological issues were so high, we tested and found a statistically significant difference between the estimated coefficients on independent variables in IS countries and those of EP countries. In spite of the primary concern with urbanization in Africa, the empirical study was extended to four Latin American countries–Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela–to see the explanatory power of the model outside Africa. The results strongly corroborated our earlier conclusions about Africa. |
| 1981 | HEGNER, ROBERT ERNEST | TERRITORIALITY, FORAGING BEHAVIOR, AND BREEDING ENERGETICS OF THE WHITE FRONTED BEE-EATER (MEROPS BULLOCKOIDES) IN KENYA | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 342 | White Fronted Bee-eaters (Merops bullockoides) are small insectivorous birds which inhabit the savanna regions of eastern and southern Africa and roost and breed colonially in holes in vertical sand cliffs. These Bee-eaters have a highly complex and well-developed cooperative breeding system and defend stable group foraging territories. From January 1977 to March 1979, I studied several aspects of the territoriality, foraging behavior, and foraging ecology of a population of individually marked Bee-eaters in Lake Nakuru National Park in Kenya. My investigation included regular surveys of territories in three different habitats, close observation of over 6500 attempts by birds to capture insects, and observations of breeding birds carrying insects captured on their territories to nestlings at a nearby colony. Bee-eater ‘supergroups’ interacted closely at colonies and defended group foraging territories. Each supergroup typically consisted of 1-4 mated pairs, their offspring, and other unpaired adults and incorporated a number of separate breeding and roosting groups at colonies. Each individual shared in defense of the common territory but utilized only a portion of the area for foraging. Changes in membership of supergroups at colonies were reflected in membership changes on territories, and vice versa. Supergroups commuted daily as much as 4-5 km between colonies and foraging territories. They defended the same territory for two years or more despite periodic shifts in the location of the roosting colony. Breeding birds with territories more than 1.2-2.0 km from the colony abandoned them temporarily when feeding nestlings, although they foraged in these areas during other phases of the nesting cycle. Several reproductive costs of these abandonments were evident, including (1) reduced foraging success, (2) lower rates of delivery of food to each nestling, and (3) lower reproductive output. Breeding birds that gathered food on territories farther from a colony delivered food to their nestlings at a lower rate than birds utilizing territories closer to the colony. Although birds that abandoned distant territories suffered reproductive costs, their costs might have been greater if they had continued to feed nestlings from their territories. Bee-eater foraging behavior changed qualitatively throughout the year. When not breeding, Bee-eaters did not gather energy at as high a rate as possible. They responded to increased success of capture attempts by reducing their attempt rate rather than by being more selective of prey captured. As a result, their foraging efficiency (ratio of energy intake to expenditure) remained fairly constant. This may have been the result of selection to optimize energy budgets on a long-term basis. In contrast, breeding birds exhibited a significantly higher attempt rate and significantly lower capture success, and hence a much lower foraging efficiency, than non-breeding birds. Breeding Bee-eaters thus seemed to attempt to maximize the rate at which they delivered food to their nest, even at the cost to themselves of decreased foraging efficiency. Periodic shifts between breeding colony sites may increase the selective advantages of maintaining control of a fixed territory location, rather than periodically relocating the territory in response to colony shifts, even at the cost of lowered reproductive output in some years. |
| 1981 | IZUAKOR, LEVI IFEANYI | A GRAND ILLUSION: EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT IN KENYA, 1900-1963 | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 409 | Beginning from 1902, the British colonial administration in Kenya attempted to transform the Kenyan highlands into a permanent European settlement, but in 1963 this policy was formally abandoned. This study addresses the question of why Kenya failed to become a permanent European settlement. The research is based upon archival materials from the Public Record Office, London. In addition, various private papers and a full range of secondary sources were consulted. The European settlers were hampered by their military, demographic, industrial, and economic weaknesses which boded ill for a viable, permanent settlement. In South Africa and Rhodesia, the incarceration of Africans in unproductive and overcrowded reserves, and the alienation by the settlers of a greater proportion of the fertile areas turned most of the Africans into landless wage earners. The failure of the Kenyan settlers to create a similar condition sentenced their settlement to an uncertain future. For a settlement to succeed, the metropolitan power must be irrevocably committed to the adoption of a consistent, unconditional pro-settler policy. In Kenya, the vacillation of the colonial policy was detrimental to the expected maturation of the country into a permanent settlement colony. The settlers and the administration underrated the explosiveness of the Indian question by assuming that the ‘interests of Indians and Europeans were less likely to clash’ even when Indian political assertiveness was a volatile force in parts of the British Empire. As it turned out, the Indian question posed a serious threat to the European settlement, and softened the ground for African nationalism. Once the Indians were granted a political concession, no matter how limited, inevitably a flood-gate of concessions was opened to them and to the Africans. In the final analysis, the European settlement collapsed partly as a result of the force of African nationalism, partly as a result of the internal weaknesses of the settlers, and mainly as a result of the positive intervention from the Whitehall to establish, not a permanent European settlement or even a multi-racial society, but African paramountcy. |
| 1981 | JACOBS, COLIN PHILIP | COOPERATIVES AND DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF SMALL FARMER MARKETING IN MURANGA DISTRICT, KENYA. | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | ||
| 1981 | JAMIESON, BARBARA MARY | RESOURCE ALLOCATION TO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN KENYA FROM 1963 TO 1978 | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | This thesis is concerned with the process whereby a capacity for agricultural research was developed in Kenya during the period 1963 to 1978, the first fifteen years of independence from British colonial rule. Two principal questions are explored. First, | |
| 1981 | JESSEE, DAVID LAWRENCE | AN ACTIVITY SELECTION MODEL FOR THE SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLD FACING RAINFALL UNCERTAINTY AND SCARCITY: AN APPLICATION TO PLANNING IN NORTHEAST MACHAKOS DISTRICT, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY | PHD | 343 | The lower altitude areas of Machakos District in the Eastern Province of Kenya are characterized by low and erratic rainfall, soils subject to serious erosion, low levels of per capita food production, and rapid population growth. They are settled principally by semi-subsistence farm households on small holdings. Decisions concerning which sub-set of alternative production activities a farm household will pursue are likely to be influenced strongly by four tendencies: assuring an adequate minimum level of food, optimizing the family labor expended, maximizing expected income, and minimizing income variation due to rainfall uncertainty. This dissertation formulates and applies a decision model which is intended for use by those agencies which are working with the smallholder households to increase their well-being. The model is capable of representing distinct household and farm types found in the area. The study consists of two phases. The first and more substantial phase is the description of the semi-subsistence smallholder in his or her decision-making environment in a semi-arid area, and the synthesis of a conceptual model of household activity selection under conditions of rainfall uncertainty. The theory of the firm operating under single attribute risk is integrated with the theories of the household and of partially non-monetary production/consumption in order to synthesize a conceptual framework depicting the static decision making calculus facing the smallholder household. A household utility function is formulated consisting of three of the arguments mentioned: level of food, level of expected income, and level of income variance. A mean lower confidence-limit (E, L) model is modified lexicographically with a disaster level argument: (d*; E, L). both a quadratic programming formulation and a MOTAD formulation of the utility maximization problem are specified. The second phase consists of the eclectic estimation of parameters and coefficients to operationalize the solution algorithm. The estimates are characterized by a number of inherent weaknesses, and therefore the operationalized model is used strictly for the purpose of illustrating the method of generating (d*; E, L)-efficient loci. Examples are provided of activity combinations involving tradeoffs between risk and income which satisfy the efficiency criteria. |
| 1981 | KENNEDY, DANE KEITH | A TALE OF TWO COLONIES: THE SOCIAL ORIGINS AND CULTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF WHITE SETTLEMENT IN KENYA AND RHODESIA, 1890-1939 | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 463 | This is a social and cultural study of white settlers in Kenya and Rhodesia during the first half-century of colonial rule. It confronts the following questions: Who were these settlers? Why did they immigrate to these colonies? What differences in social origins were apparent between the two settler communities? How did they respond to the alien conditions and peoples they encountered? How far did they accommodate themselves to these new circumstances? How far did they resist? What factors shaped their responses? The first part of the study attempts to trace the processes by which settlement occurrred, with emphasis upon the social origins of the settlers and the forces which propelled them to one or the other territory. A chronological approach is employed, with alternating chapters on the two colonies which compare and contrast their courses of development over the same sequence of time. The analysis reveals that, while both colonies were settled predominantly by persons of British stock, the social backgrounds of the two immigrant communities were markedly different. The dominant element within the white population of Kenya consisted of a social stratum which is best termed gentlemanly. Rhodesia’s white population, by contrast, was composed for the most part of settlers of lower middle and working class origins. These differences in the social composition of the two settler communities were determined by a variety of factors, including the geographical location of each colony, the presence or absence of mineral wealth and big game, the impact of wars and depressions, the relative size of the Indian population, the influence of chain migration, and the policies of the respective governments. The second part of the dissertation is concerned with the cultural character of these white settler communities, the manner in which they shaped their lives in response to indigenous circumstances. The analysis is organized along thematic lines, which each chapter focused upon a particular area of concern to the settler population. Despite considerable differences in social origins, the white settlers of Kenya and Rhodesia responded to the demands of colonial life in remarkably similar fashion. A pattern of behavior which was characterized by a central desire to isolate and institutionalize white settlement within a rigid set of environmental, racial, economic, and political barriers formed the basis for a common ‘white settler culture’. Only within the limits of this defensive structure did the differing origins of the two colonies’ settlers manifest themselves. |
| 1981 | KETER, JOSEPH KIPKORIR A. | GROWTH AND COMPOSITION OF EUCALYPTUS AND MAIZE ON KENYA SOILS FERTILIZED WITH PHOSPHATE AND INDOLE ACETIC ACID | UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA | PHD | 224 | Three glasshouse experiments were conducted with three Kenya soils to determine plant responses to exogenous indole acetic acid (1AA) at 31, 62, and 124 g/ha and to concentrated superphosphate (CSP) in powder, pellet, or pellet (including 1AA) forms applied at 28, 56, and 112 kg P/ha. Soils were taken from depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm and two soils were Vertisols (Athi and Mwea) and the other a Latosol (Kabete). The soils were nearly similar in pH (6(.)3 to 6(.)8) but differed in soil test P by the double-acid method (DA-P) with values of 4(.)5, 7(.)0, and 550 ppm P for Athi, Kabete, and Mwea soils, respectively. Soil test for P by 0(.)5 M sodium bicarbonate (SB-P) was also used for Athi and Kabete soils. Eucalyptus grandis was planted in the first experiment and early growth exhibited purplish leaves and stems on Athi and Kabete soils, particularly without P added, attributed to P deficiency. At 2, 3, and 4 months, height of plants was greater where CSP was used compared to 1AA and differed between soils. Tops weight, stem diameter, and tops P were significantly greater where CSP was present but only tops P increased with the amount of CSP forms applied. For each soil, highly significant linear regressions were obtained between tops P and either DA-P or SB-P, tops P and leaf P, and DA-P and SB-P. Fertilization with 28 kg P/ha resulted in tops P or leaf P above 0(.)110%. On the above soils left undisturbed, Zea mays L. of cultivar ‘Pioneer 3160’ was planted. Plant height, tops weight, and tops P increased linearly with previous CSP rates and were lower for 1AA. Highly significant linear regression relationships were found between tops P and DA-P for each soil and at each soil depth. Another study with maize after preplant fertilization of Athi and Kabete soils showed that root weight was higher where CSP was present and root P was less than leaf P or tops P. |
| 1981 | KOSGEI, SALLY JEMNGETICH | COMMODITY PRODUCTION, TEA AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN KERICHO, KENYA, 1895-1963 | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 203 | The problem that this study treats is the general issue of the impact of the colonial capitalist economy on rural non-capitalist society. This has been done by examining the development of a monetized economy, the introduction of new marketable agricultural products, and the rise of differentiation in the area as a result of new sources of revenue, such as wage labor on plantations and ‘native’ farmer participation in tea growing, set in motion by the advent of colonialism. This study has been carried out as a contribution to the understanding of the present-day economic and social conditions of the poorer countries of the world, particularly those areas that were formally colonized. In particular, this study treats the history of Kipsigis society of Kenya as it underwent the transition to commodity, export crop production. The period covered in the study is 1895-1963. The area studied is the Kericho district, but within the district, only Buret and Belgut–two of the three divisions of the district–have been examined. The specific commodity that has been traced in its development is tea, and the impact of tea in altering social patterns. Various types of information was used to assemble this historical picture. Life-histories of growers was compiled. Genealogical histories of various producer-families were collected. Archival information on the economic histories of the two divisions was helpful. Hence, the dissertation contains information from both the macro-level and the micro-level. This dissertation demonstrates a number of propositions. First, it indicates that there is a very definite, discrete impact of the changing colonial economy on the local area; and it proves that connection to be a concrete one. Second, the thesis indicates the different ways the new commodity of tea influences the family units; families were the sources of initiative generally in Kipsigis society. Third, an important feature of the thesis is that it illustrates how the growing of tea changed the labor patterns of the families. At a higher level, this thesis shows the various types of colonial and post-colonial control that have been used to regulate the spread of tea-growing, as well as the marketing of the commodity. In addition, the study shows the disadvantages the producing families have worked at various stages in the production of tea. |
| 1981 | KRUSS, PHILLIP DONALD | NUMERICAL MODELING OF CLIMATIC CHANGE FROM THE TERMINUS RECORD OF LEWIS GLACIER, MOUNT KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 140 | Over the last 100 years, the glaciers and lakes of East Africa have undergone dramatic change in response to climatic forcing. However, the available conventional meterological series have not proven sufficient to explain these environmental events. The secular climatic change at Lewis Glacier, Mount Kenya (0(DEGREES)9’S, 37(DEGREES)19’E), is reconstructed from its terminus record documented since 1893. The short-time-step numerical model developed for this study consists of climate and ice dynamics segments. The climate segment directly computes the effect on the net balance of change in the four forcings: precipitation, albedo, cloudiness, and temperature. The flow segment calculates the dynamic glacier response to net balance variation. Climatic change occurs over a wide range of time scales. Each glacier responds in a unique fashion to this spectrum of climatic forcings. The response of the Lewis terminus extent to repeated sinusoidal fluctuation in the net balance is calculated. The net balance versus elevation profile is separately translated along the orthogonal balance and elevation axes. Net balance amplitudes of 0.1 to 0.5 m a(‘-1) of ice and 10 to 50 m elevation, respectively, and periods ranging from 20 to 1000 years are covered. Consideration of the Lewis response is perspective with similar results for Hintereisferner, Storglaciaren, and Berendon and South Cascade Glaciers identifies general characteristics of the time lag and amplitude of the terminus response. The magnitude and timing of the change in only one of the climatic forcings precipitation, albedo, cloudiness, or temperature necessary to produce the retreat of the Lewis terminus from its late 19th century maximum are computed. Equivalent changes for two scenarios of simultaneous variation, namely precipitation/albedo/cloudiness and temperature/albedo, are also estimated. These numerical results are interpreted in the light of long-term lake level, river flow, and instrumental information. A decrease in the annual precipitation of about 160 (+OR-) 70 mm between the early 1880’s and the very beginning of the 20th century followed by a secular air temperature rise of 0.35 (+OR-) 0.2(DEGREES)C during the first half of the 1900’s, with most warming occurring after about 1920–these climatic changes together with associated albedo and cloudiness variation constitute the most likely cause of the Lewis Glacier wastage during the last 100 years. The modeling and interpretation techniques developed offer the potential for deriving climatic information from the long terminus records and dated geological evidence of past ice extents available for other glaciers. Given the difficulty of documenting climatic change by conventional techniques, the possible role for glaciers and other climate-sensitive environmental components in the monitoring of recent climatic change should be explored. |
| 1981 | LANGE, JAMES CORDEN | THE EFFECT OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON NEWS VALUES | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 196 | Working from differences in economic, political and informational development among eight countries (United States, England, South Africa, Rhodesia, Kenya, Zambia, Ghana and Uganda), differences in three value patterns (development orientation, elitism and tolerance) were predicted. Specifically, the less developed nations were expected to place greater value on mobilization, cooperation, the future, individuals of high status, government, and the discrimination between sexes, races and ethnic groups. Assuming that these value patterns are generative mechanism for content selection rules which transcend the institutional gatekeeping processes, these differences were searched for in communication content. National daily newspapers were chosen to provide the content due to their comparability and their easy availability in microform. The predictive model for development orientation (kappa = .45) and elitism (kappa = .26) were successful, while the tolerance hypothesis did slightly less well than chance (kappa = -.04). The implications of these findings for ameliorating one of the north-south conflicts about the ‘new journalistic order’ is discussed, along with the implications for wire-service editors wishing to increase their use rates in foreign markets. Speculations are made about the application of this approach to the study of interpersonal and intercultural communication. |
| 1981 | MAKOKHA, BYRUM AKHAHENDA | ELF-IMAGE: A CASE FOR AN INDIGENIZED LIVING CHURCH IN EAST AFRICA | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION | DMISS | 395 | This dissertation addresses the postulate that every individual and every group of homogeneous persons has a self image (SI) which represents the way the individual or the group sees or evaluates himself/itself. Concomitant to SI is a community image (CI), defined as the way the outgroup sees or evaluates the group it observes and/or interacts with. There is interaction between SI and CI. Each affects the other either positively or negatively. In East Africa, this SI-CI interplay has contributed to defective SIs among the black Africans and, consequently, generated a negative CI of the church in the region. The discussion of the problem is organized in three parts. In Part I we discuss the psychological approaches to culture that have been made to argue for social/national character and modal personality (Chapter 1). Then we define and suggest a typology of SI and CI (Chapter 2) followed by an outline of the factors that supposedly have contributed to defective Sis and a negative CI for the church in East Africa (Chapter 3). Case studies of the Banyore clans in Western Kenya are presented to highlight the types of SI and their interplay in the Church of God in East Africa (COGEA). In Part II the thesis deals with certain reactions within the East African ecclesiological context to the SI/CU problem. These reactions are noted to be separatistic (Chapter 5), revivalistic (Chapter 6) and formal indigeneity (Chapter 7). The separatistic reaction has affected mostly the traditional mission-related Churches. Hundreds of separatist groups have broken from these Churches at least in part because of the unacceptable Sis perpetuated in them. Other separatist groups are breakaways from other independent, non mission-related Churches were unacceptable conditions similar to those in the traditional Churches seemed to obtain. But the revivalistic reaction (Chapter 6), exemplified in the East African revival movement, has remained within the traditional Churches. In these Churches the reaction has contributed to deeper spirituality and a sense of evangelism. The formal indigeneity reaction (Chapter 7), based on indigenous or national leadership, has resulted in formal correspondence churchness in East Africa and, therefore, to these Churches’ questionable stability because of continued heavy dependency on Western Churches for personnel and, especially, funding of programs. Finally, in Part III our discussion focuses on steps toward a solution to the SI and CI of the Church as defined and discussed in Parts I and II above. The steps include application of the Dynamic Equivalence model for effective indigeneity (Chapter 8) and a programmed self-evaluation and strategy for increased indigeneity in COGEA (Chapters 9-11). By dynamic equivalence we address the importance of contextualizing the Christian message in the receptor cultural forms so that the meaning of and response to the message are closely related to the first century Christianity. In order for this to happen the COGEA needs to continually evaluate its present structures and programs and, where necessary, strategize for increased indigeneity in forms and for Christianness in ideals. |
| 1981 | MAZRUI, AL-AMIN M. | ACCEPTABILITY IN A PLANNED STANDARD: THE CASE OF SWAHILI IN KENYA | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 247 | The aim of this study is to assess the acceptability–i.e. the evaluation of appropriateness in the use of a particular linguistic variable, form, variety, dialect or language on the basis of linguistic or extra linguistic context–of the standard dialect of Swahili as a planned (prescriptive) linguistic norm, in Kenya, at both a macro and micro-level. In particular, the focus is on testing the proposition that the acceptability threshold of the standard dialect as a supradialectal norm of speech among the native speakers is rather low. This possibility is based on factors which are partly linked to the historical development and expansion of the dialect, and partly to the process of planning itself. The investigation at the macro-level deals specifically with native speakers’ attitudes towards standard Swahili which may correlate with its acceptability on the basis of both socio-psychological associations (with factors like religion, ethnicity, education and socio-economic status) and sociolinguistic factors (topics, interlocutors and social domains of discourse), and how these relate to its suitability as a national linguistic norm. The micro-level, on the other hand, attempts to determine the acceptability of specific linguistic features (the completive and imperfect tense-aspect markers) as it correlates with the acceptability of the whole. The results of this study generally agree with our proposition even though the acceptability threshold at both levels of investigation is higher than the situation would seem to suggest. This is explained in part on the basis of changing attitudes in the wake of rapid socioeconomic transformations and, in part, on the basis of type and context of linguistic change and linguistic variation. Finally a number of approaches which may boost the acceptability of the standard dialect are explored and the use of variation theory is suggested as the most viable alternative. |
| 1981 | MBUGUA, SAMUEL KURIA | MICROBIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF UJI (AN EAST AFRICAN SOUR CEREAL POORIDGE) FERMENTATION, AND ITS ENHANCEMENT THROUGH APPLICATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 156 | Uji is a cereal gruel or porridge, used widely in East Africa for weaning children, as food or beverage for pre-school or school children, as well as for adults. Traditional manufacture of fermented uji varies slightly from area to area in E. Africa. In Kenya, a flour mixture containing about 80% maize and 20% millet or sorghum flours is slurried in tap water at about 30%(w/v) level. The slurry is allowed to ferment spontaneously at room temperature for 1-3 days, diluted to give a slurry with equivalent of 6-8% flour mixture and boiled for 15-30 minutes before sweetening with sugar. It is then ready for consumption. Traditionally fermented uji suffers from problems of off-flavors and flavor irregularity, occasionally insufficient acid production leading to a hazardous high pH product, and the long periods of fermentation. Studies on fermented uji were undertaken with the objective of understanding the factors inherent in off-flavor and flavor unstability, as well as acid production, and development of a controlled process for improved uji manufacture. This entailed examination of microbial growth and chemical changes during the spontaneous fermentation process, isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria involved in the uji souring, examination of the carbohydrates in the flour ingredients and during fermentation, and optimization of uji fermentation process using isolated pure cultures from uji and selected pure cultures. Microbial growth for coliforms, yeasts and molds, lactobacilli, and amylolytic organisms, as well as total viable counts during fermentation, were monitored using selective and non selective media. Chemical changes were estimated through changes in titratable acidities and pH. Lactic acid bacteria were identified using their physiological and nutritional properties. The types of sugars and their levels in flours and during fermentation were examined using gas chromatographic techniques. Optimization of uji fermentation was accomplished by fermentation trials with strains of Lactobacillus cellobiosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus plantarum, all isolated from uji fermentation or sorghum flour, as well as strains of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Spontaneous uji fermentation is characterized by sequential growth of dominant organisms, in which coliforms grow rapidly during the early stages to become the dominant organism, before they become restricted by the lactic acid bacteria through acid production. Yeasts or molds and amylolytic organisms hardly increase, and in some cases they decline. Restriction of the coliforms, especially by the rapid acid forming organisms, eliminates the problem of off-flavor and flavor unstability. L. plantarum was mainly responsible for the souring of uji, although initiation of the process by heterofermentative rods was evident. Sucrose was the major fermentable sugar. There were also low levels of glucose, fructose, raffinose and maltos. During the fermentation, slightly more glucose and fructose were made available through autoamylolysis. The pure cultures isolated from uji fermenation and sorghum flour, fermented uji poorly compared with L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii and S. thermophilus. L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus were most efficient in uji fermentation, especially when supplemented with milk and buffered with K(,2)HPO(,4). Organoleptic evaluation of uji produced by different cultures showed that uji fermented by the enriched native uji mixed culture was most acceptable, but scored the poorest when flavored. Of the flavored products, uji fermented by L. bulgaricus scored the highest. |
| 1981 | MILLER, DAVID LAWRENCE | SOCIAL FORMATIONS IN TRANSITIONS: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE LOWER TANA VALLEY, KENYA, 1850-1939 | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 209 | This is a study of the transition and transformation between 1850 and 1939 of social formations among the peoples of the lower Tana River Valley in what is now eastern Kenya. This region, which was viewed by outsiders in the nineteenth century as a rich, fertile Nile Valley of enormous potential, came to be viewed fifty years later as a peripheral area with too few people and too hostile an environment to merit attention. Extensive archival work in West Germany, England, and Kenya, coupled with oral interviews conducted throughout the lower Tana Valley, revealed that the transition to British colonial rule and the resulting transformation of Lower Pokomo society and economy were much more serious and damaging than most people believe. This research provides a case study for the way in which the particular circumstances of nineteenth century imperialist struggle, in this case for the lower Tana Valley, and the subsequent elaboration of colonial rule combine to destroy a working system of social and economic relations. The study also lays bare two myths which have had much to do with misunderstandings about life in the Tana Valley. The myths of the horrific environment and aggressive, oppressive neighbors are shown to have had colonial origins and to have served specific historical purposes. The nineteenth century social formation of the Lower Pokomo was centered on the pivotal role of the male elders and their semi-secret associations ngadsi and wagangana. The elders used their position as heads of families, clans, and villages to maintain social and economic relations, admittedly to their own favor, to link to other Pokomo both internally and in inter-clan alliance relations. In addition, they controlled external trade to the coast and organized defence against potentially hostile neighbors. Between c. 1860 and 1885 a great change in the course of the river, increasing warfare between Somali and Orma pastoralists, and a rise in trade on the river coincided with imperialist interest in the lower river valley. Anglo-German imperialist rivalry, initially focused on Witu, spread to include the Tana Valley, and came to involve Pokomo farmers. The British defeat of Witu and its German allies opened the way for a European administration in the valley, initially that of the Imperial British East Africa Company and then, after 1895, that of the East Africa Protectorate. This study focuses on the impact of all these events and forces on the Lower Pokomo peoples. It reveals how their combined impact served to intensify the contradictions which existed in the nineteenth century social formation and helped to shape the transition to colonial rule. The increase in social conflict between male elders and young men, and all women, and the particular role played by Christian missions and colonial authorities throughout these years is documented as often possible at the village level. The result of the elaboration of colonial rule by the late 1920s is shown to have been the construction of a framework for impoverishment within Tana Valley. Early colonial efforts to alter the river course to increase transport and trade set in motion a long-term process of the desiccation of the lower valley. At the same time colonial officials instituted a policy of revenue extraction while leaving trade and trading entirely in the hands of Arab and Indian traders who used their monopoly position to milk the people of the valley dry. This long-term undermining of the environmental, human, and financial capital of the lower river valley has left a legacy not yet overcome. |
| 1981 | MILTON, KAY | RELIGION IN KASIGAU: A FOLK MODEL IN ACTION | QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST (NORTHERN IRELAND) | PHD | 324 | |
| 1981 | MINAE, SUSAN | EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MARKETING BOARDS: THE SMALL FARMER MILK MARKETING SYSTEM IN KENYA | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 205 | A dynamic agriculture requires a well organized marketing system. In Kenya, this is achieved through the establishment of agricultural marketing boards under the auspices of the government. The policies which govern the marketing boards are based on the assumption that they will perform marketing functions more efficiently than the traditional private marketing systems. The objective of the present study was to develop a procedure which can be used to evaluate the performance of agricultural marketing boards. The focus of the evaluation was on their effectiveness in providing incentives and facilitators to the marketing and production of agricultural products from small farmers. Since it was not feasible to study all the different agricultural marketing boards in Kenya, the applicability of the evaluation approach developed was tested using the small farmer milk marketing system as a case in point. The assumption made in this study was that the same approach can be applied in the evaluation of other marketing boards with the actual indicators used in each study adjusted to fit the particular situation. The study was conducted in 1979/80, in three districts (Nyeri, Meru, and Kiambu) in Kenya which are predominantly populated by small farmers. The evaluation consisted of assembling evidence on the marketing functions of two formal marketing institutions: the Kenya Dairy Board (KDB) and the Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KCC) in those three districts. The evaluation of the milk marketing system was based on field observations of functions, activities, and structures of the KCC and KDB and on the attitudes of marketing participants based on their perceptions of the problems with the present marketing system and participants perception on the role of the KDB and KCC in the milk marketing system in Kenya. Primary data were collected through interviews conducted with 304 dairy producers, 33 managers of local dairy societies and the management of both the KDB and KCC as well as through informal discussions with government officials involved with the marketing of milk. Secondary data from various documents on milk were also used. Data analysis was based on the ‘Stake Countenance Model’ of evaluation. The analysis consisted of testing for congruity by comparing expected outcomes and transactions of both the KCC and KDB with those observed in the field. The expected outcomes were derived from the marketing boards mandate in Kenya and from literature on marketing system functions, especially those in developing countries. Evidence was found to show that neither the KDB nor KCC were performing most of the functions for which they were established. The evidence also showed that most of the activities and structures that would be expected from a small farmers’ milk marketing system were lacking. A marked difference in the perception of the roles of the formal marketing institutions was noted between the management of the KCC and KDB and both the dairy farmers and the management of the local dairy societies. There was also a difference among the respondent groups of the problems facing the dairy industry in Kenya. From these findings, it was concluded that both the KDB and KCC were not engaged in the activities and do not have structures to promote milk marketing by small farmers. The study also showed that although the findings from the milk marketing system could not be generalized to other agricultural products, the approach used in the evaluation could be used with minor adjustments in the evaluation of other marketing boards. |
| 1981 | MUGIRI, EPHANTUS MWIANDI | FACTORS AFFECTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULA PROGRAMS IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS | EDD | 233 | Science is considered an important element of all secondary school education in its relationship to national development. Numerous innovations have been made for the improvement of the quality of the secondary school science curriculum in Kenya over the last fifteen years. Science curricula programs are being implemented to varying degrees in schools. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors that affect the implementation of secondary school science curricula programs in Kenya over this period. Issues and problems in the development and implementation of science curricula programs in the physical sciences were identified and analyzed through a literature review, visits to schools and interviews with scientists, educators, teachers and administrators. Five research questions guided the study. These were: (1)What does the literature suggest concerning science curriculum development and implementation? (2)What are the origins, objectives and present status of curricula programs in Kenya? (3)How are the prescribed science curricula programs actually being implemented in secondary schools? (4)What are the factors apparently affecting the implementation of secondary school science curricula programs? (5)What is the relative influence of these factors in the implementation of science curricula programs? The research design consisted of three phases: a literature review, development of research procedures, and field study. An extensive and intensive literature review was conducted on the development and implementation of science education in Kenya for the last fifteen years. Further information was collected through interviews with policy makers, educational administrators, curriculum developers, inspectors, school headteachers, and science teachers. Schools were visited and observations made on the adequacy and utilization of science teaching resources in the schools. The research findings in this study indicate that there were at least five major categories of factors affecting the implementation of secondary school science curricula programs. These were: policy and administration for the implementation of programs; institutional organization and administration; adoption and adaptation of science programs to meet institutional requirements and students’ needs; the instructional programs themselves; and quality of science teaching resources available in schools. These factors were further condensed into three major clusters on the basis of the nature of their influence. These clusters were: policy and decision making; course content, teaching methods and science teaching resources; and the learning environment. Recommendations for the implementation of science curricula programs were made. The recommendations were directed to policy makers, teaching training institutions, school administrators, science teachers and researchers. The specific recommendations point out: the need for clear policy, decision making and communication on the implementation of science programs; the need for the consolidation of science syllabuses into an integrated series of courses or syllabuses catering to the learning needs of all students; need for continuous teacher training through pre-service and in-service programs; the need for adequate provision and utilization of teaching resources in the schools; the need for schools to create environments that are conducive to learning and the need to carry out research on the effectiveness of the implementation of the various science programs in schools. A final recommendation pointed out the need to establish systematic information collection and retrieval systems to assist in the development and implementation of programs. |
| 1981 | MUKHEBI, ADRIAN WEKULO | INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN KENYAN SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE | WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 300 | This research investigated the feasibility of generating higher income and employment in Kenyan small-scale agriculture for alleviating rural poverty. It also assessed the possible conflict and trade-offs between increasing both income and employment. The probable impacts of efficient resource allocation, relaxation of subsistence food constraints, higher profitability, higher off-farm employment, land rental market, and a composite of these policy options were analyzed. Production data for the 1978-79 crop year were obtained from a random sample of 38 farms in Mbiuni location of Machakos district. Using a Land-Adult Equivalent Ratio (LAER), the sample was divided into three groups: low (.80 ha), medium (1.31 ha) and high (2.35 ha). For each group, a representative farm was developed. Three linear programming models were constructed for each representative farm. The first assumed a profit-maximizing objective. The second represented an employment-maximizing objective. The third adopted a multiobjective programming approach. Each model included land, labor, capital and subsistence food constraints, and production, labor and capital activities. For each model, results were weighted by the number of farms in each group and aggregated over the sample. Under existing farming systems, enterprise intensity increased, and food crops substituted for cash crops as the LAER declined. The average income per household person was Kenya shillings (Ksh) 700. This was only 37 percent of the then per capita national income of Ksh 1,875 (US $255, 1978). The average income decreased as the LAER fell. On average of the entire sample, 53 percent of the labor supply was employed. As the LAER declined, the rate of employment decreased, increasing underemployment; and the rate of off-farm employment and off-farm income increased. Generally, all farms utilized resources efficiently. In particular, low LAER farms were relatively more efficient than high LAER farms. There was capacity to increase income and employment up to 54 and 31 percent respectively under the income-maximizing strategy. The employment-maximizing strategy generated a substantial (20% or more) 65 percent increase in employment, but a modest 11 percent increase in income. For each strategy, the increases were likely if all the policy options were pursued concurrently. On average of all options, the income strategy generated 36 percent more income but 20 percent less employment than the employment strategy. Conversely, the employment strategy generated 26 percent more employment but 27 percent less income than the income strategy. The average income-employment trade-off was 2.07 man-days of employment sacrificed for each pound (Ksh 20) of income gained by the income model. Equivalently, Ksh 9.68 of income were forfeited per man-day of employment gained by the employment model. The multiobjective linear programming (MOLP) approach maximized both income and employment for each option, taking into account the relative value of each objective. On average of all options, MOLP generated 23 percent more employment but only 7 percent less income than the uniobjective income model. Alternatively, MOLP generated 26 percent more income with merely 2 percent less employment than the uniobjective employment model. The MOLP composite option yielded the best results for the whole analysis. It generated 45 and 60 percent increase in income and employment respectively. Two overall conclusions can be made. First, farm population becomes poorer as the land base per worker declines. A variety of farm policies should be pursued concurrently in order to increase income and employment to alleviate the poverty. These should emphasize food crop production, labor-using and land-saving technologies. Second, a multiobjective programming approach should be adopted in order to maximize both income and employment in agriculture. |
| 1981 | MUNYWOKI, MATHENGE | FOREIGN AID IN KENYA: ITS APPLICATIONS AND EFFECTS ON KENYA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1963-1975. | UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS | MA | 109 | |
| 1981 | MUTEMA, ALFRED MWONGERA | INTERORGANIZATIONAL LINKAGES AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLINICAL PRACTICE IN TWO ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONS IN KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1981 | MVANO, VENANTIO N. | THE PATTERN OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOURCES OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN KENYA: 1964-1978 | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | PHD | 189 | Research into economic structural change dates back to the 1930’s with the pioneering work of Leontief [1941]. The study just completed investigated structural change in Kenya’s economy from 1964 to 1978. The first part of the dissertation is a description of Kenya’s development pattern, and how it compares with that in other countries. The empirical results from this study show that Kenya followed a development path typical for a country with the same income level and population. However, Kenya’s policy between export promotion and import substitution was more balanced than that of many other countries. The second part of the dissertation is concerned with the analysis of interindustry linkage effects and employment generation potential. When compared to some other economies, Kenya’s economy was found to be less integrated. The third aspect of structural change discussed is sectoral change. Sources of sectoral growth and causes of nonproportionate growth were analyzed. Domestic demand was found to be the single most important factor contributing to sectoral growth, even as its relative contribution was declining over time. Import substitution ranked second as a source of sectoral growth, but it was more important during the 1971 to 1976 period than during the 1967 to 1971 period. Export expansion came third. Technological change was not a very significant factor in sectoral growth, but it was quite significant in explaining nonproportionate sectoral growth, surpassing export expansion in this respect. Finally, the extent of technological change, measured by the change in intermediate and primary input requirements necessary to produce a fixed final demand vector, is discussed. Technological change was seen to be more significant in the 1971 to 1976 period than in the 1967 to 1971 period. The major policy recommendation from this study is that the government of Kenya should target most of its investment funds into the key sectors, which include agriculture, textile industry, building and construction, sawmilling, and wood products. These appeared to be the sectors with the highest economic growth and employment potential. |
| 1981 | NTHAMBURI, ZABLON JOHN | A HISTORY OF THE METHODIST CHURCH IN KENYA, 1862 – 1967 | SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AT CLAREMONT | PHD | 285 | The history of the establishment and spread of Christianity in Kenya has been narrated in a one-sided and incomplete way. This is understandable, since the sources available are books written by European missionaries concerning their work. These works have failed to portray adequately the contribution made by Africans, who often did not receive any remuneration for their effort. From the very beginning, Christian evangelism was done by African catechists and teachers. Since European missionaries were few and the areas they covered were large, it is not surprising to discover that in many places the continuing presence of witness to the gospel depended much more on the resident catechist or teacher than on the European missionary. This work attempts to show that the autonomous Methodist Church in Kenya owes its existence not only to the European missionaries, but to indigenous catechists, teachers, evangelists and ministers, whose zeal for evangelism made them become apostles among their own people. Although this work is primarily concerned with the history of the Methodist Church, it will, no doubt, shed some light on the contribution made by other Christian bodies in Kenya. It will, perhaps, help us to see that many problems, failures as well as successes of the Methodist Church, are in fact no different from those that other churches have encountered. Since the basic problems of relevance of the Christian message are similar in most churches in Kenya because of identical cultural heritage of the African people, solutions to the same basic problems will bear some resemblance. It is anticipated that this work will contribute, albeit in a modest way, to the general understanding of the foundations of Christianity in Kenya. The spirit of cooperation between Protestant churches is shown in chapter eight, and it shows the churches’ ongoing concern for unity and ecumenism pertaining to missionary endeavors. The beginnings of the Methodist Church in Kenya are traced to show how the Church was planted in Kenya with the help of the British missionaries. Methodism was brought to Kenya by Thomas Wakefield, the pioneer missionary who landed in Mombasa in 1862. The traumatic experience of missionaries in their endeavour to extend their work to include the region of the Tana River is narrated in greater detail. It is not only a success story, but failures and setbacks are recounted as well. The heroic endeavour of the pioneers, both European and African, is given its due prominence. Penetration of the missionary endeavour into the interior of Kenya (Meru) at the beginning of the century was encouraged by events which were beyond missionaries’ control. It was the attempt of both entrepreneurs and colonial administrators to control the interior for their own gain that prompted the missionaries to seize the opportunity to seek new areas of operation for church expansion. The inevitable consequence of such a step was the open conflict between the two cultures that ensued, culminating in the cultural nationalism of 1930’s. Behind the facade of conflict was the successful attempt by the missionaries to evangelize a more receptive people, whose clamour for knowledge and medical care offered the missionaries a golden opportunity to make Christians out of them. A deliberate effort was made to draw out information from oral sources to supplement missionary records and official government sources. This was done by way of interviewing some of the people who have been involved with the ongoing life of the Church. Considerable quantities of archival material, here in Kenya and in Great Britain, have helped me to narrate in a new way the story of the people called Methodists in Kenya. |
| 1981 | NZWILLI, PHILIP VAMBA | THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN EAST AFRICA FROM 1925 TO 1981 | UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS | EDD | 182 | Statement of the Problem. The East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda gained independence from their British rulers in the early 1960’s. This study is about the development and control of higher education in East Africa during the British rule and after the countries gained independence from the British government. The study was limited to five constituent areas: (1) Development of higher education in East Africa, (2) Development and control of higher education in preindependent and postindependent East Africa, (3) Control and finance of higher education, (4) Structure and organization of higher education in East Africa, and (5) Students and policy planning in East African universities. Procedures. The procedures and techniques used in this study consisted primarily of documentary research materials in the University of Kansas libraries, Washburn University Library, and other libraries in the country. Findings. Makerere College was the first institution of higher education in East Africa; and the Royal Technical College, Nairobi, was the second; and Dar es Salaam was the third. The colonial government was in charge of higher education throughout East Africa both financially and administratively. It selected the students and taught them what it thought was good for the colonial government, not for the Africans. The University of East Africa was founded because the East African government desired to coordinate manpower development and the expansion of higher-education programs. The University lasted for eight years; its collapse was due to political, ideological, and philosophical differences. Also, differences in curriculum development, in financing the university, and among the three constituent colleges were major factors in the collapse. The university was never intended to be permanent. It was a device used by Nairobi and Dar es Salaam colleges to achieve standards and facilities equivalent to those of Makerere. The university had no academic freedom in the real sense because the three governments intervened in the university’s affairs any time their policies were questioned by either the students or the instructors, and the university officials could do nothing about such action. Thus, academic freedom, as stated in the university charter, was not practiced. . . . (Author’s abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of school.) UMI |
| 1981 | OFCANSKY, THOMAS PAUL | A HISTORY OF GAME PRESERVATION IN BRITISH EAST AFRICA, 1895-1963 | WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 305 | East Africa’s wildlife is justly famous. This study examines the difficulty of preserving large numbers of wild animals in societies committed to widespread and rapid economic development. In Kenya the colonial administration had to devise a policy that would enable a rapidly expanding European settler community to live side by side with hundreds of thousands of potentially destructive wild animals. As far as Uganda was concerned, the authorities had to prevent the country’s elephant herds from destroying agricultural crops without destroying them. Tanganyika’s situation was even more complex. A large number of European and African farmers believed that the only way to stop the spread of sleeping sickness and nagana was to eradicate totally the country’s fauna. It fell to Charles Swynnerton to disprove this theory. By 1945 it had become clear to conservationists throughout East Africa that if the region’s wildlife was to survive the twentieth century a comprehensive national park system would have to be established in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika. Within fifteen years, however, it was evident that even national parks were unable to stop the relentless slaughter of the area’s fauna. Indeed, after reviewing all pertinent published and unpublished materials it could only be concluded that man and animal could not live side by side in peace and harmony. The only realistic wildlife preservation policy was therefore one that would delay rather than prevent the destruction of East Africa’s fauna. |
| 1981 | OKENIYI, ELIZABETH WAKO | A STUDY OF FOREIGN INFLUENCE ON NEWSPAPERS IN KENYA FROM 1900 TO 1980. | UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS | MA | 60 | |
| 1981 | OMULOKOLI, WATSON A. O | THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH AMONG ABALUYIA, 1905-1955 (KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 464 | |
| 1981 | PIKE, CHARLES ANDERSON | THE LUYIA ‘OLUKANO’ | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 330 | The Luyia olukano (plural: tsingano) is a formal medium of communication among the Luyia-speaking peoples of western Kenya. Its fundamental nature is a narrative movement from conflict to resolution, but it also includes songs or chants, the creation and interrelationship of images, audience participation and rhythm. It is a dynamic part of the artistic expression of the community, experienced daily by many individuals, capable of being performed by all. It is learned from an early age, forming a part of the educational spine of the community, irrevocably linking art to education. Tsingano are learned and performed within a particular structural framework, not unlike the framework of language itself. The recognition of form, therefore, is crucial to an understanding of the olukano. Form in tsingano, like grammar in language, is as necessary for memory as it is for meaning. Indeed, the three aspects–form, memory and meaning-are inseparably tied. Stored forms act as mneumonic aids, while theme can only be revealed through form. The underlying formal quality of tsingano is repetition. Repetition takes three basic forms-repetition of a single image, repetition of a larger group of images to form patterns, and repetition through creative analogies or metaphors. Within these basic patterns, great variation can take place. A performer can intensify particular images, intensify a sense of dissonance, and play against an audience’s need for olukano harmony. Repetition within tsingano suggest the importance of the opening images, which through an analysis of variants leads to a concept of structural determinism. This concept implies that the opening section of each olukano reveals a code which determines the boundaries of the subsequent development of the olukano. Each image of the code helps a performer spontaneously select analogous images to develop themes. This is quite different from perceiving an olukano as a set narrative, or ‘story’. The olukano becomes instead a dynamic and tensive creation of a given performer and her audience. The olukano, then, is a formal means of communication built upon commonly known images and the intuitive knowledge of form. Wide varieties of themes can be developed which relate to important aspects of peoples’ lives, such as marriage, death, a sense of adulthood, relationships to family and community, famine, jealousy, or to ontological problems. They often form elaborate dialogues, olukano relating to olukano. As narrative, however, they reflect the special nature of the oral/aural society of which they are a part. And at all times they remain a unique, spontaneous event, constantly reaffirming the primacy of harmony over chaos. |
| 1981 | PINDAS-CHERNOLOUJSKY, PABLO | MEXICAN LEADERS’ ROLES AND PERCEPTIONS OF POPULATION GROWTH, POLICIES AND PROGRAMS | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 338 | The research deals with the roles and perceptions of Mexican leaders about population growth, policies and programs. Recognizing the importance of regionalism in Mexico’s political history about half of the 626 leaders interviewed were purposely drawn from the local level, one-third at the regional, and the balance at the national level. Roughly equal numbers were drawn for each of six occupational categories: educational, political, professional, economic, religious and mass communication. A combined positional-reputational approach was used for the leaders’ identification. An interview-schedule with 167 questions was applied. It is assumed that population policies and programs are only one among a broad spectrum of socio-economic, cultural, and political variables that have to be modified in order to advance national development. The position leaders take vis-a-vis the population phenomena as opinion leaders, decision-makers, or problem definers are considered of basic importance to adequately shape the attitudes of the general public and create the climate conductive to undertaking public policies in the demographic field. The various indices show that population growth was not something to which respondents were indifferent: population growth ranked fourth as a social problem, preceded only by economic, educational and political problems. Four-fifths of the leaders revealed acceptable levels of information about population issues, and about half the respondents perceived nothing but disadvantages to a growing population (malnutrition, unemployment, etc.). Results also demonstrate the leaders’ favorableness towards the development and implementation of stronger population policies and programs in the country. Various comparisons regarding the views of secular versus sacred leaders, of leaders by geographic sphere of influence, and of secular leaders by their occupational categories. Additional comparisons also are made with elite studies undertaken in Honduras, Kenya, Pakistan and Peru, data showing that Mexican leaders compare very favorably. . . . (Author’s abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of school.) UMI |
| 1981 | SANDERS, MARK FREDERICK | GENETIC DIVERSITY IN A POPULATION OF KENYAN OLIVE BABOONS (PAPIO ANUBIS) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 353 | A deme of Kenyan olive baboons (Papio anubis) inhabiting Kekopey Ranch in the central rift valley of Kenya was surveyed to assess the amount and origin of genetic diversity between troops and age-sex category components of troops. Three hundred eleven individuals representing six troops were captured by trapping and darting methods. Twenty-four genetic loci were screened for evidence of allozymatic variation. Three loci, carbonic anhydrase I, phosphoglucomutase I and human-like ABO, were found to be polymorphic. Allele frequency distributions, between group gene frequency variance and two measures of genetic divesity, Wright’s F(,ST) statistic and Nei’s G(,ST) statistic, are used to examine the distribution of alleles among troops and among eight age-sex categories within troops. Comparison of allele frequencies reveals statistically significant intertroop differences for each polymorphic locus. Examination of gene frequency variance and the two measures of genetic diversity reveals a consistent but unequal distribution of variance and genetic diversity among age-sex categories. At each polymorphic locus, adult females of different troops exhibit the highest gene frequency variance and highest levels of genetic diversity. In contrast, variance and gene diversity values for non-adults are lowest and values for adult males are intermediate between those of adult females and non-adults. A model is presented to explain the unequal distribution of gene frequency variance and genetic diversity among age-sex categories. The model proposes that rapid population growth observed in the population has led to several matrilineal troop fissions. These proposed fissions are a major source of intertroop genetic diversity. Adult male intertroop migration, which is nearly universal in the population, tends to equalize allele frequencies among troops but with differential effect on age-sex categories over the short term. Four predictions are made by the model: (1) heterogeneity of intertroop allele frequencies; (2) high gene frequency variance and high levels of genetic diversity among adult females; (3) low non-adult gene frequency variance and genetic diversity; and (4) intermediate adult male genetic diversity and gene frequency variance. These predictions are compared to observations. Persistent intertroop and intercategory genetic differentiation indicates that, in the short run, the equalizing effect of adult male intertroop migration on allele frequencies is overcome by more powerful diversifying forces. Mating pattern and social structure are exerting strong influence on the genetic structure of the population and are directing, in a significant way, the distribution of alleles within and among social groups. |
| 1981 | SIDDIQUI, DILNAWAZ AHMED | NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNERS’ AWARENESS OF AND SUPPORTIVENESS FOR ADULT EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN BOTSWANA, KENYA, TANZANIA AND ZAMBIA | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 252 | The fact that there is a strong correlation between adult education and socioeconomic development has been amply established in the recent social science literature. Consequently, there seems to be growing realization among national development planners (NDPs) in the world in general and those in the Third World in particular that adult education can play an important role in national development. Nevertheless, the level of funding for adult education continues to be inadequate even in developing nations, which need to utilize their human and material resources to attain the requisite level of socioeconomic growth. This study argues that the existing level of supportiveness for adult education is related to NDP’s lack of awareness of various aspects and needs of adult education. The purpose of this study therefore was to measure NDP’s awareness of and supportiveness for adult education in four African countries: Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. A review of literature on adult education and its relationship with national development yielded five components of supportiveness and five of awareness. Two research instruments (a mail questionnaire and an interview schedule) were designed. Part I of the questionnaire consisted of items related to various components of supportiveness; Part II incorporated questions on awareness; and Part III was intended to obtain biographical data on NDPs. The interview schedule was used as a multiple measure. A total of 485 NDPs were requested to complete the questionnaire. A return of 214 usable responses was obtained. The data were subjected to appropriate statistical devices to test any correlations between supportiveness and awareness, and between each of these two major variables and selected biographic variables. The major findings and conclusions included: (a) there was a strong correlation between NDP’s awareness and supportiveness; (b) there were inter-country differences in monetary supportiveness; (c) a larger proportion of NDPs did not consider adult education as a core indicator of national development; (d) there was a difference in awareness between Botswana and Zambia favoring the former; (e) although there were statistically significant correlations between monetary supportiveness for adult education and biographic variables, this dimension of supportiveness showed substantively negative correlation with age and service experience, and a positive correlation with educational level. Based on conclusions from both quantitative and qualitative data, it was recommended that (a) adult educators raise their professional competence and communication ability to persuade NDPs to commit adequate resources for adult education; (b) adult educators, in consultation with young and better educated NDPs attempt to raise the level of NDP’s awareness of various aspects and needs of adult education; and (c) future researchers conduct similar studies at the local and regional levels in the same countries, at all levels in other countries, as well as with further subdivisions of significant biographic variables, particularly age, service experience and educational level of NDPs. |
| 1981 | TAIWO, MONILOLA ARINOLA | PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GROUPING OF ISOLATES OF LACKEYE COWPEA AND COWPEA APHID-BORNE MOSAIC VIRUSES; AND INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO BLACKEYE COWPEA MOSAIC VIRUS | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 95 | The biological, physical, immunological and some biochemical properties of single isolates of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) from Florida and New York were compared with those of single isolates of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAMV) from Cyprus, Morocco, Kenya and Nigeria. Using antisera prepared to each of the six isolates, serological tests including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immune electron microscopy (IEM), and Ouchterlony double diffusion in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used to compare the isolates. Results from these tests showed that the isolates could be divided into two serological groups which were defined as BlCMV and CAMV. The BlCMV group was comprised of both isolates of BlCMV and the Kenya and Nigeria isolates of CAMV. The CAMV group contained the Morocco and Cyprus isolates. In all tests, isolates within a group showed very close, if not identical, serological relationship. Antisera to isolates of the CAMV group did not detectably react to isolates of the BlCMV group. Similarly, antisera to the Florida and Nigeria isolates did not react with members of the CAMV group in SDS-immunodiffusion and ELISA tests. However, antisera from bleedings taken 16 wk or more after injecting rabbits with the New York and Kenya isolates reacted weakly with Morocco and Cyprus isolates in SDS-immunodiffusion tests. In IEM tests, antisera to all isolates in the BlCMV group moderately decorated the isolates in the CAMV group, but no decoration was observed in the reciprocal test. Further characterization of these six isolates on the basis of their biological property confirmed the grouping made on the basis of their immunological property. On the basis of their reaction on selected cowpea lines, the six isolates were again classified into the BlCMV or CAMV group. No common source of resistance was found for both CAMV and BlCMV, but cowpea lines possessing resistance to each virus group were identified. These resistant lines were used for differentiating the isolates as BlCMV or CAMV. The BlCMV group consisted of the Florida and New York isolates of BlCMV and the Kenya and Nigeria isolates of CAMV, whereas the CAMV group included the Morocco and Cyprus isolates. In reciprocal cross protection tests, neither the Kenya nor Florida isolates would cross protect against the Morocco isolate, and vice versa. However, the size of the capsid protein, the sedimentation rate of the nucleic acid, and the length of the particles of the six isolates were very similar. The results presented indicate that although CAMV and BlCMV have similar physical properties, they can be grouped according to differences in host range on cowpea lines and their immunological properties. Moreover, two of the isolates previously regarded as CAMV were identical to BlCMV. Crosses between the resistant cowpea line TVU 2480 obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria and the susceptible domestic cultivar Early Ramshorn were used to determine the inheritance of resistance to BlCMV. Evaluation of F(,1), F(,2), and reciprocal backcross populations by symptomatology and ELISA clearly indicated that a single recessive gene controls the high level of resistance. The symbol bcm (blackeye cowpea mosaic) is assigned to this factor. IITA cowpea lines TVU 2740, TVU 3273, TVU 2657, and TVU 2845 seem to possess this same gene. |
| 1981 | THOMAS, BARBARA PINNEY | LOCAL ORGANIZATION, POLITICS AND PARTICIPATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF HARAMBEE SELF-HELP IN KENYA | BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY | PHD | 349 | Statement of the Problem. Frustration over the inability of many policies and programs to generate sustained rural growth and development in Third World nations has led to a new interest in decentralized planning for development, in local participation in project planning and implementation, and in the use of local institutions and organizations for development purposes. An analysis of self-help projects in Kenya provides a variety of insights on issues concerning local organization for development. This research explores four questions: (1) What is the role of Harambee self-help in the Kenyan political process? What has been its function in both national and local politics and how has the political process shaped self-help? (2) What has been the impact of Harambee on local development? How do we assess Harambee’s effect on rural infrastructure, on local equity concerns and on participation at the local level? (3) How does Harambee self-help link national with locally defined social and economic objectives? (4) Given Harambee’s political and ideological functions, as well as its role in local socio-economic change, how do we assess its effectiveness as a mode of development? Methodology. Research on Harambee in Kenya was conducted under the auspices of the Institute for Development Studies of the University of Nairobi in 1978 and 1979. Six locations (an administrative unit) in three districts were selected for an in-depth, longitudinal study of their self-help efforts, as well as a cross-sectional comparative analysis of specific types of projects found within these communities. To supplement the field work and to provide historical perspective, extensive research was undertaken at the Archives of the Government of Kenya; anthropological studies of the four ethnic groups resident in the locations were examined; and current public documents, such as District Development Plans, were utilized. Results. Data gathered in the six locations reveal that self-help can release private resources for community purposes. Within communities self-help can be an equitable method for building rural infrastructure. Contribution levels are higher among more affluent socio-economic groups while benefits are enjoyed across socio-economic strata. Statistical data show that self-help is an important means of directing urban wealth back into rural areas, but the process contributes to increasing disparities among geographical areas. Central Province, already the most powerful politically and economically of Kenya’s seven provinces, receives approximately one-third of the value of Harambee resources generated. Conclusions. Harambee has provided a buffer between the central Government and the demands of a sensitized and mobilized rural public. It has placed a premium on organizational capacity in the rural areas, for those who can organize their communities and take some initiative in development projects can gain access to resources available through Harambee mechanisms. It has sharpened inter-elite conflicts and intra-elite linkages, and, since these are based on ethnic and regional foundations, it has blurred and diffused class differences. Finally, Harambee has clearly linked successful self-help projects with political effectiveness on the part of leaders and joined development issues to political ones at the local level. In the process, it has served to legitimize and justify the emerging political and economic systems to the Kenyan public, and it is used by elites to justify the accumulation of wealth in an economic system which permits great inequities. In the six locations studied, self-help has enhanced the well being of local residents. As an approach to development, however, it has not led to long-term organizational efforts or to overall structural changes in the distribution of economic and political power within Kenya. |
| 1981 | TOMLINSON, RICHARD HUGH | SPATIAL INEQUALITY AND PUBLIC POLICY IN LESS-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF KENYA | RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY – NEW BRUNSWICK | PHD | 255 | The study has two foci. One deals with the use of Kenya as a subject, and informs on the causes of spatial inequality in that country and on potential remedies to that inequality. The other consists of the development of a theoretical perspective which emphasizes national political and economic factors as the source of present trends in spatial inequality in less-developed countries. Much of this study is a reaction against the typical regional planning analysis which seeks in backward regions themselves the causes of their backwardness. The reemphasis developed demonstrates the explanatory power of national factors in determining trends in spatial inequality. The analysis of the causes of the trends focuses on the spatial disbursement of public expenditure, the implicit spatial effects of sectoral policy, and the way in which the country’s institutions operate so as to benefit specific regions. The role attributed to these factors is a result of considering the neoclassical and cumulative causation models, and Marxist theories which purport to explain trends in spatial inequality in less-developed countries. The empirical assessment of the trends, it is argued, supports the view that they are indeterminate in general, and not readily explained by any of the three views. Instead trends in spatial inequality are found to be the effect of the policies and institutions each less-developed country adopts. In the attempt to establish the reasons for the adoption of this or that policy or institution the study as been influenced by class analysis. It is held that the dominant classes direct the policies and institutions to their own ends, and to those of their constituents. The result of adopting this perspective has been the analysis of: Kenya’s class structure so as to elicit the interests of the dominant classes, the types of economic change they propagate, and the rationale for public policy; politics in Kenya with a view to ascertaining what mechanisms exist for backward regions to gain advantage in public policy, and those policies and institutions which have spatial effects. The analysis has highlighted factors such as the policy determined rural-urban terms of trade as a source of relative rural improvement. Following the examination of these national factors, Kenya’s directly spatial policies were assessed. The policies are central place, growth centre, and innovation diffusion policies together with transportation improvements. Rather than relieving spatial inequality the policies are thought to exacerbate it. This effect is considered to result from the sectoral context of spatial policy. If sectoral policies favour import substituting industries and have turned the terms of trade against agriculture then, for example, transportation improvements increase the spatial extent of the market for these industries, and thereby facilitate the capital drain out of the rural areas which is prompted by the terms of trade. Policy responses to the problem of spatial inequality occur within a redistribution with growth framework. The costs of redistribution are to a significant extent held to be illusory since redistribution is not thought likely to reduce aggregate savings in Kenya, and since small farmers and the informal sector use capital more productively than the modern sector. After rejecting the regional policies mentioned above due to their ineffectiveness, and also the recently advocated ‘selective closure’ bottom-up policies for goal inconsistency, spatial policies which constitute the spatial component of a redistribution with growth strategy are suggested. These policies, and sectoral policy adjustments which might serve to relieve spatial inequality, are then outlined. The substance of the policies deals with the promotion of rural development, consisting of increased output in the agricultural and informal sectors which is propagated by the poorer segments of Kenya’s population. |
| 1981 | VROOM, JANHENDRIK ALBERTUS | DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL COURSE OF STUDY FOR TRAVEL-TOURISM FOR A TWO YEAR DEGREE OR CERTIFICATE | THE CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 130 | This dissertation discussed the growth of travel-tourism during the last three decades as well as the availability of leisure time and recreation. During this growth period, travel for pleasure transformed from a privileged few to several million. Fast air transportation transformed the world into a neighborhood. Incentive travel and special interest group travel added to the total travel picture. Travelers asked questions which needed to be answered, so as their numbers increased, so did the numbers of travel agencies. Locations increased to more than 17,000, requiring the need for additional staff and education. An investigatory study was made of the curricula of seven institutions offering travel-tourism courses, one in the Netherlands, one in Germany, one in Switzerland, one in Kenya, one in Canada and two in the United States. This was supplemented by personal interviews with faculty, directors, students and on-site inspections. The researcher found that the two American and the African institutions provided students with an educational background for entry level positions, while the European and Canadian institutions provided students with an educational background for management positions. A review of the literature was made, including the literature in the Dutch, French and German languages. Additional investigations took place at the Travel Research Associates center located on the grounds of the University of Colorado at Boulder as well as the U. S. Travel Data Center in Washington, D.C. Several interviews took place with tourism experts and travel-tourism educators during the fifteenth annual Internationale Tourismus Borse (International Tourism Exchange) in West Berlin, Germany. The result of these interviews, personal visits, on-site inspections and literature reviews and thirty-four years of experience as a travel agent, assisted the researcher in the design and development of the model program in Travel-Tourism Administration leading to an Associate of Arts degree. This model was submitted to a small panel of five experts in the travel-tourism industry and education for evaluation and approval. The model program was changed to incorporate minor changes as suggested by these experts. It is recommended that additional studies be made of other parts of the United States and abroad as well, and that a Travel-Tourism Administration program for a Baccalaureate degree be developed. Students who earn their Associate of Arts degree could then transfer and continue their education. |
| 1981 | WHITTIER, PATRICIA RUTH | SYSTEMS OF APPELLATION AMONG THE KENYAH DAYAK OF BORNEO | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 180 | This study presents one aspect, the naming system, of the culture of the Kenyah Dayak people of central Borneo. The Kenyah are swidden rice agriculturists occupying long-house villages in the Borneo highlands in both the Indonesian province of Kalimantan Timur and the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Field research among the Kenyah was carried out in 1970-71 (Kalimantan Timur) and in 1973-75 (Sarawak); a one-month visit to the Sarawak research site was made in March-April 1980. One chapter contains an ethnographic summary as background to the specific discussion of Kenyah names and other forms of address. Comparative material is drawn from other Southeast Asian societies where appropriate. The focus here is on names and other forms of address as social and cultural, rather than linguistic, phenomena. There are several sub-systems that comprise the Kenyah system of appellation. These include kin terms; autonyms, teknonyms, necronyms, and gerontonyms. Some of these catagories provide alternate forms available to a given individual (e.g., a kin term or an autonym); others are mutually exclusive (e.g., teknonyms and necronyms), but taken as a whole they form a coherent system. A Kenyah in his/her lifetime bears a series of appellations that change with changes in the closest interpersonal relationships. The arrival of children and grandchildren and the deaths of certain relatives are all occasions for changes in forms of appellation. For small children, persistent illness may also result in name changes. The name sequence in both biographical and social. It underscores not only the stage of a person’s life and the major events of that life, but also his/her social context. An individual’s name shows where he/she fits into the geneological layers of children, adults, and elders that cut across Kenyah society as well as his/her membership in the primary social units: conjugal pair, household, and longhouse. In summary, this study attempts to show not only how the sub-systems of Kenyah appellation are related to each other to form a coherent cultural segment, but also how this cultural segment is articulated with Kenyah social structure. |
| 1981 | WOLGEMUTH, JUNE CAROL | THE EFFECT OF HEALTH AND NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION LABORERS IN KENYA | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 329 | Previous research which has endeavored to show the effects of health and nutrition interventions on worker productivity has been inconclusive. A field study was undertaken in Kenya to re-examine these effects. The following main hypotheses were tested: (1) low anthropometric and health parameters are associated with low worker productivity; (2) inadequate nutrient intake decreases worker productivity; (3) the provision of a high energy food supplement will maintain or improve worker output to a greater extent than a lower energy supplement. The study was conducted among male and female road construction workers who were employed by the Rural Access Roads Program. After an initial baseline data collection, workers were assigned to either Group I, who received a food supplement containing 200 kcal/day, or to Group II, who received a food supplement containing 1000 kcal/day. Assignment to either group was made on the basis of cross-stratification. The food supplement was offered to the workers for about four months. The baseline data (period 1) consisted of anthropometric measurements, hematology and clinical analyses, food procurement practices, worker productivity measurements, and socioeconomic characteristics. Group I and Group II workers were well matched for most of the variables measured. Dietary intakes and anthropometric measurements were repeated during a midpoint (period 2) data collection period as well as at the end of the study (period 3). Final worker productivity measurements were repeated at the end of the study. The principal findings of the study were the following. Over 65% of all workers were under 85% of standard weight-for-height. Almost 18% of the workers were under 75% of standard weight-for-height. Each anthropometric variable showed that female workers were relatively better nourished than male workers. In addition, a greater percentage of marginal to deficient hematological values were found among male workers as compared to female workers. Parasitic infections were light and were considered to be insufficient to interfere with normal daily activities. Clinical signs of malnutrition among workers were few. Energy intakes of workers in both groups were deficient as were available iron and niacin intakes. Protein and ascorbic acid intakes were adequate. While energy intakes of Group I workers were greater than intakes of Group II workers at the midpoint and final measurement periods, intakes did not reach recommended levels of intake. Analysis of changes in food consumption at home suggested that the supplement was in part substituted for normal intake and/or contributed to a seasonal shortage of food which may have occurred during the latter part of the study. Between the baseline data collection period and the midpoint period. Group II male workers significantly gained in weight as did Group I females. The weight gains of Group I males and Group II females were not significant. However, between the midpoint and final data collection periods, Group II males lost weight while all other workers showed no significant changes. The mean weight of all workers, except that of Group I females, were no higher at the end of the study than at the beginning. Group II workers receiving the high energy supplement did show a significant increase in productivity (0.10 m(‘3)/per hour) over that at the baseline. This is a gain in productivity of 13%. This is considerably higher than that in Group I workers receiving the low energy supplement whose productivity rose only 0.03 m(‘3)/per hour which was not significantly above that at the baseline. As days worked had a significant negative effect on productivity, this affected also the relationships of supplementation of productivity (workers had to work in order to receive either of the supplements). Improvements in certain anthropometric measurements (notably arm circumference and arm muscle area) were significantly related to gains in productivity. Therefore ‘successful’ supplementation which improves nutritional status appears to have a positive effect and to increase worker productivity. |
| 1981 | YOUNG, TRUMAN POST, III | THE COMPARATIVE POPULATION OF BIOLOGY OF LOBELIA TELEKII AND LOBELIA KENIENSIS IN THE ALPINE ZONE OF MOUNT KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA | PHD | 191 | This dissertation reports investigations into the theory of the evolution of semelparity and iteroparity, and empirical studies of a particular plant system. A critical review of previous theoretical models of semelparity and iteroparity is followed by a new and more general model. This model predicts that increasing values of juvenile survivorship, population growth rate, and the ratio of prereproductive development time (PDT) to the time between reproductive episodes (TBR) favor semelparity. Increasing values of adult survivorship and age of senescence favor iteroparity. The effect of increasing values of TBR or PDT depend on whether an absolute or a relative difference in fecundity associated with life history differences is considered. A three year study of the population biology of the rosette plants Lobelia telekii and Lobelia keniensis is reported. Rosettes of either species invariably die after reproduction. Branched, multirosette plants may reproduce repeatedly. L. telekii is usually unbranched and semelparous. L. keniensis is usually branched and iteroparous. The two species separate along a gradient related to soil moisture. Soils analyses and demographic data indicate that this gradient from wet to dry is also one of generally increasing resource availability. Interspecific and intraspecific variation in growth form and life history parallel this gradient, with semelparity being more common in the drier sites, and iteroparity being more common in the wetter sites. As resource availability increases, mean inflorescence height increases in L. telekii, whereas in L. keniensis, mean inflorescence height remains constant, and mean clone size (number of rosettes) increases. In L. telekii the number of seeds per pod is strongly correlated with inflorescence size. In L. keniensis, the number of seeds per pod is independent of inflorescence size, but is strongly correlated with clone size. Pollination experiments indicate that Mount Kenya Lobelias, which are bird pollinated, are also capable of self pollination. Bird visitation does not affect numerical seed set, but does increase seed germination rates. Detailed demographic tables are produced for both species, for different sites and for both wet and dry periods. These demographic studies imply that moisture is the key resource for both species. Age to first reproduction is estimated at 30 to 50 years. |
| 1982 | ANTHONY, CONSTANCE GAY | THE TRANSFER OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY TO EAST AFRICA: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND THE POLITICS OF MECHANIZATION AND MAIZE | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 333 | Technology is an extremely important resource for development. In this investigation of technology and development the role of two East African states and several international aid agencies is examined in order to explore the problem of how political imperatives interact with technological imperatives in the design, implementation, and impact of technology’s utilization as a development resource. Two different technology case studies are presented-agricultural mechanization and the improvement of an important African food crop, maize. These technologies are used by the political actors as instruments for the accomplishment of political objectives. But the technologies themselves make demands upon the agents of their introduction for support and maintenance which impose technological imperatives upon political institutions. For international aid agencies, in the case of agricultural mechanization, there are two policy camps at war with one another. The technological lines of battle between those who advocate tractors and those who support small scale alternative technology are given by the larger political issues of development policy which currently divide the aid community. The development and improvement of maize, in contrast, is part of a multilateral aid effort for which a technological paradigm of some considerable force sets the foundation for the growth and institutionalization of an international aid regime. For East African states, in the case of agricultural mechanization, the technology was used to expand the market and raise agricultural productivity; to build popular support for the government; to set down a structure of land tenure and in so doing establish the social relations of production. The tractor is successful in accomplishing these goals when it is introduced into a farming system which can support its utilization or when the state is able to support its subsidization. In the case of maize, the basic political goals of state building are essentially the same, but the constraints upon the introduction of the technology are different. The colonial legacy of support for food crops and post independence development strategies of capitalism on the one hand, and socialism on the other, lead to the diffusion of new technology in Kenya and a partial failure in Tanzania. |
| 1982 | ARAP RONO, PAUL KIMUTAI | EDUCATIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL ASPIRATIONS AND EXPECTATIONS OF SENIOR SECONDARY BOYS AND GIRLS IN KERICHO-DISTRICT, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI | EDD | 150 | The object of the survey was to identify characteristics which relate to expressed educational and occupational aspirations and expectations of senior secondary school students in Kericho-District, Kenya. The data used in this descriptive survey revealed that certain aspects of the home and school environments did influence the students on their educational aspirations, educational expectations, occupational choices and ability to continue education. It was also noted that parents without formal schooling could not help their children in occupational choices. Parental encouragement was deemed essential for the children in their consideration of continuing education, educational aspirations and educational expectations. In additional analyses, it was indicated that parents’ landownership and students’ sex (male/female) were statistically significant in ability to continue education. The students perceived that landownership may indicate that the parents were able to get enough income from the farm to enable the parents to send their children to unaided schools or private technical or vocational colleges. Approximately 73 per cent of the seniors made their occupational choices in their senior year (i.e. twelfth grade or Form IV). Previous academic performance and performance in trial (mock) examinations were the best indicators of educational aspirations and educational expectations. |
| 1982 | BARASA, JULIUS MALILO | AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTED STUDIES OF KENYAN SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION: 1945-1981 | OHIO UNIVERSITY | PHD | 162 | The purposes of this study are (1) to analyze the selected research on secondary school education in Kenya between 1945 and 1981; and (2) to identify the persistent problems, the recommended solutions, and the difficulties that have affected the improvement of the Kenyan secondary school education. The method of investigation included the selection and analysis of nineteen major studies on secondary school education in Kenya, and letters of inquiry sent to institutions, organizations, and individual experts on the educational system of Kenya. Sources used in this investigation were official reports and records, books, journals, unpublished theses and dissertations, and other research. The data drawn from the investigations were examined by historical criticism. This study reveals that colonial secondary education in Kenya is based on the British model and that it is not directed toward the needs of Africans. Following Kenyan Independence, December, 1963, African leaders made changes in the educational system to meet the needs of the Kenyans. Also, the study reveals that, inspite of the great achievements during post-Independence, many problems still prevail in Kenya. First, the selection of students for secondary schools is a major problem. Second, the lack of qualified African teachers for secondary schools in Kenya is a serious problem. Third, Kenya’s secondary educational system continues to experience financial problems; also, it is more academic oriented but the need for vocational education exists. Fourth, there is a lack of adequate secondary school facilities in Kenya. Fifth, a suitable language for classroom instruction in secondary schools is an acute problem and difficult to solve in Kenya. |
| 1982 | BIRCHETTE, MARK GOODRUM JR | THE POSTCRANIAL SKELETON OF PARACOLOBUS CHEMERONI | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 507 | Paracolobus chemeroni is a large Plio-Pleistocene colobine monkey from the Lake Baringo area (Chemeron Formation) of Kenya. The holotype and sole definitively-assigned specimen, KNM BC3 BC, is the most complete and well-preserved pre-Pleistocene catarrhine reported to date. A comprehensive, formal description of the entire postcranial skeleton was not possible at the time of the original diagnosis (1969); this study provides a thorough anatomical and osteometric description of the P. chemeroni postcrania. The exceptionally complete nature of the specimen permits detailed assessments of separate skeletal elements which can then be synthesized into a functional overview of a particular body region. The shoulder girdle and forearm are the focal points for such an overview here, and on the basis of the combined evidence from the forelimb material, a reasonable repertoire of locomotor and postural behaviors is formulated. Paracolobus was appreciably larger than any extant colobine, a fact which compels consideration of allometric factors that might have influenced skeletal morphology. Regression equations for highly significantly correlated bivariate relationships were computed for a series of modern colobines and are used to establish general guidelines for determining which morphological traits of P. chemeroni deviate markedly from theoretical expectations. The difficulties of reconstructing behavior from fossil evidence are underscored by an animal such as Paracolobus: its forelimb skeleton does not conform to preconceived ideas regarding an ‘arboreal’ or a ‘terrestrial’ Old World monkey morphological pattern, but rather presents, initially, a seemingly peculiar array of osteological traits with respect to their presumed functional significance. One extremely important result of this work, however, is the discovery that several skeletal traits conventionally viewed as indicators of locomotor habits and/or substrate preferences for all cercopithecids, are not necessarily associated with the same behavioral adaptations in both subfamilies. When the Paracolobus forelimb is interpreted within a carefully-delineated set of colobine morphological patterns, it is seen as that of an essentially arboreally-adapted monkey. The postcranial skeleton of Paracolobus chemeroni is dramatically different from that of its ‘contemporary’, Cercopithecoides williamsi, and argues for a more distant phylogenetic relationship between these two taxa than was formerly believed. |
| 1982 | BOAZ, DOROTHY DECHANT | MODERN RIVERINE TAPHONOMY: ITS RELEVANCE TO THE INTERPRETATION OF PLIO-PLEISTOCENE HOMINID PALEOECOLOGY IN THE OMO BASIN, ETHIOPIA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 397 | This study focuses on the subject of modern riverine taphonomy and its application to the interpretation of fossil accumulations from the Plio-Pleistocene fluviatile sediments of the Omo Basin, Ethiopia. Fluvial sedimentary environments are described. The changes undergone by skeletons from the time of death to the time of burial are discussed. The drainage basin of a perennial river is analyzed in terms of potential for skeletal transport and burial in upland, floodplain and channel environments. The problem of repeated exposure and burial and bones in fluvial systems is examined. Studies of skeletal transport, accumulation and burial were made on Recent bones found in subsidiary stream channels and excavated from fluvial sediments of the Mara River, Kenya. Two excavations yielded Recent bones: (1) the remains of wildebeest carcasses accumulated as a result of mass drownings which occur during the movements of large migrational herds in the Reserve near the end of the dry season, (2) a small sample of several herbivore species found on a point bar of the Mara River. The events leading from death to burial are interpreted. The channels of five subsidiary streams were surveyed for surface bones. Thirteen mammalian herbivore species were recorded in various degrees of skeletal disarticulation and dispersal. Causes of death are attributed to predation, primarily by leopards, and to accident, particularly for wildebeests. Comparisons are made between the living census information for individual species and the recorded skeletal sample. The bone assemblage was found to preserve best a record of the large herbivore species living in the Reserve. Skeletal remains were present as a function of skeletal endurance, population size, species’ behaviors and leopard prey-preference. Migrant and resident species were both represented by large numbers of carcasses. The assemblage contained a variety of herbivore species, some that preferred the proximal riverine woodland habitat and others that occurred there only in death. Three hominid-bearing fossil samples excavated from Plio-Pleistocene fluviatile sediments of the Omo Basin, Ethiopia are analyzed taphonomically. Findings from the Recent bone samples facilitate the taphonomical and paleoecological interpretations. |
| 1982 | BUNN, HENRY THOMAS, III | MEAT-EATING AND HUMAN EVOLUTION: STUDIES ON THE DIET AND SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS OF PLIO-PLEISTOCENE HOMINIDS IN EAST AFRICA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 532 | The subject of early hominid diet has long been controversial. Some of the best available and most direct evidence for aspects of Plio-Pleistocene hominid diet is contained in the archaeological record from East Africa. Archaeological sites dated to approximately 2-1.5 million years ago at Koobi Fora, Kenya, and Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, have yielded large assemblages of stone artifacts and fossilized animal bones. Based primarily on the association with artifacts, the bone assemblages have previously been interpreted as hominid food refuse, although that interpretation has recently been questioned. One of the principal aims of this research project has been to determine whether or not the assemblages of animal bones from sites at Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge constitute unambiguous evidence for meat-eating by our Plio-Pleistocene hominid ancestors. Detailed analyses of Plio-Pleistocene bone assemblages from eleven Koobi Fora sites and from four Olduvai sites are presented. The largest and best preserved assemblage is from the FLK Zinjanthropus site, which has yielded over 40,000 mammalian bone specimens: a summary report, a lengthy, more technical appendix, and numerous illustrations are provided on the FLK Zinjanthropus assemblage. To provide a strong basis for interpreting the Plio-Pleistocene bone data, comparable analyses are presented for several modern bone assemblages of known derivation, including assemblages from a San hunter-gatherer camp, two large carnivore dens, and a large ungulate trampling experiment. Artifact-induced butchery marks and hammerstone-induced fracture patterns on numerous bones link some of the assemblages to hominid subsistence activities, involving the skinning and disarticulation of the carcasses of animals ranging from gazelles to elephants, and the removal of meat and marrow from some bones. Aspects of skeletal representation indicate that hominids probably transported parts of different animal carcasses to central locations. Other types of evidence indicate that the bone assemblages are not solely attributable to hominids: rather, they are surviving remnants of a dynamic system involving many complex taphonomic processes. The implications of the evidence for meat-eating by hominids are discussed, and aspects of future research are suggested. |
| 1982 | BUZZARD, SHIRLEY ANNE | WOMEN’S STATUS AND WAGE EMPLOYMENT IN KISUMU, KENYA | THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 289 | This research concerns the effect wage employment for women, with the accompanying potential for economic independence, has on women’s status in the domestic domain. The data were collected during 10 months fieldwork in Kisumu, Kenya, during 1980. The primary methodology was participant observation supplemented with interviews with a 10 percent sample of the women in modern sector jobs. Kisumu offers an increasing number of jobs for women because it is a center of education and social services for the surrounding rural area. Most of the women are Luo, who comprise 85 percent of Kisumu’s population. Other sources of data include divorce records, life histories, bank records, students’ essays, and personnel records of large employers of women. Data were collected on migration, household composition, work history, and marital status. Luo men traditionally have power over their wives because they own the land on which women depend for survival. They also have custody of children by virtue of paying brideprice. Supernatural sanctions reinforce the cultural value of the passive, reproductive role for women. In Kisumu, even though women may have cash incomes, they remain dependent on their husbands for social status. There is no approved social niche for unmarried women. Husbands have rights to privacy and social interactions which women lack. These male privileges are part of a powerful set of symbols which, along with the right to beat one’s wife, legitimize men’s position as household heads with authority over their wives. Alternatives to marriage for women and few and not attractive. For women with little education, becoming a housegirl or a bargirl are the primary options. A few women take their grievances against their husbands to court and obtain divorces and custody of their children on grounds not allowed under customary law. It is concluded that while access to economic resources is a necessary first step in changing women’s status, it is not enough. When women lack alternative mole models and when female submissivity is prized, then women are likely to share men’s values concerning the subordination of women, and women’s status in the domestic sphere remains low. |
| 1982 | CHALE, FRANCIS MARKUS MPENDAKULYA | EFFECTS OF A CYPERUS PAPYRUS (LOISEL) SWAMP ON SEWAGE EFFLUENTS | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 154 | The effectiveness of a papyrus swamp for the removal of nutrients from domestic wastewater was investigated in a small tropical swamp in Kenya, East Africa. The study was conducted in a man-made impoundment transformed in a swamp which receives sewage effluent discharged in a stream. Temporal and spatial distribution of nutrients were determined in the swamp for a period of one year (October 1980 to August 1981). They included the measurement of nitrogen and phosphorus together with temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen. Also determined were the removal and release of nutrients by the plants and bottom sediments. Standard models were used in the determination of the physico-chemical parameters. A comparison between water quality characteristics of the input versus the output from the swamp indicated significant decreases in the mean temperature and conductivity by 20.2% and 23.4%, respectively. Dissolved oxygen was reduced by 84.2%, ammonium by 76.3% and nitrite ions fell by 66.5%. Reduction in orthophosphate was in the order of 79.5% and for total organic phosphorus was 44.4%. The harvested papyrus plants have a biomass of 4,955 g m(‘-2) (dry weight). The percentage nitrogen content of the various plant organs were: roots, 4.80; rhizomes, 8.39; sheathing scale leaves, 4.49; culms, 4.82 and for umbels, 6.24. The percentages for phosphorus were: roots, 0.093; rhizomes, 0.105; sheathing scale leaves, 0.089; culms, 0.104 and umbels, 0.129. The swamp mud contained 1.48% nitrogen and 0.05% phosphorus. Research findings indicate that papyrus swamps are efficient in nutrient removal for the purpose of wastewater renovation. Nevertheless, they may impose serious public health problems. These problems are associated with the spread of water borne-contact diseases, such as viral-bacteria and parasites. But there is no evidence to show that the discharge of wastewater to a swamp necessarily aggravates the negative public health aspects of the swamp. On the other hand, evidence exists that shows swamps reduce the BOD(,5) and COD to very low levels, and also they remove viruses and bacteria. In short, it can be concluded that papyrus swamps could be used for domestic sewage effluent renovation, if coupled with periodic harvesting. |
| 1982 | COHEN, ANDREW SCOTT | ECOLOGICAL AND PALEOECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RIFT VALLEY LAKES OF EAST AFRICA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS | PHD | 327 | This dissertation consists of four shorter contributions. (1) Benthic Environments And Ecology Of Lake Turkana Kenya. Lake Turkana is an alkaline, rift valley lake. During 1978-79 five shallow water environments and associated faunas were investigated. Faunal associations show weak connections with substrate textures. Most invertebrates are detritivorous but due to very low food content in deeper water sediments, population densities are low. Species diversity reaches a maximum at intermediate water depths. (2) Lacustrine Paleochemical Interpretations Based On East And South African Ostracodes. Lacustrine ostracodes are sensitive to fluctuations in water chemistry characteristics in East and South African lakes. Four assemblages of ostracodes are recognized, based upon increasing alkalinity and salinity in inland waters. These assemblages can be used to evaluate the paleochemistries of ancient lake deposits from their fossil ostracode faunas. An example from Lake Nakuru, Kenya is given. (3) Paleolimnological Research At Lake Turkana. Lake Turkana has a geological history extending back in time to at least the late Miocene. Before the Pliocene a number of smaller lakes existed in the region, coalescing into a large lake about 5m.y. B.P. From 4.5-3.2m.y. B.P. the lake underwent fluctuations in terms of lake level due primarily to tectonism. At about 1.8m.y. B.P. an important climatic shift caused widespread declines in lake levels throughout E. Africa. Fluctuation in lake level between open and closed basin conditions have characterized the time interval from 1.8m.y. B.P. to the present. (4) Paleoenvironments Of Root Casts From The Koobi Fora Formation, Kenya. A study of fossil root casts from East Turkana has shown them to be useful paleoenvironmental indicators. Several important environments which contain root casts have been discriminated, notable fluvial channels and shallow lacustrine conditions. Five root cast morphologies have been observed. Shallow lacustrine deposits primarily contain root mats and horizontal roots, while the fluvial paleochannels contain vertical and diagonal root casts. Studies of modern roots in arid climates suggest that these root casts form through a combination of paleogroundwater and post mortem conditions. Plants growing along intermittent streams form vertical tap roots to take advantage of deep phreatic water, while those inhabiting shallow lacustrine environments extend their roots laterally. |
| 1982 | COY, MICHAEL WILLIAM, JR. | THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF BLACKSMITHS AMONG KALENJIN-SPEAKING PEOPLES OF THE RIFT VALLEY, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | PHD | 265 | It is the purpose of this research to examine the social and economic relations of blacksmiths in the Rift Valley, Kenya. Among the goals of this project is the definition of factors that influence the social status of traditional occupational specialists. Further, a detailed description of the economics of ironworking is offered. The research is focused on an occupational category rather than a tribal entity and concerns itself with a number of Kalenjin-speaking peoples of Baringo and Elgeyo-Marakwet Districts (Tugen, Endo, Elgeyo, Marakwet, and Pokot). Data collection began with the collection of basic ethnography. A survey of the smiths of the area was carried out, with extensive interviews conducted with each informant. In the final phase of research the investigator was apprenticed to a smith in order that the details of production techniques and the more secretive aspects of the craft might be collected. It was determined that the status of smiths varies directly with local ecological conditions. It is suggested that the nature of the smith’s role in each ecological context, defined by his contribution to the economic system employed therein, is the foundation for the affect with which he is viewed. It is this affective response that is most often reported as the smith’s status. The perception held by non-craftsmen of the smith and his craft is caste-like. However, there is no overriding patrilineal inheritance or clan relatedness for the craft. The smith’s economic role enables him to exert a certain degree of social and economic control. The smiths engage in purposeful efforts to surround their craft with secrecy, mystery, and supernaturalism in order to maintain effective monopolies over the production of iron goods in their exclusive market areas. Restrictions placed on the recruitment of new smiths limit the proliferation of craftsmen, further reinforcing economic monopoly and related social control. It is hypothesized that productive, defensive, and other classes of commodities are embued with specific elements of material control. This results in specific social status attributions on the part of non-craftsmen as seen in the economic/ecological complexes described in this report. |
| 1982 | ELLISTON, EDGAR JAMES | CURRICULUM FOUNDATIONS FOR LEADERSHIP EDUCATION IN THE SAMBURU CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 312 | The purpose of the study is to compare the leadership expectations of the Samburu (Loikop) of north central Kenya, of the missionaries of the Christian Missionary Fellowship in Kenya and certain biblical criteria for Christian leadership. The study is intended to provide a basis for educationally effective, culturally appropriate and biblically authentic curricular planning for the Samburu and CMF missionaries–for the Samburu as they lead in the church and for the missionaries as they work with the Samburu. The study has immediate applications for both missions and development agencies who may work with Nilotic peoples. It has more general application to the education of leaders in intercultural situations. The recommendations for beginning to work focus on areas of agreement among the three sets of data. Recommendations for orientation are made regarding matters of disagreement among the sets of data. Criteria for evaluating Christian leadership are drawn from biblical texts and evangelical Christian writers. Six criteria are offered, the principal one of which is that Christian leaders should be servants. Eighty Samburu elders were interviewed to determine their leadership expectations and values. These men were from very traditional communities and from more progressive communities. All twelve of the CMF missionaries in Kenya at the time of the study were interviewed to determine both their own leadership expectations and how they value the responses given by the Samburus. Many traditional Samburu leadership values parallel biblical values. For example, leadership ought to be distributed and servant-based. Personal aspiration is to be disciplined to values of the community. Leaders ought to be recognized by the community served as being ‘worthy’ in the community. Some Samburu values contrast with missionary-held values. The Samburu values are closer to the biblical values than to the missionary values. In many ways the Samburu values are closer to biblical values than western values generally are. The Samburu values are more community and cooperatively oriented; whereas, the missionaries’ values tend to be more individualistic and competitively oriented. While both value a distributed leadership, the Samburu are more participative and the missionaries are more hierarchical and activistic. |
| 1982 | GATARA, TIMOTHY HENRY | THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION AND EDUCATION ON CURRENT FAMILY SIZE AND FERTILITY PREFERENCE IN KENYA | THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 152 | This dissertation is a work about the effects of education and religion on the current family size and the fertility preferences on the Kenyan women. It utilizes the method of path analysis and multiple regression to test a series of models, both recursive and non-recursive, that purportedly explain the variation in the dependent variable of interest. The findings indicate that western religion, ethnic affiliation and age are important determinants of educational attainment. Educational attainment is in turn an important determinant of age at first birth and does not affect significantly, and directly, the current fertility levels of the Kenya women. It, however, affects directly the number of additional children wanted. The study also demonstrates the strong negative effect of current fertility levels on fertility preferences. It is however shown by the non-recursive model that educational attainment has a reciprocal relationship with age at first birth, and so has the number of living children with additional children wanted. The non-recursive model is shown to be a better predictor of both the current fertility and fertility preferences, than the recursive model. The study concludes that relationships between fertility levels and the variables used here can be country specific, but also bear close resemblance to findings in the same area in western nations. Age at first birth, education and religion are seen as potentially practical variables for policy use, to influence both the current and expected future fertility levels in Kenya. They are, however, part of a rubric of factors relevant for changes in Kenya’s fertility levels in whatever direction. |
| 1982 | GOLDENBERG, DAVID ASHER | WE ARE ALL BROTHERS: THE SUPPRESSION OF CONSCIOUSNESS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION IN A KENYA LUO LINEAGE | BROWN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 362 | This dissertation examines the struggle of members of a Luo minimal patrilineage to maintain a definition of themselves as constituting an interest group in the context of Kenya’s neo-colonial economy, ethnic rivalries, and rapid urbanization. The recent emergence of a sharp pattern of stratification among members threatens a lineage identity based upon egalitarianism and belief in a joint fate. With the vast majority of its male members away from the home area working as migrants, JokMboya are dispersed all over Kenya. But it is shown that urban and rural settings constitute a unified social field for them. The differential impact of modern stratification is demonstrated in the rural homeland and in Nairobi. The work examines the most important tenets of Luo kinship–jealousy, seniority, egalitarianism, and joint fate-and explores how these are affected by new patterns of differentiation among members. A review of the lineage’s history reveals that despite the transformations of the colonial period, the unit remained relatively undifferentiated as members sought to elevate the fortunes of all its youth. However, the recruitment of a number of educated JokMboya to privileged positions in the post-Independence period has recently threatened the group’s unity. Members’ ties to the lineage lands near Lake Victoria are central. The homelands provide the most significant symbols of lineage coherence. And yet the lineage is now objectively divided between those who must rely upon their lands to support their families and those who have secured economic positions which permit them to house their families in urban areas. Beside the growing, obvious discrepancies in members’ life styles and in their children’s life chances, this division implies a split of the lineage into a majority for whom membership is vital, and a minority for whom it is essentially optional. It is my thesis that for the time being, lineage members are able to sustain their definition of themselves as an interest group through the manipulation of powerful symbolic forms as well as the suppression of discordant information which threatens to expose the crucial split. |
| 1982 | HAHN, NATALIE DIANE | WOMEN AND AGRARIAN REFORM (ETHIOPIA, KENYA, CHILE) | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 168 | This descriptive study explores and compares the position of women in agrarian and land reforms, with particular reference to Ethiopia, Chile and Kenya. Central to this research is the legal, educational, economic and social positions of women and agrarian reform, agricultural and national development. The conclusions from the three country comparison: (1) Little, if any consideration, was given to women’s role as agricultural producers or primarily as agricultural laborers when agrarian reform legislation was drafted and implemented in the three countries. It appears that although there was no intended discrimination against women, development planners, legislators and rural development officers involved in the agrarian reform process simply did not consider the differential impact on men and women; (2) Variances in political ideologies in the three countries did not enhance or inhibit women’s greater access to productive resources and supporting services within the three countries agrarian reform policies; (3) Within the agrarian reform implementation, none of the three countries considered women as possible heads of a rural household and therefore as deserving benefactors in an agrarian reformation; (4) Anthropological studies, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, tend to indicate that there was a greater complementary of roles between men and women within subsistence agriculture, subsistence pastoralism and mixed subsistence farms. An inequality for women has sometimes resulted from western laws and modernization schemes, in that women lose independent access to resources and supports enabling them to continue their complementary positions; (5) Within the agrarian reform attempts, there is a tendency to transfer priorities from subsistence to export crops with little attention given to the effect of this transfer on women’s economic status or the nutritional level of the families; (6) Supporting services, including popular participation in rural organizations, are an essential component of agrarian reform efforts. Yet, organization efforts and structural changes tend to place women in a secondary position, and, if activities are planned, they tend to cater to women’s domestic roles, and rarely to their economic potential. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) |
| 1982 | HARRISON, TERRY | SMALL-BODIED APES FROM THE MIOCENE OF EAST AFRICA (LIMNOPITHECUS, DENDROPITHECUS, MICROPITHECUS, SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY) | UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 663 | New finds of Miocene small-bodied apes from Koru in Western Kenya are described in detail, and provide the basis for a reassessment of the taxonomic status of previously described material from other East African sites. Five species of small-bodied apes are recognized, belonging to three genera, Limnopithecus, Micropithecus and Dendropithecus. The greatly increased sample of Limnopithecus legetet from Koru has permitted a more detailed understanding of the morphology of this taxon, leading to a revision of the material included in the hypodigm and a rediagnosis of the species and genus. Part of the material previously attributed to L. legetet is transferred to a separate species, Limnopithecus evansi MacInnes, 1943, which is resurrected as a valid taxon. A number of recently discovered specimens, referrable to Micropithecus clarki, confirm the generic distinctiveness of Micropithecus. Material previously referred to the subspecies Dendropithecus macinnesi songhorensis is considered to be a valid species and, furthermore, is transferred from the genus Dendropithecus to Micropithecus. The cranio-dental and postcranial material of the small-bodied apes is compared with that of other fossil and living primates. Functional inferences concerning dietary and locomotor differences are discussed, but particular emphasis is placed on the identification of characters important for assessing phylogenetic relationships. The small-bodied apes from East Africa are regarded as a somewhat arbitrarily defined grouping of anthropoids, more closely related to the contemporary large bodied apes, Proconsul and Rangwapithecus than to Pliopithecus from Europe and the Oligocene anthropoids from Egypt. The available evidence indicates that the extant hominoids share derived characters not seen in the Miocene East African apes, and suggests that the assignment of the small-bodied apes to particular extant hominoid families is unjustified. A reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships and a revised classification of the fossil and living catarrhines is presented. |
| 1982 | HITCHINGS, JON ALBERT | AGRICULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG KENYAN CHILDREN | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 262 | Income, foreign exchange, and tax-base objectives have led to cash crop strategies which monetize rural economies. Critics have argued that displacing subsistence crops and shifting consumption patterns may jeopardize nutritional status, and erode real income by elevating food prices. The impact of cash crops on the nutritional status of Kenyan children is examined with data from the Second Integrated Rural Survey (1,400 children, 1977) conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics. Iterated branching networks relate anthropometric indicators to agricultural and non-agricultural household characteristics. Water source and distance, household and farm size, the sex of the farm manager, and the sale-orientation of production were particularly significant. Although a sale-orientation was favorable, producing the inedible cash crops, coffee, cotton, and pyrethrum, tended to be neutral. Sugar, and tea cultivation in western Kenya were negatively associated with nutritional status. Anthropometric variables are regressed on the complete cropping pattern and livestock holdings in the central coffee and teas regions. Parallel regressions of net farm income, the calorie subsistence ratio, and the total value of food consumption on the same explanatory variables are made in an additional dataset. There was harmonization between cropping patterns which boosted net income and nutritional status. Coffee and tea did not reduce the subsistence ratio, which has been constant for a decade, but coffee cultivation escalated the value of purchased food. Four years of clinic data reveal patterns of pre-harvest seasonal malnutrition which diverge in separate ecological zones. Discriminant analysis applied to feeding practices highlights the hazards of banana- and cassava-based diets. Methodological sections address statistical tests of malnourished population segments, the accuracy and specificity of the arm circumference indicator, and conversions between percents of standard, standard deviations from the mean, and percentiles in nutritional anthropometry. A formal demonstration of the stunting and wasting components of weight-for-age, the coincidence of Gomez and Waterloo classifications, and bivariate normal models of acute and chronic malnutrition are presented. |
| 1982 | HOLSTEEN, MELBOURNE EDWARD | CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN SAMBURU EDUCATION (KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA | PHD | 535 | This research was designed to discover the effects of modern, Western-type education upon the traditional ways of life of the Samburu people of Kenya. Traditionally, the Samburu had adapted well to an arid habitat by nomadic pastoralism. Population growth, overgrazing, erosion and dessication of their environment have seriously threatened that adaptation. Modern schools among the Samburu were opened in 1935 and had increased in number to enroll about 20% of school age children by 1977. Thus, by this date the effects of these schools were clearly observable during my research visit (from January – August, 1977). Initial interviews were conducted with Samburu youths, and middle-age and older adults of both sexes, to determine what cultural changes were disturbing to them. An interview schedule was formulated from these initial interviews, embracing the various aspects of their culture. The interview schedule was administered to a research sample of six groups, of 20-25 individuals each, controlled for age, years of school and sex. Information from respondents was supplemented by observational data, written essays by secondary school students, and recorded life histories and oral literature. Questions in the interview schedule attempted to ascertain: (1) whether specific cultural items were considered traditional or modern by the respondents, (2) whether the respondents approved or disapproved of these items, and (3) from whom the respondent acquired his/her opinions. In most aspects of culture respondents with more schooling registered more choices for modernizing ways of life. A majority still preferred traditional social values. A higher percentage of girls registered choices for change in questions of social relations and education than did boys. Traditionally males were more dominant than females, and more were permitted to attend school. Parents, aunts and uncles, elders, and unschooled warriors were the chief transmission agents for traditional ways of life, whereas school teachers, students, civil servants and missionaries were the primary transmission agents for modernizing ways of life. Schools are seen to be a very important but not the only source of profound cultural change occurring among the Samburu. |
| 1982 | HOSIER, RICHARD HENRY | ‘SOMETHING TO BUY PARAFFIN WITH’: AN INVESTIGATION INTO DOMESTIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN RURAL KENYA | CLARK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 286 | Petroleum price hikes have signalled an end to the era of cheap energy. This has placed constraints on developing countries. However, the rural sector of developing countries depends primarily upon traditional fuels. Recent studies have shown the importance of these fuels in fulfilling the basic needs of developing countries. This study is an inquiry into the energy consumption habits of the rural population in Kenya. Recently, two government agencies have surveyed energy consumption in Kenya. These two studies yielded conflicting results, necessitating that a third, more carefully conducted survey be used as the basis for this study. The survey instrument used was designed by the author and included questions regarding the types and quantities of fuels used, income information, and demographic data. The survey was administered through Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) enumerator to 572 households selected from CBS’s cluster sampling frame. The sample was stratified by ecological zone. The results are first aggregated by ecological zone and compared with the responses of the same households from the 1979 energy survey. Two findings emerge. First, wood consumption is lower in the high and medium potential lands. Fuelwood scarcity appears to be caused by high population density not low ecological potential. Second, consumption of fuelwood and paraffin (i.e., kerosene) has decreased significantly over the past two years, due mainly to the increased price of the latter and the increased scarcity of the former. Next, the survey results are analyzed by way of a farm-type classification system which classifies the respondents into five groups: non-surplus farmers, surplus farmers, cash-surplus farmers, cash crop farmers, and wage workers. Non-surplus and cash-surplus farmers show the highest average fuelwood consumption, while cash-surplus, cash crop farmers, and wage workers demonstrate a greater average paraffin consumption. Analysis of variance shows that the respondent classification system is a better tool for explaining the differences in rural energy consumption patterns than is income distribution. Third, the analysis takes a relational perspective relying upon regression analysis. Income serves as a determinant of paraffin consumption, but not of fuelwood consumption. The cost of both fuelwood and paraffin affects its consumption as would be expected from economic theory. Household size is a significant determinant of both fuelwood and paraffin consumption. . . . (Author’s abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of author.) UMI |
| 1982 | JOB, MORGAN OWEN | A STUDY OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION BY SUBSISTENCE FARMERS WITH A CASE STUDY INVOLVING DAIRY GOATS IN KENYA | PURDUE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 232 | Widespread malnutrition in the rural areas of Kenya has attracted the attention of local and foreign rural development agencies. Adoption of dairy goats has been suggested as a means to overcome some of Kenya’s development problems. This study investigates the economic conditions under which dairy goats might be adopted. The research is based on a combination of field work and analytical modeling. Surveys were conducted to provide descriptive statistics as well as the basic variables used in a linear programming model. The decision environment specified in the linear programming model considered: minimum household nutritional needs, relative prices of staples and goat products, goat production costs, and sources of nutrients for goats. An annual farm planning equilibrium model was used. The year was divided into 12 periods to reflect seasonal changes. Competition for scarce resources between livestock and staple crop production was endogenized. The livestock activities derive their dietary energy and proteins from crop waste, native pasture, planted fodder and purchased feed. Human nutritional requirements can be met from farm production or purchase. Household size and structure determine the minimum level of nutrient intake. The survey indicated that the peasants produce a narrow range of staple crops with traditional technology and no purchased inputs. Over 50 percent of the households have access to less than one hectare of land. The average family has six or more members. Average maize yields range from 1100 to 2000 kilograms per hectare. Many households do not produce enough to avoid hunger during some period of the year and food security is perceived as their most important goal. Under present circumstances, the analysis indicates that there is little likelihood of adoption of dairy goats. The competition for scarce cropland favors staple crops. Even in those cases when dairy goats have a higher probability of adoption, a modest increase in crop yield prevented dairy goats from entering the optimal farm plan. The analysis indicates that under present conditions farmers’ concern with food security is more important than the perceived nutritional benefits and cash earning potential from dairy goats. |
| 1982 | KEMEI, ISAAC KIPKECH | VEGETATION-ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS ON THE KIBOKO RANGE RESEARCH STATION, KENYA | TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY | PHD | 137 | Vegetation of Kiboko Range Research Station is a function of the interaction between prevailing biotic and abiotic environmental factors. To determine and explain the relationships between the vegetation and environmental factors, relevant characteristics of sample stands were taken and analyzed. Forty-four vegetation stands were sampled for vegetation foliar cover, frequency, soil, landscape and disturbance (fire and grazing) properties. Reciprocal Averaging ordination was used to describe vegetation relationships to environmental factors. Four major vegetation groups were identified. The vegetation of alluvial clayey soils was dominated by Pennisetum mezxianum, Bothriochloa insculpta, Ischaemum brachyatherum, Acacia drepanolobium and A. xanthophloea. The vegetation of the basement complex system with sandy clay loams was dominated by Chloris roxburghiana, Digitaria milanjiana (marcoblephara), Enteropogon macrostachyus, Eragrostis caespitosa, Commiphora riparia, C. africana, Acacia tortilis, A. senegal, A. mellifera and Duosperma kilimandscaricum. The vegetation of the lower volcanic area was dominated by Sehima nervosum, Heteropogon contortus, Combretum apiculatum and Cordia gharaf. The upper volcanic cone is dominated by Chrysopogon aucheri, Tricholeana eighingeri and Acacia hockii. In specialized wet areas, Themeda triandra, Andropogon distachyus and Combretum apiculatum may be found. In denuded or heavily grazed areas, Microchloa kunthii, Aristida keniensis and Eragrostis caespitosa were the increaser or invader plants. In a seasonally waterlogged area in the basement complex system, Echinochloa haploclada was dominant grass species and Acacia drepanolobium was at the edges of the stand. The complexity of the interacting environmental factors (biotic and abiotic) make it difficult to determine the exact factors that have determined a specific vegetation stand. However, soil properties, disturbance and landscape factors seem to be important in stand composition determination in the short-run. Climate, in addition to the above factors, determines the vegetation composition in the long-run. |
| 1982 | KERMOIAN, ROSANNE | INFANT ATTACHMENT TO MOTHER AND CHILD CARETAKER IN AN EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 182 | Data collected among the Gusii of southwestern Kenya were used to examine the nature of infant attachment relationships under radically different rearing conditions than studied previously. Whereas an American mother has the dual role of providing routine caregiving as well as social and cognitive stimulation, in Gusii society these two functions are divided between the mother and a child caretaker. Given role differentiation between the two caregivers, it was possible to separate the effect of interactions related to comforting and caregiving activities, behavior which is primarily associated with the Gusii infant-mother relationship, from the effect of interactions related to play and exploration, behavior which is primarily associated with the Gusii infant-caretaker relationship. The sample included 26 infants, 14 boys and 12 girls, ranging in age from 8 to 27 months. Approximately half of the caretakers were boys (42 percent); the median caretaker age was 6.5 years. Security of infant attachment to mother and child caretaker was measured using a field adaptation of the Ainsworth and Wittig strange situation (1969). It was found that the establishment of a secure attachment relationship was not differentially affected by differences between infant-mother and infant-caretaker interaction. The proportion of infants classified as secure to mother and child caretaker, 61 percent and 54 percent respectively, was only slightly lower than the proportion of infants typically classified as securely attached to mother in American samples (Waters, 1978). This finding suggests that secure attachment can arise from multiple pathways of infant-caregiver interaction. It was found that the relation between security of attachment to mother and caretaker and indicators of infant nutritional status and cognitive performance reflected functional differences in infant interaction with each figure. Higher weight for age and larger stature were more strongly related to secure infant-mother attachment than to secure infant-caretaker attachment, whereas higher performance on the Bayley MDI was more strongly related to secure infant-caretaker attachment. This result suggests a differential association between security of attachment to mother and child caretaker and development which is specific to the nature of infant interaction with each figure. |
| 1982 | KHASIANI, SHANYISA ANOTA | SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING MIGRATION DISPOSITIONS IN KENYA | THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 128 | This study attempts to identify some of the causes of migration disposition based on a field investigation conducted on a sample of the young rural population in Kenya in 1979. The motivation for this study stemmed from the fact that migration is frequently seen as undesirable and the root cause of problems at both origin and destination. Such migration frequently results in a loss of the most talented young people from the rural areas. The migration of young adult and adult males leaves many rural households without male heads. Within urban areas, migration contributes substantially to the high rates of urban population growth and the associated problems, such as under- and unemployment, housing shortages and the shortage of basic infrastructure. Moreover, the lack of agreement about the causes of migration has greatly reduced the ability of policy makers to control this process. Continuing migration from the rural areas indicates that the process is performing a role in these rural communities. To understand migration in this established form calls for an examination of the factors operating in the premigration stage that dispose some people to migrate and others not to migrate. This study assumes that people’s behaviour is motivated by their attitudes and attitudes are to a large extent socially determined. Migration dispositions is thus behaviour determined by conditions in the rural communities. New attitudes appear to have emerged in rural communities and migration appears to be the means through which they can be realized and it is sanctioned, and norms to induce conformity to the migration behaviour have emerged. In other words, migration appears to have become a socially accepted behaviour. The rural society is socializing the young to expect to migrate in future. Thus migration dispositions are examined within the socio-cultural milieu where attitudes to migrate are formed. The log-linear modeling used to analyze the data confirms that factors in the objective environment, normative factors, and psychological factors determine migration dispositions. These findings suggest that young people will continue to be disposed to migrate from the rural areas as they continue to westernize. |
| 1982 | KOECH, MICHAEL KIPKORIR | LIFE SCIENCE CURRICULUMS IN KENYA: A STUDY OF A SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE PROJECT BIOLOGY | UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS | EDD | 323 | Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the implementation of the SSP Biology in five provinces of Kenya and its relationship to the examination system. Procedure. Factors affecting the implementation of the SSP Biology course were identified through relevant literature and interviews with Kenyan educational policy makers. Only the SSP Biology course development and its implementation in Kenya since 1965-1980 was examined. The SSP Biology secondary schools were selected utilizing criteria developed by the researcher. The instruments used in collecting data in this study included the following: (1) student questionnaires, (2) teacher questionnaires, (3) interview/questionnaires for educational policy makers and program personnel and (4) personal observations. All the instruments were designed and developed by this researcher. These facets were examined and analyzed: (1) patterns of the SSP Biology course implementation: (i) the teaching method, (ii) objectives, (2) factors affecting the implementation of the course: (i) teacher training, (ii) science equipment, (iii) national examinations and curriculum, and (iv) attitudes towards the SSP Biology course. Findings. The data-collecting instruments revealed several common factors affecting the implementation of the SSP Biology course. First, the positive factors: (1) Congruity between the SSP Biology course objectives and the national exams objectives; (2) High teacher interest in the heuristic teaching method; (3) Generally positive attitudes toward the SSP Biology course. Second, the impediment factors were: (1) Inadequate teacher inservice training in the heuristic method; (2) Inadequate supervision and follow-up of teachers by the Inspectorate; (3) Exams-dominated system pressured teachers to teach to the exams; (4) Inadequate supply of science equipment and curriculum materials; (5) Excessive difficulty of some units and shallowness of other units; (6) Lack of consistent involvement of teachers in the development and revision of the course. |
| 1982 | LURA, RUSSELL PAUL | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN DEVELOPING AREAS: POPULATION CHANGE IN KERICHO DISTRICT, KENYA, 1905 TO 1969 | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 361 | This research examined the usefulness of the demographic transition theory in predicting local population response to socioeconomic development. Data from the former Kipsigis Land Unit within Kericho District, Kenya–an area which has undergone rapid social, economic, and demographic change–was used to assess the relationship between development and population change. The research included, first, the mapping and analysis of (1) the distribution, settlement, and density of population, (2) the age-sex composition, and (3) the fertility and migration of the Kipsigis of Kericho District. Second, it surveyed the social, cultural, and economic changes which occurred in the district. Both processes–demographic and socioeconomic change–were examined within a temporal and spatial framework in order to assess hypothesized relationships between them. It was found that prior to the establishment of a colonial presence, fertility among the Kipsigis was relatively low, maintained at that level through polygyny and through a late age at circumcision for both males and females, which in turn led to a late age at marriage. All three practices were consequences of an economic system that relied on cattle for subsistence and wealth. The introduction of taxes, a market economy, and maize as a subsistence and cash crop effected declines in the age at initiation, the age at marriage, and the practice of polygyny. As a result, fertility increased. The increase was sustained by the introduction of western medical care and the beginnings of formal western education. Concurrently, relatively low death rates declined even further creating high rates of population growth. Fertility continued to increase until the 1960s when an incipient decline can be discerned. The main variables contributing to the peak and decline were education and income, operating mainly through the intervening variable, age at marriage. The process can be seen at work throughout the former Kipsigis Land Unit. The areas which became centers of economic and social innovation were the first to have increased fertility, the first to reach a fertility peak, and the first to show signs of a fertility decline. The areas which were the last to adopt the innovations were still in a stage of fertility increase. |
| 1982 | LUTTA-MUKHEBI, MARY CLASINA EMMY | DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN EXPRESSED NEEDS AND THE COMPETENCIES RECEIVED IN TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR BACHELOR OF EDUCATION ENGLISH TEACHERS IN KENYA | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY | EDD | 264 | This study investigated discrepancies between important competencies stressed during training of secondary school English educators in Kenya and competencies perceived as needed on the job. Macro competencies investigated: mastery of English usage; knowledge of the nature of English language; cultural awareness; planning of instruction; execution of instruction; foreign/second language testing; public and human relations; and awareness of professional roles. Each macro area has five micro competencies. Study sample included: administrators (N = 46), degree teachers (N = 103), and non-degree teachers (N = 46). Demographic information included: subjects’ education level, training location, employment position, age, and sex. Hypotheses tested: (1) There are discrepancies between importance of competencies and the degree of training received in them. (2) There are discrepancies in the perception of importance of and the adequacy of training in competencies among sample groups. (3) There is greater agreement between teachers and administrators on the importance of competencies than on their adequacy of training. (4) The correlations between administrators’ ratings of importance and training are significantly higher than teachers’. The level of significance for accepting or rejecting the hypotheses was .05. Results: Findings supported Hypothesis 1. Importance ratings were significantly higher than training ratings. Hypothesis 2 was supported by group ratings of importance of: cultural awareness, awareness of professional roles, and sub-areas under: planning of instruction, foreign/second language testing, and awareness of professional roles. Non-degree teachers’ ratings were consistently lower than administrators’ and degree teachers’. These groups did not differ significantly on their perceptions of training. The data did not support Hypothesis 3. Administrators and teachers differed significantly on importance of public and human relations, and sub-areas under: knowledge of the nature of English language, planning of instruction, and foreign/second language testing. But there were no significant differences between group ratings on training. Hypothesis 4 was supported because the correlation between administrators’ ratings of importance and training were significantly higher for some areas than teachers’. These findings suggest a need to review the current Kenya English teachers’ program. Inconsistencies in the rating of importance of competencies require further research to determine their source. |
| 1982 | MANZOLILLO, DEBORAH LEE | INTERTROOP TRANSFER BY ADULT MALE PAPIO ANUBIS | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 203 | It is widely hypothesized that emigration and transfer function to increase mating success and reduce inbreeding. Proximate factors affecting emigration, choice of new troop, and integration of newcomers show variability between study populations and individuals. A 32 month study was undertaken on a troop (PHG) of olive baboons in Kenya, in order to examine some of the proximate factors affecting transfer behavior. Focal samples and ad lib data on nine adult male residents and five young adult male immigrants were used in the analysis. Male membership was relatively stable during the first half of the study (November, 1976 to December, 1977). All immigrations occurred after January, 1978. Agonistic dominance was not correlated with consort success. Emigrants from PHG were low ranking agonistically, but their mean consort scores did not differ from mean consort scores of males who remained. Both emigration and immigration showed a statistically significant relationship to the ratio of cycling females to males. Those males who left did so when availability of cycling females was low, whereas most immigrations occurred when a large number of cycling females were present in the troop. Most male migration into PHG occurred at a time when consort behavior was low. Participation in consorts by immigrants was delayed several months. Hourly rates of aggression and greeting behavior in 1977 and 1978 were compared. Residents did not show an increase in rates of aggression when immigrants entered the troop. It appears that rates of aggression are related to frequency of consort behavior in the troop. Rates of greeting behavior among males almost doubled from 1977 to 1978. Greeting interactions between residents and immigrants, and between immigrants and immigrants were higher than expected during the first eight months after immigration began. Greeting interactions between residents occurred less than could be expected at this time. Immigrants initiated more greetings than expected. It was concluded that immigrants met with little aggression as a result of the timing of their transfer. Aggressive interaction rates were low because frequencies of consort behavior were low. Conditions in the troop at the time of immigration may not have presented an immediate source of competition. Newcomers initiated more friendly interactions, and residents responded. |
| 1982 | MBUYI, DENNIS MAKENGA | EDUCATIONAL MESSAGES IN KENYA AND TANZANIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO | PHD | 304 | The study explores the extent to which policy and language determine curricular content (primary school texts) in two East-African states, namely Kenya and Tanzania. These two states are generally taken to be characterized by differing social and educational policies in the post-independence era. In the context of this study the question is asked whether different sets of government educational policies will result in different educational content regardless of language. The study uses content analysis to examine contemporary texts published both in English (former colonial language and which still retained its influence and status) and Swahili (An African lingua franca being promoted to the status of national language). The two-way comparisons (within and across-nation) involve four instructional contexts: Kenya/English, Ienya/Swahili, Tanzania/English, Tanzania/Swahili. Content analysis of the textual materials has been done on the basis of seven broad categories derived after a careful examination of notable similarities and contrasts in Kenya’s and Tanzania’s social and educational policies. The findings show that in the cases of Kenya and Tanzania, the medium of educational materials did not significantly affect content. On the other hand, and with respect to policy the findings indicate a partial confirmation of the major hypothesis (sustained only the case of Tanzania). While the strategies for implementing mother tongue education in Africa generally remain largely problematic, this study of the relative impact of language versus policy (political factors) on educational content establishes that the factor favored most was policy as the major determinant. |
| 1982 | MEYERS, LARRY RICHARD | SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF CREDIT ADOPTION IN A SEMI-ARID DISTRICT OF KENYA | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 239 | This study examines determinants of credit adoption by smallholder households in four semi-arid sublocations of Machakos District, Kenya. A basic premise of the study is that differences in socioeconomic level are a more important factor leading to willingness to undertake the risk that credit adoption entails in semi-arid areas than are technological considerations or economic incentives. A causal model for investigating the determinants of credit adoption is proposed. The theory underlying the model is rooted in the literature on smallholder agriculture, with particular reference to Kenya. Of major theoretical import is a causal chain running from differences in socioeconomic status, especially education, to urban employment, to remittances (to the rural household), to hired labor, and, finally, to credit use. The data analyzed in the study were collected in a household survey of 67 credit-using and 160 non-credit households operating in the same agro-ecological zone and using similar agricultural technologies. Path analysis is used to test the model. The key causal chain specified above is generally supported, although the influence of education on urban employment is less than that suggested in the literature. Also, an empirical link between hired labor and credit acceptance is not substantiated. An alternative analysis, involving trichotomization by income level and multiple regression, showed that hired labor is primarily a function of higher incomes, especially from remittances. The determinants of credit acceptance vary substantially with income level. The few low income households with credit appear to adopt more out of social status motivation than for economic reasons. Medium income credit households are better educated, have a history of credit use, and are more dependent on crop income than households in other income categories. High income households, by contrast, employ a multi-faceted strategy earning substantially more income from non-farm sources than from crops. A typology of farming strategies is then proposed in which extent of crop income, availability of household labor, degree of hired labor used and propensity to utilize credit are employed to specify three farming strategies by non-farm income level. |
| 1982 | MOHAMED, OMER MOHAMED ALI | THE INTERNATIONAL REGIME OF THE RIVER NILE | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA | PHD | The river Nile in northeastern Africa has contributed the major source–and sometimes the only source–for survival and development for a large population inhabiting a huge territory. A number of factors have distinguished the Nile from other international rivers. Despite its value and distinction, however, the Nile has been greatly underutilized even though it has been a source of conflict among the Riparian states of Burundi, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, the Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire. The objective of this study is to explore the value of the Nile to each Riparian state, its special distinctions, and its potential for causing conflict, and to suggest appropriate measures for securing and maintaining peace and for promoting development through cooperation. Both descriptive and analytical methods are used in presenting and discussing various aspects of the problem. Different analytical tools are employed to measure certain patterns of international behavior and include review of legal texts, examination of international trade statistics, patterns of exchange of diplomatic representatives, analysis of demographics and voting patterns, and a review of the general history of the area. Data was basically collected in the Sudan, Egypt, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The study revealed the existence of a potential for further conflict in the Nile basin and the acute need for an integrative development of the basin. Conflict has existed in the area and has been exacerbated due to the low level of communication among the Riparian states, the low level of public awareness, the lack of a comprehensive legal regime for the Nile, recurring boundary disputes, under-utilization of resources, and the inadequacy of existing mechanisms for resolution of conflicts among the Riparian states. An integrative development plan is suggested based on an improved level of communication among the Nile Riparian states, the termination of hostilities, the conclusion of a new comprehensive treaty for peace and development, and the institutionalization of cooperation through ‘The Organization for Development and Cooperation in the Nile Basin.’ | |
| 1982 | MOTT, SUSAN H. | MODERNIZATION AND FERTILITY ORIENTATION IN KENYA | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 165 | This study examines differentials in desired fertility in Kenya. The research is an empirical analysis of two surveys: the Survey on the Formation and Transformation of Migration Expectations, in which a non-representative sample of approximately 1100 males and females between the ages of 13 and 21 were interviewed in 1979, and the Kenya Fertility Survey, in which a nationally representative sample of 8100 females between the ages of 15 and 50 were interviewed between 1977 and 1978. The samples in each survey are approximately halved by restricting the first to females 13 to 21 years of age and by restricting the second to females 15 to 24 years of age. In addition, supplementary data are added to the Kenya Fertility Survey Tape and used as ecological level indicators. The study constructs a modernity index (primarily a measure of media exposure) from the factor analysis of 18 modernity items in the Survey on the Formation and Transformation of Migration Expectations. This index is then linked to the respondents in the Kenya Fertility Survey by viewing it as a function of variables common to and comparable in both surveys. The utility of this index, sociodemographic background variables, and ecological indices of modernization for predicting the desired fertility of the Kenya Fertility Survey respondents is examined through the use of regression analysis. Media exposure is a significant predictor of reduced fertility desires; but this index absorbs the effects of education and literacy which are significant predictors of reduced fertility desires only in models which exclude the media exposure variable. Other predictors of lower fertility desires are urban residence and the high accessability of a respondent’s area of residence. Being Muslim is a good predictor of large family size preference as is residing in areas characterized by a high degree of male dominance or by high average completed fertility levels. The study also tests several hypotheses concerning the effect of using ecological level substitutes for individual level concepts with apparently similar face validity and concludes that these substitutes must be used and interpreted only with extreme caution. |
| 1982 | MWANIKI, HENRY STANLEY K. | A PRECOLONIAL HISTORY OF THE CHUKA OF MOUNT KENYA, C. 1400-1908. | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1982 | NICOLSON, NANCY ANNE | WEANING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDEPENDENCE IN OLIVE BABOONS | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 249 | This thesis presents the results of a 22-month field study of infant development in olive baboons (Papio anubis) living in a natural habitat, near Gilgil, Kenya. 26 infants and their mothers were followed during the first year and a half of infant life. Half-hour focal samples, representing over 1000 hours of observation, provide the quantitative basis for a description of the weaning process in its broadest sense, and troop demographic parameters are used to put the behavioral data in a life historical context. The transitions from dependence on maternal care to nutritional, locomotor, and social independence are discussed, with particular attention to the behavioral alternatives available to infants for meeting their needs at each stage of development. Conflict between mothers and infants was evidenced in maternal rejection and infant protests in connection with suckling and riding. Play tended to decrease as weaning distress peaked, and infants were likely to associate with older siblings or, more commonly, with particular adult or sub-adult males during this time. The time course and severity of conflict varied considerably among mother-infant dyads. Few sex differences were found in patterns of mother-infant interaction or the rate at which independence was achieved; males did continue to ride on their mothers and other individuals until older ages, on average, than females. Maternal rank had no effect on the weaning process, nor any relationship to infant survival. Young mothers tended to reject their infants earlier than older mothers. Weaning interactions usually preceded the resumption of the mother’s sexual cycles by several months, and maternal reproductive condition was not, therefore, a major determinant of the onset of rejection, in contrast to reports from other field sites. Interbirth intervals for mothers whose infants survived averaged 26.5 months in the study troop. The lengths of both postpartum amenorrhea and interbirth interval were significantly correlated with the percentage of time infants had spent on the nipple between 9 and 32 weeks, or long before most mothers resumed cycling. It therefore appears that variations in patterns of mother-infant interaction can have an effect on the mother’s future reproduction. |
| 1982 | NJUKI, CAROLINE W. | PROBLEMS OF ACCESS TO WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | PHD | 181 | The majority of illiterates in the world today are women. Because women lack power and status, they frequently are not involved in decision-making processes affecting them. Moreover, in the labor market, they tend to be found in the low paying jobs. Because of the significance of education to the economic and social roles of women, the author decided to undertake a case study of the obstacles of access to women’s education. International literature on the subject as well as literature on women’s education in Kenya was reviewed. Government documents, newspapers, published and unpublished documents, dissertations, books, United Nation studies, journals, missionary documents, and presentation papers on Kenyan education were examined. The author also carried out an informal survey in Kenya. Two hundred questionnaires were issued to Forms five and six and to first and second year Kenyan University women. Informal interviews were conducted with Kenyan men and women, University professors, and school teachers. Results from the case study showed that in primary level, great improvements have taken place, but as girls go through the Kenyan educational system, their numbers decrease rapidly. At the University level, girls’ enrollments continue to be low in comparison to male enrollments. The conclusion is that between primary school and university level, obstacles exist which contribute to women’s access and success in education in Kenya. These obstacles include: financial limitations, traditional attitudes towards women’s education, geographical location, shortage of girls schools and religious attitudes. |
| 1982 | NWANKWO, CHIMALUM MOSES | WOMEN, VIOLENCE, AND THE QUEST FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE WORKS OF NGUGI WA THIONG’O (KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN | PHD | 394 | Because of the historical circumstances behind the life of Ngugi wa Thiong’o and the Republic of Kenya, violence forms an important aspect of Ngugi’s aesthetics. Ngugi’s childhood and early education coincided with the period of the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya. His works are therefore efforts to come to terms with the historical circumstances responsible for such events and the problems of Kenya as a developing country. In dealing with Kenya’s problems, Ngugi projects the possibility of creating, through rebellion and violence, a just new era and order in which man and woman would work cooperatively and creatively for the benefit of mankind. Generally, the assumption is that women are passive within traditional African societies. In the fictional world of Ngugi, women are transformed into very active figures. Even though we encounter familiar but moribund stereotypes, most of the new women in Ngugi exhibit compassion, tolerance and a spirit of sacrifice to counterpoint the faults of their male counterparts. In the consequent male-female partnerships worked out, when women do wrong, their acts become part of being human as well as a method of drawing attention to general human problems in society. Ngugi’s treatment of women is no doubt artistically functional. Verve in his campaign for social justice would be wanting without such remedial treatment, so also the credibility which bolsters his polemics. |
| 1982 | NZOMO, MARIA | THE FOREIGN POLICY OF KENYA AND TANZANIA: THE IMPACT OF DEPENDENCE AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT. | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1982 | OBOLER, REGINA SMITH | WOMEN, MEN, PROPERTY AND CHANGE IN NANDI DISTRICT, KENYA. (VOLUMES I AND II) | TEMPLE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 492 | This study examines the impact of colonialism and the cash economy on the semi-pastoral Nandi of western Kenya, concentrating on changes in women’s and men’s economic roles and rights in property. Traditionally present sexual stratification increased due to colonialism and commoditization of economic resources. Data based on interviews, participant-observation, census and time allocation study are presented. Precolonial Nandi had no land ownership. The ‘house-property complex’ dominated cattle inheritance. Each married woman’s house held animals which could not be reallocated. Spouses held joint rights in house-property cattle, husbands’ control predominating. Men’s control of the means of production was/is a Nandi tenet. Cattle acquired independently (e.g., by raiding) and not allocated to a specific house were a man’s personal property. Wives had greater rights in cattle given them at marriage by kin than those allocated by husbands. Spouses jointly cultivated the staple crop and controlled separate shares. Chickens, vegetables and afternoon milk ‘belong to’ women. With commoditization, husbands control cash sufficient to acquire the means of production. Wives control small amounts for consumption only. Husbands control cash-crops. Wives’ maize/milk shares are for consumption; husbands’ are sold. Tea, a pure commodity, belongs to men. Wives’ increased workloads enable husbands to work for cash. Men frequently have non-farm income, which they alone control. Cattle purchased with income are equivalent to raided cattle. Such cattle, now a larger proportion of a herd, sometimes replace house-property cattle. Husbands control working wives’ personal incomes, and sometimes even significant chicken and vegetable income. Young men encroach on women’s economic sphere, forming Vegetable Growing Cooperatives, and denounce traditional cattle gifts to brides, or any separate wives’ property, as un-Christian. Christian denominations forbid brewing, women’s one lucrative enterprise. Colonial land reform gave land-titles to individual men. Women’s economic position has thus deteriorated in various ways: the gender-based economic differential has increased because men control vastly greater incomes; wives’ rights in most family cattle have diminished; women’s exclusive rights to female property have eroded; women lost automatic access to land; men benefit most from women’s increased workloads. Women have reacted in ways documented in the dissertation. |
| 1982 | ONYANGO, CHRISTOPHER A. | SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS RURAL LIFE: A STUDY IN CENTRAL PROVINCE, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK | PHD | 220 | The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes which secondary school pupils have towards rural life, and towards farming and agriculture. Secondary school pupils are among the youth whose continued movement from rural to urban areas in Africa is considered detrimental to the rural development effort by governments and organizations. A knowledge of their attitudes towards rural areas was perceived as valuable to planners who deal with employment, educational and population policies. Information regarding causes of youth movement away from rural areas would be utilized by planners to devise the most appropriate strategies for reducing the rural-urban migration flow. The population of this study consisted of a sample of 500 pupils drawn from secondary school pupils in Central Province, Kenya. A questionnaire was used to record the attitudes of all the participants in the survey. The instrument was adapted from questionnaires developed by Myster, Bues, Glassey and by Kogan and Downey. It was designed to draw inferences about the degree of agreement or disagreement from self reports of beliefs, feelings and prospective behavior. Nine research questions were raised, each of which was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Spearman rho correlation coefficient was applied to test the association between groups in ranking specific jobs. The major findings of this study were: (1) Secondary school pupils have a positive attitude towards rural life, farming and agriculture. (2) Constraints such as lack of clean water supplies, health and medical facilities, good housing, salaries and wages comparable to urban areas and adequate transportation and electricity help to push the youth from rural areas. (3) Secondary school pupils attach high value to their present education and have job preferences which specifically favor rural life. (4) Differences in attitude existed between various groups. Pupils who favored rural life more included those from aided schools, less developed districts, upper level classes, males and those who had participated in Young Farmers’ or 4-K Clubs. Pupils who favored urban areas more included those from unaided schools, more developed districts, lower level classes, females and those who had not participated in Young Farmers’ or 4-K Clubs. The results of this study suggest that even though the secondary school pupils have positive attitudes towards rural life, and toward agriculture and farming, they are still unprepared to live in rural areas. Constraints exist which prevent them from desiring to do so. Planning for rural development should take into consideration these constraints. Recommendations are made for strategies in planning and curriculum development which will focus on rural areas and contribute to the slowdown of the rural-urban migration flow. |
| 1982 | ORIE, GEORGE ABWONJI | PERCEPTION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROBLEMS IN KENYA BY POLICYMAKERS, SUPERVISORS, AND FIELD PERSONNEL: IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANNED CHANGE | VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 397 | Effective implementation of rural development programmes will need much greater attention in the next decade if rural populations in the less developed countries are to benefit from development programmes undertaken by governments. Strategies such as civil service reform, bureaucratic innovation, capacity building, and different types of organization development may be useful in this regard. But expanding the problem-solving capacity of rural development organizations themselves, through the utilization of organizational members within different levels of hierarchy, will continue to be a superior way of increasing program success than the use of external consultants with ‘bags of tricks’. This study undertook a multi-level study of problem perception by policymakers, supervisors and field personnel in Kenya’s agricultural extension service in order to: |
| 1982 | PETERSON, STEPHEN BOVARD | THE STATE AND THE ORGANIZATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE AGRARIAN ECONOMY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SMALLHOLDER AGRARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN TAIWAN AND KENYA. | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | ||
| 1982 | RABENECK, SONYA | THE DETERMINANTS OF PROTEIN – ENERGY MALNUTRITION AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN KENYA WITH RESPECT TO CASH CROPPING AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN STAPLE FOOD PRODUCTON | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 286 | A cross-sectional field study was undertaken to investigate the effects of coffee cash cropping on growth of preschool children. The following main hypotheses were tested: coffee growing is associated with (1) lower household staple food production and lower secondary food crop production; (2) greater monthly food expenditure and a greater proportion of staple kilocalories from purchased staple foods; (3) lower total per-capita household food availability; (4) lower energy and protein intake of preschool children; (5) malnutrition among preschool children. The study was conducted in two villages in Machakos District, Eastern Province, Kenya over a 10-month period in 1980. All households with children between 12 and 72 months of age were included in the study. The study sample consisted of 210 households, 243 mothers and 414 preschool children. Demographic, agricultural and marketing data were obtained through interviews with the mothers. Dietary intake of children was measured utilizing a quantitative 24-hour recall method. Weight and length measurements of children were taken with standard techniques. When corrected for household size coffee growing households (n = 167) harvested more staple foods (p < .01) than non-coffee growing households (n = 55). There was no difference between comparison groups for monthly food expenditure or proportion of staple foods purchased. Coffee growing households had lower total household food availability (p < .05); this resulted from greater staple food purchases (p < .005) among non-coffee growing households. There was no difference between children of each group in energy or protein intake. However, children from the highest socioeconomic group of coffee growing households (n = 66) consumed more energy (p < .025) than children of non-coffee growing households in the highest socioeconomic group (n = 10). Children from coffee growing households (n = 299) had greater mean percent height-for-age (p < .01) than their comparison group (n = 91). The above analysis was similar whether or not various demographic, household and socioeconomic characteristics were taken into account. The results do not provide any compelling evidence for a deleterious effect of cash cropping on nutritional status of preschool children in the communities studied. However, among households that do not grow staple food crops coffee growing may be a disadvantage. |
| 1982 | RATHGEBER, EVA-MARIA L. | THE MOVEMENT OF PARADIGMS OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH BETWEEN CANADA AND KENYA: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSFERS | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO | PHD | 387 | This dissertation examines a transfer of knowledge in the area of medical education which occurred between 1968 and 1978 when McGill University in Montreal, Quebec helped to establish the departments of medicine and paediatrics at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The project originated with McGill University but was financed by the Canadian International Development Agency under the auspices of its bilateral aid program to Commonwealth Africa. A periphery-periphery model is used as a framework for analysis under the hypothesis that a knowledge transfer relationship between two countries which are both peripheral in the international system might display different characteristics than such a relationship between a center and a periphery. The study posits the following questions: (1) What kind of knowledge was transferred? (2) How was it transferred? (3) How was it shaped or altered in the recipient country? (4) Did the donor country receive anything in return? and (5) Did the transfer process effect the nature of the transferred knowledge? Data were collected in Canada and Kenya through interviews, survey instruments, and analysis of all relevant documentation. The study showed that Canadians had a more low-keyed approach to the knowledge transfer relationship than has been displayed by American philanthropic foundations involved in similar programs. It was shown that the medical profession in Kenya was in a transitional state in 1981 and that some of the notions of professionalism introduced by the Canadians and other expatriate physicians were being altered to suit the exigencies of the Kenyan situation. It was shown that the knowledge which had been introduced by the Canadians in the 1970s was being renegotiated by the Kenyans in 1981 to suit their needs. It was seen further, that the Canadian presence in Nairobi was always overshadowed by the British presence and that thus the potential of the periphery-periphery relationship was limited by the imperatives of the center. The data also suggested that the Canadian doctors who taught in Nairobi, and McGill University as an institution, both benefited from their participation in the project in terms of acquiring new knowledge and skills. It is suggested that projects of this nature should thus be characterized as knowledge exchanges rather than knowledge transfers. |
| 1982 | REYNOLDS, JOHN ERIC | COMMUNITY UNDERDEVELOPMENT, ETHNICITY, AND STRATIFICATION IN A RURAL DESTINATION: MNAGEI, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON | PHD | 535 | The setting for this study is Mnagei Location, West Pokot District, in west-central Kenya. Mnagei’s highland reaches have good soils and a favorable climate, and contain a significant portion of West Pokot’s best agricultural land. This land has remained rather sparsely settled and lightly farmed until quite recently, owing to indigenous patterns of adaptation and the special administrative status of West Pokot under the colonial government. Profound changes have occurred. In the space of a few decades, Mnagei has become a place of heavy in-migration, busy trading and administrative centers, fairly dense settlement, extensive agricultural incursion, growing land shortage, marked ethnic diversity, and highly uneven socioeconomic development. These transformations are examined in their historical context and contemporary manifestations. In dealing with questions of ethnicity and class stratification, an attempt is made to formulate a ‘syncretic’ perspective on differentiation which utilizes elements drawn from both Marxist and non-Marxist traditions of analysis. This perspective is used to interpret an important feature of rural Kenya society–namely, self-help or harambee activity through which local people seek to establish basic services for themselves. |
| 1982 | RUSH, GRACE AISHA | A SELF-ACTUALIZING METHOD OF EDUCATION AS A MEANS OF PROMOTING HEALTH (KENYA) | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE | EDD | 134 | The purpose of this study was to discuss and evaluate the use of a self-actualizing method (SAM) of adult education in six coastal villages in Kenya. In addition, the study examined the relation between demographic variables and participation in SAM in order to provide recommendations for future programming. The significance of the study was that a well coordinated SAM aimed at non-literate women could enhance lifestyle as well as promote healthful behavior. A sample of 109 women from the six villages agreed to participate in the project. An extensive interview was conducted with the women initially and at the end of the program. At the mid-point, a randomly selected group was interviewed regarding the educational procedures. Results on the use of teaching aids indicated that effective leadership and use of teaching aids were related to the global success of the program in the villages. Cooperation among members was shown to be a determinant of successful projects. The study suggested a need for careful selection and training of facilitators and coordinators, as well as more research on educational strategies in facilitating envolvement. |
| 1982 | SANG, JAMES KIPNGETICH | AN EXAMINATION OF THE PROBLEMS INHIBITING THE PURSUIT OF HIGHER EDUCATION DEGREES OF THE KENYAN STUDENTS IN THE TWELVE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN OHIO | OHIO UNIVERSITY | PHD | 174 | This study is designed to assess the perceptions of Kenyan students currently attending the 12 public universities in Ohio concerning the problems facing them in their pursuit of higher education. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature and causes of the problem affecting the Kenyan students’ pursuit of higher education degrees and, to make recommendations which would help in designing policies for students going to study in the United States or elsewhere abroad. The population of the study consisted of the Kenyan students studying in Ohio’s public universities in the Fall Quarter of the 1981-82 academic year. The total Kenyan student population identified was 61 enrolled in eleven universities. A total of 43 students, or 70.5 percent, participated in the data collection process. The study was conducted using questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaires were mailed to the Kenyan students through their foreign student advisors in the six universities which enrolled three or fewer Kenyan students. The remaining five university campuses enrolling four or more Kenyan students were personally visited by the researcher. Interviews were conducted with eight representative Kenyan students. Data returned from the questionnaires were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and chi-square test of significance. The tape recorded interviews were transferred to script and analyzed. Based on the survey, the researcher concluded that: (1) Most of the Kenyan students view economics as the major problem facing them. (2) Racial prejudice was reported by about one-half of the students as a problem. (3) The winter season is perceived by the Kenyan students as being a problem to some extent. (4) Other social, cultural, educational and environmental problems do not seem to constitute a major difficulty for Kenyan students studying in public universities in Ohio. |
| 1982 | SCHILLER, LAURENCE DANA | GEM AND KANO: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO LUO POLITICAL SYSTEMS UNDER STRESS, C. 1880-1914. (VOLUMES I – III) (KENYA) | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 1558 | |
| 1982 | SMUTS, BARBARA BOARDMAN | SPECIAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ADULT MALE AND FEMALE OLIVE BABOONS (PAPIO ANUBIS) | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 374 | Most studies of male-female interactions in savannah baboons have focused on sexual behavior. In this thesis, I focus instead on relationships between males and females while females are lactating or pregnant. Results are based on sixteen months of focal animal samples on 33 adult females from a large troop of olive baboons near Gilgil, Kenya. Analysis of male grooming partners and neighbors showed that pregnant and lactating females associated preferentially with one or two of the 18 adult males in the troop (‘Special’ males), and different females tended to associate with different males. Males with whom a female did not have a special relationship were termed ‘Non-associates’. Females were primarily responsible for maintaining proximity to Special males, but not to Non-associates. Female preferences for Special males were further indicated by less frequent avoidance of male approaches, higher rates of positive social interactions, and lower rates of negative interactions. Special males were often, but not always, likely fathers of the female’s most recent offspring. Possible benefits to the female of special relationships include male protection from aggression by other baboons and male care and protection of her infant. Possible benefits to the male include opportunities for paternal investment, and increased chances of mating with Special females when they resume sexual cycles. Qualitative observations indicate that most special relationships begin when the female is cycling, but at least some of these relationships last for several years, through all phases of the female reproductive cycle. Evidence for male-female special relationships and for male care, protection, and exploitation of infants in other nonhuman primates is compared with the findings of this study. I conclude that in savannah baboons, and perhaps other species as well, long-term special relationships represent an important component of male and female reproductive strategies. The implications of this view for sexual selection theory and future research on nonhuman primates are discussed. |
| 1982 | TAN, HOCK | THE NATURE OF THE TRANSITION OF EGALITARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY AT CARBONDALE | PHD | 262 | A dynamic simulation model of development planning, within a short-to-medium-term time frame, is constructed. It is designed to evaluate the nature of the transition of egalitarian development in less developed countries, via some specific policies, and under some stipulated conditions featuring transitional rigidity in the economy. The overall structure of the model is that of economy-wide and general equilibrium, with some disequilibrium features commonly observed in less developed countries. The model is partitioned into eight economic sub-systems. In general, a social-accounting-matrix framework is employed to investigate the interrelations within each sub-system and across sub-systems. The functional specifications of the model are performed at a variety of aggregate and disaggregate levels, that are deemed desirable and feasible to capture the essential socioeconomic factors in less developed countries. The model is represented mainly by the composite economic data of Colombia, Kenya, and the Philippines in the 1970s. |
| 1982 | TAYLOR, LOWRY | A DYNAMIC MODEL OF RURAL-URBAN LABOR MIGRATION AND JOB ALLOCATION IN KENYA | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 211 | The magnitude of the movement of people to urban areas looking for employment in wage-paying jobs poses a planning problem in developing countries. In Africa the rural-to-urban migration and labor redistribution has persisted in the face of massive urban unemployment in the formal sector of the economy. A dynamic model of the process of rural-urban migration and job allocation in urban areas based on queueing theory is presented to examine the effects of changes in the rate of urban migration, job allocation and priorities for jobs related to migrant characteristics. Empirical data from the 1969 Kenya Population Census and migrant interviews was used in the queueing model modifications to demonstrate the distributive consequences of the present mobility trends and to illustrate how changes between the rural and urban labor markets and changes in the characteristics of individual migrants can result in different planning scenarios for Kenya. |
| 1982 | TOLER, DEBORAH LEEANNA | YOUTH, UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND RURAL CHANGE: THE IMPACT OF NONFORMAL EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN KENYA | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 396 | : |
| 1982 | TOTH, NICHOLAS PATRICK | THE STONE TECHNOLOGIES OF EARLY HOMINIDS AT KOOBI FORA, KENYA: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 385 | A holistic study of the stone technologies of early hominids from Koobi Fora, Kenya, was conducted to gain a better understanding of their modes of manufacture and use. The excavated archaeological assemblages were examined to gain an appreciation of the range of technologies represented from early Pleistocene sites at Koobi Fora. Seven archaeological sites were then analyzed in detail and formed the basis for the experimental programs. Raw material sources, both ancient and modern, were studied to determine whether early hominids were selective in their acquisition of lithic materials for tools. The mechanical and functional properties of the major rock types exploited are also discussed. An experimental replicative program was designed to better understand the techniques and strategies employed by early hominids and implications about their strength, skill, and manual dexterity. Controlled experiments in producing characteristic core and retouched forms were conducted and debitage patterns studied in detail. From the results of these experiments computer simulations were generated to study the effects of differential curation of lithic materials by hominids as well as different degrees of water action on an archaeological site. Based on the types of cores and retouched pieces found at the archaeological sites, simulations were generated to predict expected flake populations, and the results of these compared to the archaeological samples of flakes. Studies of later Acheulean technology are also discussed. Functional experiments using experimental replicas of Koobi For a artifact forms were conducted to gauge their capabilities for different tasks, including animal butchery (from goat to elephant sizes), woodworking, and hide-working. Lines of evidence from striations on archaeological faunal material as well as microwear polishes on stone tools are considered. |
| 1982 | VALENTINE, THEODORE RUDOLPH | GOVERNMENT WAGE POLICY, WAGE DETERMINATION, AND THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: A CASE STUDY OF TANZANIA | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 340 | This is a study of the role of government wage policy (GWP) in economic development and labor market behavior with special reference to Tanzania. GWP includes not only direct action on wages, but legal and institutional changes which indirectly affect labor market processes and industrial relations. After introduction (Chapter I), issues related to low-wage and high-wage approaches to economic development are discussed in detail in Chapter II. These two approaches are not mutually exclusive under all circumstances. Rather, the usefulness of each depends upon the nature of constraints on development that a country desires to remove. Chapter III examines GWP, wage and employment trends, and labor supplies in colonial Tanzania (1949-61). Explanations are offered on why the colonial government abandoned its traditional ‘cheap labor’ policy and how the change in wage policy increased real wages in the late 1950s. Fluctuations in wage employment are also examined. Chapter IV is an analysis of GWP, wage and employment trends, and economic conditions in post-independence for three subperiods: 1961-67, 1967-72, and 1972-76. GWP changed from period to period. It is concluded that: the high-wage policy in 1961-67 was not responsible for the slow growth of wage employment during the same period; a more favorable employment trend after 1967 was not due to the shift to a different, low-wage policy; and GWP had little to do with the price instability in 1972-76 despite allegations of a wage-price spiral during this period. Chapter V describes the role of the government in shaping Tanzania’s industrial-relations system. The government has undertaken extensive legal and institutional changes. As a result, the government has become dominant and the labor movement subservient in matters that affect labor’s security and welfare in the workplace. A comparative analysis of trends in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda in Chapter VI refutes the proposition, popular among economists, that rapid increases in real wages retard economic development. Contrary to a general ‘imperative of wage restraint’ stressed by many economists, this thesis argues that the merits of GWP in any country should be evaluated in close touch with the country’s specific objectives and concrete realities. Many misconceptions born of conventional economic analysis on the role of wages in economic development and employment expansion are exposed and expunged. |
| 1982 | WHITTEN, PATRICIA LEE | FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES AMONG VERVET MONKEYS | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 304 | Female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops arenarius) were observed for 26 months in the Samburu/Isiolo Game Reserves, northern Kenya. The study subjects were 20 adult females distributed in two troops located along a vegetation gradient and a third troop which occupied the grounds of a tourist lodge. Quantitative data was collected on the diets, activity patterns, and social interactions of these females. Data presented here challenge some unproven assumptions about the behavior of female primates; vervet females at Samburu vary in reproductive success, are food-limited and competitive. Females in this study varied considerably in reproductive success, and these differences arose at all stages of female reproductive effort. Females varied in the timing of perineal color changes, mating onset and conception, in mother-offspring contact, suckling rates, ages of weaning and interbirth intervals. Breeding competition, suckling rates, food intake, and perhaps general nutritional condition all affected the timing of mating and conception. Rank, troop, and month of birth affected the mother-infant relationship; these effects appeared to be a consequence of postnatal food intake. Food was a limiting factor for these females. Spatial and temporal differences in the availability of important food items were reflected in differences in female diets and reproductive success. Females competed over access to food and mates; this competition gave rise to rank-related differences in diet and in mating success. Higher-ranking females spent more time than lower-ranking females eating preferred food items which were clumped in distribution; lower-ranking females appeared to substitute less preferred and more randomly distributed food items. Low-ranking females conceived later in the mating season than higher-ranking females. This difference appeared to be due to the greater attractiveness and proceptivity of higher-ranking females and to mating synchrony and postconception mating. Observations collected during fissions of two of the study troops suggest that the advantages of group life lie in the ability of groups to defend access to high-quality food sources. Fissions and later fusions were related to the abundance and distribution of preferred food items. |
| 1982 | ZELEZA, PAUL TIYAMBE | DEPENDENCE CAPITALISM AND THE MAKING OF THE KENYAN WORKING CLASS DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD. | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD |
| Year | Author’s Name | Title | Institution | Degree | Pages | Abstract |
| 1983 | AMBLER, CHARLES HART | CENTRAL KENYA IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY: SMALL COMMUNITIES IN A REGIONAL SYSTEM | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 480 | By the late nineteenth century a coherent regional system had evolved in central Kenya. The circulation of people, commodities and ideas drew the agricultural societies of the area into this complex of interdependent relationships. This dissertation examines the interplay between the development of basic regional structures and the processes of social, economic and cultural change in the late 1800s. The experience of several communities in Kitui and Embu Districts provide a focus for the larger analysis. Within each locality, a convergence of ecological, historical and strategic forces led to the rise of distinctive and autonomous communities. These local studies reveal that the patterns of social evolution and identification were far more complex and varied than general histories of ethnic populations suggest. The exchange of food, livestock and labor between small communities generated the basic regional framework. Family-based groups or loose ‘associations’ handled most trade, and personal contacts dominated the conduct of exchange. In the late 1800s, however, the emergence of the region as a supply zone in international trade stimulated a gradual development of regional centers of exchange. This encouraged a growing concentration of wealth and power in the hands of brokers of the new order. The processes of change converged in the drought, epidemic and famine that devastated central Kenya between 1897 and 1901. The response to this crisis–examined in detail–put into relief the structural interdependence between highlands and low. The imposition of colonialism, however, involved a thorough transformation of the regional system. The flows of goods and labor were pressed to conform to the new framework of political control: a constellation of isolated districts linked directly to the center. The evidence for this study is drawn from both written and oral sources. |
| 1983 | ANDERSON, KRISTINE JO. | BILINGUALISM IN THE SELF-IMAGING OF JULIEN GREEN, ANAIS NIN, AND KAREN BLIXEN | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON | PHD | 300 | Because knowledge of two languages is also knowledge of two ways of perceiving reality and thinking about one’s place in the world, a bilingual is gifted with alternative identities according to language. The present study explores the occurrence of this phenomenon in three bilingual authors through a careful examination of their autobiographical writings. The crucial role of language in identity was noted by Freud and elaborated by Lacan. Freud’s ‘talking cure’ is really a form of autobiography; Lacan locates the origin of both language and identity in the name of the father. A survey of contemporary and traditional theories of autobiography shows that this genre not only preserves personal identity in writing, but also multiplies identities through writing. A survey of recent research in bilingualism shows that a kind of personality-doubling also takes place through bilingualism. The present study shows the foregoing theoretical principles operating in the cases of Green, an American who is also a French author; Nin, a well-known American diarist who actually began keeping her diary in French; and Blixen, a Danish woman who learned English in British colonial Kenya and continued to write in it after returning to Denmark. All three authors wrote about the personality doubling effect of bilingualism: Green in the form of analytical expository essays, Nin candidly in diary entries, and Blixen in the symbolic terms of parable and allegory. An analysis of the autobiographical writings themselves–Green’s Memories of Happy Days, and ‘Quand nous etions ensemble,’ Nin’s Journal d’enfance and Diary, and Blixen’s Out of Africa and Letters from Africa–reveals the crucial significance of the name of the father in the origins of each author’s identity as writer in a particular national literary tradition. |
| 1983 | BEMIS, WILLIAM ELLIOT | STUDIES ON THE EVOLUTIONARY MORPHOLOGY OF LEPIDOSIRENID LUNGFISH (PISCES: DIPNOI) (PROTOPTERUS, KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 346 | The components of this study are: (1) comparisons of two species of Protopterus; (2) analysis of feeding in Protopterus and Lepidosiren; (3) scale morphology in Protopterus; and (4) analysis of paedomorphosis in dipnoan evolution. Together, these offer insight into evolutionary change in lepidosirenids and data relevant to current ideas in evolutionary biology. Two of four recognized species of Protopterus were collected from Lake Victoria (P. aethiopicus) and the Tana River (P. annectens) in Kenya. Starch gel electrophoresis showed them to be distinct at levels greater than many interspecific comparisons of vertebrates. Skull morphometrics suggests that specific determination of fossil lepidosirenid skulls would be difficult. The feeding apparatus consists of suction-producing components and crushing components. The morphology of the lips allows flaring during chewing of large food items and suction when feeding on small prey. The mandibular adductors originate in part from a connective tissue sheet suspended by the frontoparietal and supraorbitals. The complex supraorbital-pterygoid articulation is hypothesized to resist anterior sliding of the supraorbital during adduction. Because of this emarginate condition, the adductors bulge freely during chewing. During post-larval growth, the basal area of the tooth plates increases and the cusps change shape. Microhardness measurements show the trabecular dentine of the tooth plates is comparable to mammalian dentine while the petrodentine is comparable to enamel. Differential wear produces self-sharpened blades. Mineralized components of Protopterus scales were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Scales are composed of plates which develop by apical addition of calcospherites. Spines project up from the plates, and concretions unrelated to the spines form in the center of the scale. The homology of these features is discussed. The idea that paedomorphosis played a role in dipnoan evolution has previously received only limited attention. Evidence from the literature includes changes in body and fin form, fin rays, scale shape and ornamentation, degree of ossification, and cell size. It is concluded that paedomorphosis played an important role in dipnoan evolution. This alters concepts of adaptation in the group, and suggests that the morphology of lepidosirenids is the product of special adaptive evolution superimposed on the general pattern of paedomorphosis. |
| 1983 | BROWNE, DALLA LASALLE | KAWANGWARE: URBANIZATION BY ABSORPTION IDENTITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN NAIROBI (KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 379 | Kawangware is a low income neighborhood in Nairobi, Kenya; about two-thirds of its population belongs to the Kikuyu. Kikuyu settlers are its core group and guide its political, economic and social development. A few families own most of the land and serve both as landlord and host to migrant populations. These local elites coordinate the community’s corporate activities, consciously promoting group cohesion and boundary maintenance by fostering the continuation of such traditional instruments of power as the Council of Elders. Communities such as Kawangware, that have been absorbed intact by cities, are able to adapt to rapid urbanization more effectively than migrant communities. Their cultural resilience stems from continued control over key resources, particularly land and water, which in turn control other essential resources. The greater wealth of core families provides them with disposable income used to maintain psychologically important kindred ties. Greater proximity often allows monthly corporate meetings, collective decisions regarding group welfare, and pooling of economic and social resources to advance corporate and individual interests. A key institution is the local Council of Elders, through which host families dominate the legal settlement of disputes, contractual matters and criminal cases. These elders form a gerontocracy that effectively governs Kawangware. Patterns of visitation, reciprocal assistance and the maintenance of ceremonies (often religious in nature) have been least affected by urbanization. Regulation of the social, political and economic life of the community by the core families has led to more equitable community development in Kawangware than in other Nairobi neighborhoods, such as Bahati. Thanks to its rural origins, Kawangware also maintains continuing and harmonious ties with neighboring rural areas that sell their produce in Kawangware’s open air market. In spite of its reputation as an urban slum, it is one of the most humane and liveable urban communities in Kenya. It keeps alive the hope that some African cultures will be able to selectively assimilate those features of Western culture they need while still maintaining their cultural integrity. |
| 1983 | BRUNGER, CHARLES SCOTT | THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNAL MARKET IN ALGERIA, NIGERIA, AND THE IVORY COAST | NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH | PHD | 283 | The main argument of this Ph.D. dissertation is that in three African countries the internal market has developed and continues to develop as a result of the internationalization of capital. Christian Palloix’s interpretation of the internationalization of the three circuits of capital is employed. This theory is applied to Algeria, Nigeria, and the Ivory Coast, where pre-capitalist societies were based on the Asiatic mode of production as interpreted by Ferenc Tokei. The Asiatic mode is distinguished by communal ownership of land, appropriation of surplus labor by authorities, division of labor limited to the village or family, low level of technology, and absence of an internal market. The internationalization of the circuits of capital affects the internal market, mode of production, and development of the nation state. Internationalization of the circuit of commodity capital develops stage I of the internal market, exchange of manufactured goods for raw materials. In traditional production authorities increase appropriation of surplus products. Merchant capital arises and seeks to control raw materials exports through the state. Internationalization of the circuit of money capital develops stage II of the internal market, exchange of intermediate and capital goods. The vestiges of the Asiatic mode in agriculture remains a barrier to capitalist farming. Emergent industrial capital seeks through the state a protected market for import-substitution industrialization. Internationalization of the circuit of productive capital develops stage III of the internal market, exchange of wage goods. Agricultural capitalism provides growing supplies of cheap food and raw materials to industry. The increasing division of labor permits manufacturing to compete in the world market. None of the above African countries has yet attained this stage of becoming a newly industrializing country. Three variants of the Asiatic mode are derived based on communal land ownership by lineages, by a ruler responsible to lineages, and by a despotic ruler governing through officials. Each variant had a different relationship to long-distance caravan trade. Each variant breaks down into a different landholding pattern under capitalism. These results modify debates in Kenya over dependency theory, fate of the peasantry, and nature of the post-colonial state. |
| 1983 | BUTCHER, ARONA MAHAN | THE BIAS AGAINST INDUSTRIAL EXPORTS IN THE KENYAN ECONOMY: 1954-80 | UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA | PHD | 305 | This dissertation examines the foreign trade policies that were implemented in Kenya as well as evaluates the economic incentives for producers that emanate from these policies. An analysis is presented on the impact of import substitution and export promotion policies on the relative profitability of industrial production for domestic and for foreign markets. Estimation of effective rates of protection for Kenyan industries indicates that export production realized negative effective rates of protection while production destined for the domestic market realized very high effective rates of protection. Using a regression model, the effect trade policies have had on the performance of Kenya’s manufactured exports is evaluated. The dependent variable is represented by Kenya’s industrial exports to non East African markets. The independent variables that reflect import substitution and export promotion policies are respectively, the effective exchange rate applicable to imports and the effective exchange rate applicable to exports. The former represents in domestic currency what producers can charge for a dollar’s worth of output sold in the domestic market taking into account the impact of trade restrictions, while the latter is defined as units of domestic currency received by an exporter for a dollar’s worth of exports taking into account export promotional instruments. Both these variables are divided by a domestic price index to reflect the impact of domestic prices. This price index is further divided by the British wholesale price index. Kenya’s exports to the East African markets are used to represent the impact of the East African Common market on Kenya’s industrial exports. The index of industrial production is also included as an independent variable. Since the average tariff rate is used to reflect the impact of import substitution on the supply of manufactured exports, a dummy variable is used to represent the effect of quotas and import licensing. The estimated model indicates that while export promotion policies encouraged production of industrial exports, the pursuit of import substitution had a negative impact on such production. |
| 1983 | CHERU, FANTU | EXTERNAL DEPENDENCE AND NATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICY: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF GRADUATE UNEMPLOYMENT IN NAIROBI, KENYA | PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 287 | This dissertation examines the attempts by the government of Kenya to develop and implement policies directed toward the problem of urban unemployment. Specifically, this study focuses upon two policy areas directly related to the problem of urban unemployment: education and economic growth. Central to the urban unemployment problem is a potential conflict arising out of a rapidly growing number of school graduates on the one hand, and on the other, the limited opportunities for a sufficient level of employment for this segment of the labor force. An additional element of this study is an examination of the possible consequences of Kenya’s external dependency upon the linkages between education, economic growth, and employment opportunities. A consistent theme contained in the development literature is that accelerated development in Third World nations such as Kenya depends upon enlarging the supply of educated and trained manpower. Without such manpower, it is argued, development leadership would be woefully lacking and economic growth would be retarded. On the basis of these assumptions, Kenya, like many other developing countries, has focused its attention on the rapid quantitative expansion of school enrollments from primary school to the university. In recent years, however, the idea that conventional educational expansion is an unmitigated social good and an engine for development has been challenged by the emergence of graduate unemployment. The dynamic rate of economic growth and a forceful campaign of Kenyanization have proven impossible to create sufficient employment to meet the now growing numbers of Kenyan students who feel themselves qualified. In an attempt to resolve this problem, government policies have been directed toward improving the different components of the school system: examinations, curriculum reform, and vocational and technical education. However, the impact of these educational strategies in solving the unemployment problem has been extremely limited by the restricted market for technical and vocational skills in the country. The result of this study suggests that the roots of the unemployment problem are in the structure of the society, and particularly in the failure of the Kenyan economy to industrialize and modernize at a rate that absorbs the labor force. These economic problems are traded to Kenya’s continued dependency on external economic assistance, which reduces its ability to determine the course of national development independently. This economic problem is of such a magnitude, it can only be solved by structural adjustments, both internally and externally. The findings of this study confirm the dependency argument. |
| 1983 | CHIKHULA, PRAINY LUCIAN | THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS AS A TOOL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: SOME EVIDENCE FROM MALAWI’S SECTORAL GROWTH | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO | PHD | 231 | This study examines the Basic Human Needs (BHN) strategy used by some Third World Countries (TWC’s) as an alternative to development strategies adopted by the growth-oriented development planners and policy-makers. The period covered by the study is from late 1950’s to early 1980’s. The BHN strategy has become popular in some TWC’s because it ‘seeks’ to develop the rural economies by enabling the rural communities to produce enough goods and services which, in turn, enable them to provide for their own ‘basic human needs’. The BHN strategy’s greatest advantage over the conventional growth-oriented approaches to development is that it targets the rural communities for development. The growth-oriented approaches have no specific target groups or sectors for ‘development’. If development is to be sustained, it is necessary to target the rural communities because the main economic occupation for most TWC’s rural communities is smallholder agriculture. We have argued that although some countries, such as Tanzania, have used a BHN strategy since 1960’s, they have not succeeded in alleviating rural poverty because the development planners and policy implementing sectors have overlooked the importance of smallholder agriculture in the development process. They do not use the ‘right’ incentives to encourage smallholder agricultural production. In order to examine this argument in detail, we have carried out a comparative cross-country empirical study of six Sub-Saharan countries. The focus of the analysis is on Malawi’s approach to rural development. Other countries selected for this study are Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania. Except for the Ivory Coast which was colonized by France, the rest of them, including Malawi are the former British colonies. They all attained political independence status in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. They are all (presently) predominantly smallholder economies and they all lie in the Sub-Saharan region. Malawi’s economy is one of the fastest growing among the agricultural economies today. Since 1960’s, Malawi has used a BHN strategy as an approach to alleviating rural poverty. Using data from the World Bank, UNDP and ILO, and from Malawi Government, we have analyzed the activities of the two main development organizations in Malawi. These are the Development Scheme Programmes and the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC). . . . (Author’s abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of author.) UMI |
| 1983 | DAWSON, MARC HARRY | SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHANGE IN KENYA: 1880-1925 | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 330 | The socio-economic changes associated with the creation of colonial Kenya created new disease patterns which resulted in increased morbidity and mortality in the first twenty-five years of this century. This dissertation attempts to identify the socio-economic factors principally responsible for the epidemiological change through examining the changing nature of six different diseases (smallpox, plague, cerebro-spinal meningitis, influenza, yaws, and syphilis). Medical and administrative records and oral interviews conducted in Murang’a District in 1978-79 provided the bulk of the data. The most important factor was clearly increased population mobility and inter-communication, mainly in the form of labor migration. The new population movements affected disease by exposing the labor migrants both to a new disease environment at their place of work, but also by increasing the number of possibly diseased people to whom they were exposed. The labor migrants frequently carried these infections back to their rural homes. The travel conditions and living conditions at their jobs contributed to the deteriorating health conditions of the period. The new colonial urban centers, such as Nairobi, provided a health environment very different than nineteenth century rural African village life. The number of people and higher population density meant these cities could maintain infections at endemic levels higher than villages and radiate disease into the rural areas. Migrants had to pass through or work in these centers, but could also introduce disease into the city. In Kenya the early colonial period was also marked by significant ecological changes. New animal species and pathogens were introduced into the country, such as Rattus rattus (the plague rat) and the Spanish influenza virus. New vegetation patterns resulted from increased agricultural activity and the firewood trade. All these ecological changes had important effects on disease. Lastly, the colonial government’s limited efforts to deliver Western medical care to rural Africans met with mixed, but significant results. For instance anti-yaws campaigns had unforeseen results on the incidence of tertiary yaws and venereal syphilis. On the whole, the efforts had little impact on the bulk of morbidity and mortality of the African population. |
| 1983 | FRANK, LAURENCE GREGORY | REPRODUCTION AND INTRA-SEXUAL DOMINANCE IN THE SPOTTED HYENA (CROCUTA CROCUTA) (SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, NEPOTISM, SOCIOBIOLOGY, KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 118 | Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben) are the most abundant large predator in Africa. This paper summarizes the results of a four year study of the social organization and mating system of one hyena clan in the Masai Mara National Reserve of Kenya. The clan had a mean population of 52.3 adults and subadults; the adult female component of the population was stable, but adult males increased between 1981 and 1983. The stable core of the clan comprises adult females and their female offspring, which remain in the natal group to breed. Males disperse at puberty and, after a period as nomadic transients, they settle in a new clan, though often they emigrate again after a period of months or years. Thus, there is a high degree of relatedness among clan females, but not among males. Mating appears to be highly polygynous; only the socially dominant male was seen to mate. Though observations of mating were few, the alpha male engaged in all forms of courtship behavior significantly more frequently than other males. There is a strong dominance hierarchy among females, with a single older individual dominating all other clan members. Her offspring of both sexes rank immediately below her, and female rank is inherited. The cubs of the alpha female feed on kills more frequently than other cubs, and are weaned at an earlier age. Sons of the dominant female are the only males able to dominate females and stay in the clan nearly twice as long as other juvenile males. The alpha female produced male offspring exclusively, selectively made possibly by the fact that spotted hyenas usually produce a litter of comprising one male and one female. The dominant female apparently allowed the female to die in order to concentrate parental investment in the male, producing unusually aggressive, dominant males. In a highly polygynous mating system, in which the alpha male appears to accomplish most of the mating, dominant females may thus increase their inclusive fitness, through the high reproductive success of their sons. Their daughters, born earlier in the alpha female’s life, also become dominant, continuing the process. |
| 1983 | FRANZEL, STEVEN CHARLES | PLANNING AN ADAPTIVE PRODUCTION RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR SMALL FARMERS: A CASE STUDY OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN KIRINYAGA DISTRICT, KENYA | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 296 | This thesis uses the farming systems research (FSR) methods of the International Maize and Wheat and Improvement Center (CIMMYT) to plan an experimental program for farmers in Middle Kirinyaga, Kenya, and to address several methodological issues concerning FSR. The approach includes three stages: (1) interviews with extension agents to identify recommendation domains (RD’s), i.e., fairly homogenous groups of farmers; (2) an informal survey in which researchers interview farmers; and (3) a formal sample survey. An agronomist collaborated with the author in mounting the research. The two RD’s identified in Middle Kirinyaga were high income farmers and low income farmers. Farmers’ circumstances are described and ‘leverage points’ are identified, which represent opportunities for increasing productivity in ways acceptable to and feasible for farmers. An experimental program is presented; the two most important research priorities are: (1) Improving soil fertility and structure through on-farm experiments to test the effectiveness of readily available coffee husks as manure. (2) Reducing the draught power bottleneck by selecting bean cultivars with superior ability to withstand dry planting, treating seeds against ant damage, and deeper planting. Two methodological issues are addressed. The first is how to obtain normative and prescriptive information, i.e., information on farmers’ values and decisions. Two techniques, repertory grid (RG) and hierarchical decision tree models (HDM), are incorporated into the informal and formal surveys and are evaluated. The techniques were found useful for assembling data concerning preferences and decisions in a systematic fashion and for assisting the researcher to develop an understanding of farmer decision-making. The second methodological issue concerns the quality of data at different stages of the investigation. First, data from the RD-identification exercise are evaluated in comparison to those of the formal survey. The exercise is found to be reasonably effective for tentatively classifying farmers into RD’s. Next, the utility of the formal survey is evaluated by comparing its results with those of the informal survey. The formal survey contributed relatively little to the understanding of farmers’ practices and constraints or to the experimental program developed in the informal survey. These findings support the hypothesis that the informal survey can be an effective and sufficient method for planning experimental programs for farmers. |
| 1983 | FUGUITT, DIANA LEE | PROPERTY RIGHTS, ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR — TANZANIA AND KENYA | RICE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 431 | This dissertation is an application of recent innovations in analytical economic history to the field of development. It applies the modern economic theory of property rights and North’s recently advanced theory of the state to the development of Kenyan and Tanzanian agriculture since the 1950s. The dissertation explores the forces which constrained the choice of a property rights system in each case, but the main emphasis is on institutional development and on its implications for efficiency, growth and income distribution. In Kenya, African lands were consolidated and registered, barriers on African cash crop production were removed, and private land rights were fostered in the European areas. This system constituted a relatively efficient property rights structure, which contributed to rapid growth of small farm output, but at the expense of increasing income inequalities. This result is consistent with theoretical expectations. Nevertheless, in areas characterized by marginal land and scarce capital, or by absentee ownership, the efficiency of property rights was not a binding constraint, and the change in property rights had little effect. Political constraints prevented the generalization of efficient property rights, as in the case of intertribal land transfers which are still barred. The resulting loss in efficiency, compounded by the related growth in landlessness, constitutes one of the country’s most pressing problems today. The aim of Tanzania’s leaders was to reorganize agricultural production on a cooperative basis. The realization of this goal was handicapped by a number of factors, including inadequate material and administrative resources, unrealistic planning and implementation, and consequent failure to mobilize peasant support for the envisaged transformation. Individual land ownership persisted and inequalities increased–though on a lesser scale than in Kenya–in spite of the official collectivist and egalitarian ideologies. Increasing dirigisme, relying on an ineffectual bureaucracy, resulted in low productivity and retarded growth, contributing to low levels of food production in the 1970s. The dissertation explains the nature of the organizational choices faced by developing countries and relates these choices to their performance and structural consequences. |
| 1983 | INGULE, FRANK OYUNGU | USING THREE FORMATS OF THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL TO DETERMINE THE MOST RELIABLE FORMAT OF THE TECHNIQUE AMONG KENYAN AND AMERICAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN AND INVESTIGATE THE DIMENSIONALITY OF THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD READING | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 185 | Three-point, five-point and seven-point formats of the Semantic Differential technique were used to rate the concept of READING by American and African fourth to seventh grade children. The purpose of the study was to identify the most reliable formats of the Semantic Differential for the various grades and determine whether the technique identifies the same factors (dimensions) and factor structures among the American and African children selected for the study. The American subjects were selected from two schools in Lansing, Michigan while the African subjects were selected from two schools in Kenya (East Africa). A total of 448 American and African children participated in this study. The results showed that among the American subjects, five-point and seven-point formats were more reliable than the three-point format. The five-point format was more reliable in the African fourth and fifth grade than the three-point and seven-point formats. However, in sixth and seventh African grades, the five-point and seven-point formats were equally reliable but more reliable than the three-point format. The three-point format was consistently less reliable than the five-point and seven-point formats among both the African and American subjects. The factors identified among the American subjects, in their order of importance, were, Evaluation, Difficulty (Potency), and Usefulness (Activity). The same factors were identified as characterizing the attitudes of African subjects toward reading but the order of these factors were changed. Factor I among the African subjects was Usefulness (Activity), Factor II was Evaluation and Factor III was Difficulty (Potency). Results of the factor reliabilities showed that the most reliable factor among the American subjects was Evaluation, followed by Difficulty (Potency), then Usefulness (Activity). The most reliable factor among the African subjects was Usefulness, followed by Evaluation and then Difficulty. The results of this research cannot be generalized beyond the subjects used because it is based on a fixed design model. The information on the dimensions is restricted to READING since this was the concept that was rated. |
| 1983 | JORDAN, JOSEPH FERDINAND, JR. | STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF THE KENYAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY 1960-1981. | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | Abstract | |
| 1983 | KAUFULU, ZEFE MOSES | THE GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SOME EARLY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN KENYA, MALAWI AND TANZANIA: MICROSTRATIGRAPHY, SITE FORMATION AND INTERPRETATION | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 340 | This study reports on 16 sites which have been examined in detail as a sample series so as to develop a methodology for geological evaluation of site formation processes and so as to begin contributing specific information regarding the context of some early sites. Three of the sites are of Acheulian age, and the remainder belong to the pre-Acheulian (i.e. ‘Oldowan Industrial Complex’). To provide a rigorous basis for interpreting archaeological occurrences, detailed geological studies of localities of 16 ESA sites are conducted in this study. Fourteen of the sites are from the Koobi For a region of northern Kenya, one from the Natron Basin, Tanzania, and one from Karonga, Malawi. From the study, small scale environments in which the sites formed are reconstructed. The sites are found in small scale landforms of ancient river systems. The study shows that the sites are disturbed to various degrees by running water and processes of diagenesis. The degree of disturbance varies from site to site depending on the location of the site in the river catchment. In general, disturbance of the contents is highest in sites that are located in channels, intermediate in sites that are located on banks and levees, and lowest in sites that are located in the floodbasin far from channels. The sites that are found in banks, levees and floodbasins represent original locales of hominid activities. However, the composition and arrangements of their contents are in some degree modified by running water and diagenetic processes. |
| 1983 | KILNER, JOHN FREDERIC | WHO SHALL BE SAVED? AN ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR APPROACHES TO THE ALLOCATION OF SCARCE LIFESAVING MEDICAL RESOURCES | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 447 | Increasingly people die because they cannot obtain a particular medical treatment that cannot possibly be provided for all within reach who need it at that moment. In such cases, tragically, a decision must be made as to who may live and who must die. Many proposals have been advanced concerning how to conduct such an allocation morally. The present dissertation presents a critical ethical analysis of these proposals. Opening with two chapters documenting the enormity of the problem and describing the methodology of the research and writing phases of the project, the dissertation proceeds to analyze the allocation proposals to date in four groups. The proposals are first divided according to their basic orientation toward selecting patients either in the manner most beneficial to society (social-value selection) or in a random manner. Social-value proposals are further divided into those concerned almost exclusively with social value and those which also admit some very different considerations. On the other hand, random-selection proposals are classified according to whether or not they employ explicitly religious justifications. A concluding chapter summarizes the analysis and presents conclusions, including some original recommendations. Throughout the dissertation both contextual and criteria analysis are employed. Contextual analysis focuses upon each author’s implicit conception of normative ethics, the person, society, ultimate justification, and culture. (Relevant perspectives of Akamba healers in Kenya, gathered through original field research, are employed to expose cultural assumptions in the proposals under consideration.) Criteria analysis, in contrast, evaluates the specific stance taken by each author on such potential allocation criteria as medical prognosis, age, and ability to pay, as well as social value and random selection. Ultimately, the dissertation concludes that a policy sanctioning random selection except under specified exceptional circumstances constitutes the approach which is not only the most comprehensive and internally consistent, but also the least counterproductive in that it poses the least threat of its own to the well-being of the individual and society. Moreover, a proposal with religious justification is found to be preferable to a rationalistic approach which fails to examine some of its hidden premises. |
| 1983 | KIRUBI, GICHUHI MIKE MAINA | TURMOIL IN A UNIVERSITY: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE CONFLICTS, CONFRONTATIONS AND STRIKES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI AND KENYATTA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA–1960-1978 | OHIO UNIVERSITY | PHD | 281 | With the coming of political Independence for Kenya and the departure of the British Colonial administration, the new African government with Jomo Kenyatta as the head, inherited many novel problems. High on the list was the reorganization of education to conform and serve the needs of the new nation. The University was thus charged with the task of providing the country with all the needed trained and educated manpower. The University was also charged with the task of helping the country’s political leaders design a viable economic path that would lead the country out of the inherited abject poverty and into heights of development for the new nation. But soon the University education was disrupted by numerous students’ strikes and confrontations against the policies of the new African government. The problem of this study was, therefore, to present an historical analysis of the numerous strikes, confrontations and conflicts that have taken place in the University of Nairobi and Kenyatta University College from 1960 to 1978. In its procedures and methodology, this study utilized an historical systematic approach in a chronological manner. The information presented was largely gathered from various Kenyan and foreign newspapers, weeklies, journals, Kenya government publications and from many books on Kenya. The findings indicated a collapse of university education in Kenya. Rampant strikes, confrontations and conflicts between the student body and the university administration. A hostile relationship between the government and the university community. A deviant student body that has attained the role of a political opposition within the one party state; central issues in their protests have been; political detentions, political intimidations, political murders, tribalism, economic inequality and many other issues. A need for the government, the university community, the university administration and the Kenyan tax-payers to hold a moratorium on the many university problems if the role of university education is to benefit the Republic of Kenya. |
| 1983 | LASESKI, RUTH ANNE | MODERN POLLEN DATA AND HOLOCENE CLIMATE CHANGE IN EASTERN AFRICA | BROWN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 284 | Modern pollen spectra have been analyzed from 59 sampling sites in eastern Africa, and these modern data have been used to interpret fossil pollen spectra from a 14,500-yr sediment core from northern Lake Victoria and fossil pollen spectra from three late Holocene-age cores from northwestern Tanzania. Thirty-seven of the 59 sampling sites are located in or near the Western Rift of Uganda, Ruanda, Tanzania, and Zambia, and 22 sites are located in or near the Eastern Rift of Kenya and Tanzania. The sites include 24 water-filled craters, 13 lagoons or expanded places in rivers, 6 lava- or rock-dammed valleys, 5 strike-slip faults, 3 grabens, 2 lahars, 1 spring, and 5 basins of uncertain origin. Transfer function equations that relate modern abundances of key pollen types with modern rainfall values have been derived by linear multiple regression analysis. One of these equations has been applied to the fossil pollen spectra from Pilkington Bay, northern Lake Victoria. The resulting quantitative estimates of paleo-rainfall at Pilkington Bay are consistent for many periods with independent estimates of paleorainfall for eastern Africa. Modern pollen spectra from eastern Africa have abundances that are strongly dissimilar to fossil abundances in pollen spectra from two marsh sites and one lake site in Buhaya, northwestern Tanzania. These differences suggest that pollen spectra in Buhaya reflect vegetation that is restricted geographically in eastern Africa to areas that fringe Lake Victoria. Some pollen changes in the upper portion of the three sediment cores are consistent with the land use history of the local Haya people, including the cultural exploitation of Syzygium trees for charcoal for the local iron smelting industry and the vegetation changes associated with the beginning of cattle grazing in western Buhaya. |
| 1983 | LITTLE, PETER DEAL | FROM HOUSEHOLD TO REGION: THE MARKETING/PRODUCTION INTERFACE AMONG THE IL CHAMUS OF NORTHERN KENYA | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 344 | Academic interest in African pastoralism increased considerably in the 1970s and early 1980s. Studies in this time period emphasized, inter alia, ecology and subsistence production, political economy, farmer/pastoralists interaction, resource allocation and livestock marketing. Another trend which was emphasized but is still mainly at the conceptual stages is that of analyzing pastoral production systems from a regional perspective. Fundamental to this position is the premise that pastoral systems are components of a larger spatial economy; that is, a subsector of a regional economy. This paradigm advocates a better understanding of the linkages between the pastoral sector and other sectors of the regional economy. This dissertation analyzes the Il Chamus pastoral economy (Kenya) using the methods of regional analysis. The central thesis of the dissertation is that recent socio-economic changes in the Il Chamus pastoral economy are related to broader transformations at the regional level, particularly regarding the regional grain market. The disintegration of the regional grain market favors a more diversified production system, one that incorporates significantly more grain production. However, it is only when social relations at the production level are understood that one can assess how these regional changes are manifested at the neighborhood and homestead levels. It is suggested that pre-existing social relations based on livestock ownership have allowed mainly the wealthier Il Chamus to benefit from the economic diversification of the past fifteen years. It is argued in this study that regional analysis as it has been used by economic anthropologists must be modified in the African context to account for the importance of production and its social relations. The dissertation proposes a ‘bottom up’ or micro production approach to regional analysis. Such a perspective allows one to understand the causes and processes involved with the Il Chamus transformation from pastoralism to agro-pastoralism. |
| 1983 | LOPEZ, CONSUELO | C. L. R. JAMES: THE RHETORIC OF A DEFIANT WARRIOR (TRINIDAD, CARIBBEAN, PAN-AFRICAN, BRITAIN, UNITED STATES; MARXISM) | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 224 | C. L. R. James, author of The Black Jacobins, Minty Alley, World Revolution, Beyond a Boundary, Facing Reality, and many lesser-known works, is a leading Pan-African spokesman and historian. Raised and educated in colonial Trinidad, he launched his activist and literary career in London in 1932. He was a cricket correspondent for the Manchester Guardian. He agitated in favor of African and West Indian independence. In 1938, he moved to the United States where he lectured and wrote for the Socialist Workers Party and the Workers Party. In 1939, he discussed plans for an independent black movement with Leon Trotsky in Mexico. For fifteen years, he led a group of American Marxist intellectuals, the Johnson-Forrest Tendency. In 1965, he formed the Workers and Farmers Party to oppose Trinidad’s ruling party. A persuasive speaker, he has influenced intellectuals as well as African (Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta), Caribbean (Eric Williams, Michael Manley, Maurice Bishop), and American (Stokely Carmichael) political leaders. This study analyzes and evaluates James’s rhetorical strategies for developing and encouraging mass movements built on Marxist theories. A student of classical and British rhetoric, James modelled his speeches after those of Edmund Burke. From the Greeks, he acquired a vision of democratic society and of the role of oratory in expressing the concerns of the people; from Burke and Whig historians, he learned of history as movement. Adapting the myth of progress to promote his ideological views, he emphasizes mass action as the means to social equality. His speeches follow Aristotle’s rhetorical guidelines. His proofs combine logical and emotional appeals. Erudition, clarity, and effective structure enhance his arguments. His rhetorical strength rests in his ethos and in his persuasive use of history. By comparing present with past movements and historical events, he indicates future action. James’s ethos expresses a moral view rooted in the cherished values of his audience. As a public figure, he undertook unpopular stands that attest to the strength of his convictions: as a colonial writer encouraging black racial pride, as an early Pan-African agitator, as a Trotskyite during a ‘Stalinist era,’ as a sharecroppers’ strike leader during World War II, and as organizer of the populist Workers and Farmers Party. His association with prominent figures of social movements reinforces his authority among a disenchanted Left. |
| 1983 | LUGOGO, JUMA ATHMAN | A POLYPERIOD RISK PROGRAMMING ANALYSIS OF SMALLHOLDER FARM DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA | VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 167 | Smallholder farmers in Kenya enjoy relatively low incomes. At 4.0 percent population growth rate, increasingly less resources are available per farm family to satisfy their basic needs of subsistence and leave significant surpluses for sales. The development strategy, since independence therefore has aimed at transforming smallholder agriculture from a traditional subsistence economy to a quasi-commercial sector. Farm production has increasingly shifted from mainly a subsistence food crop, using traditional methods of production, toward a cash crop economy producing tea, coffee, pyrethrum and hybrid maize. The process of transformation calls for a careful evaluation of required resources, and constraints within the context of available technology and desired objectives. The objective of the study is to determine the maximum level of income that can be earned over time by a typical farmer in Kenya given a set of available resources, family’s subsistence and cash requirements. A corollary aim is to evaluate the impact that a change in resource availability would have on the production capacity of the representative farm types. An important subsidiary objective is to determine the effects of various degrees of risk aversion on profit maximizing multi-year farm plans. Current extension service recommendations are taken account of as constraints and within the A-matrix. Enterprise budgets and gross margin deviations were drawn up, calculated and adapted for polyperiod risk programming process. The developed model was applied to a survey data typical of Kericho, Kenya smallholder production systems and objectives. |
| 1983 | MATHU, WINSTON JOSHUA KAMURU | GROWTH, YIELD AND SILVICULTURAL MANAGEMENT OF EXOTIC TIMBER SPECIES IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA) | PHD | Growth and yield functions are presented for three timber species growing in Kenya: Cupressus lusitanica, Pinus patula and Pinus radiata. Dominant height is predicted as a function of site index and age using Chapman-Richards function (C. lusitanica and P. radiata) and a linear quadratic equation for P. patula by geographical regions. Height development was significantly lower on grassland than on shamba sites up to age 20 years. Unthinned stand basal area is predicted from age, dominant height and stocking using a Weibull-type equation while basal area increment (thinned stands) is predicted from basal area, age (for C. lusitanica and P. patula only) and stand density index. The Weibull probability density function is used to characterize tree distribution by 3 cm diameter classes; the p.d.f. parameters are predicted from stand characteristics. DBH of thinnings is predicted from stand DBH and weight of thinning while stand volume is calculated from stocking and mean tree volume. An interactive growth and yield model EXOTICS is presented. Unique features include a thinning algorithm that allows thinning based on number of stems or the proportion of basal area before thinning. On validation, the model showed no bias and 95% confidence limits of 16%, 20% and 17% for C. lusitanica, P. patula and P. radiata respectively. Stand development under the current and alternative silvicultural schedules was simulated using EXOTICS. Mollers theory that thinning has little or no effects on total volume production was found not to apply to these species. Thinning intensity was found to be the most important consideration. The study demonstrated that for C. lusitanica, alternative thinning regimes could produce 5-10% increase in total merchantable volume yield depending on site quality class. EXOTICS was shown to be a versatile tool for forest planning and silvicultural research in Kenya. | |
| 1983 | MEADE, BARBARA JEAN | HOST-PARASITE DYNAMICS AMONG AMBOSELI BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS) | VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 200 | An eight-month field studY of the behavioral and ecological aspects of parasitology in free-living yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) was conducted under natural conditions in the Amboseli National Park of Kenya. Data were collected from three host species: the main study group of baboons and two other sympatrically living primate species, vervet monkeys (Cercopithicus aethiops) and Masai tribesmen (Homo sapiens). Analysis proceeded within four major areas: species diversity within each host group; relationship of age, gender and season to parasite infection rate; relationship of hosts’ social status and reproductive condition to parasite ova emissions; and experimental analyses of parasite transmission. Within host groups, parasite species diversity was greatest among baboons. Helminth species differed markedly between non human and human primate groups especially so in comparison with protozoan species which were more commonly shared between all host groups. Infection rates were not found to be correlated to age-sex class of host. Significant seasonal differences in helminth infection rates were seen. These latter differences were correlated with seasonal variations in the abundance of invertebrate intermediate hosts and climatic effects on parasite survival. Ova emissions by adult males were found to be positively correlated with dominance rank; similar correlations were not found among adult females. Ova emissions by adult females were strongly correlated with their reproductive condition. The relationship of ova emissions to hosts’ circulating hormone levels was examined. Dung beetles were found to aid in both parasite transmission and attenuation on a seasonal basis. Alternation of sleeping groves by baboons was found to be closely correlated with the time required for natural mortality to reduce infective larvae beneath groves to a near baseline level. Mechanisms mediating this behavioral strategy of parasite avoidance were examined. Dietary differences among the three host species were associated with differences in both helminth species diversity and infection rates. Similar correlations were not seen with respect to intra-species differences in water sources. Low infection rates with potentially enteropathogenic bacteria were detected among baboons and Masai and only a low incidence of antibiotic resistance was detected among these strains. |
| 1983 | MESHESHA, ABERRA WAKKE | MANPOWER TRAINING FOR DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION: THE CASE OF ETHIOPIA AND KENYA IN THE QUEST FOR OPEN MODEL APPROACH | NEW YORK UNIVERSITY | DPA | 292 | Development theories mainly focus on progressive improvements or growth of material and manpower in which manpower development is considered as both the end and the means in development practices. Since shortages were highly recognized, development of administrative manpower became a priority to improve the human capacity in development activities. Thus, like so many other developing nations, Ethiopia and Kenya established their own administrative training institutes in the late 1950s and early 1960s, respectively. Based on progressive change-oriented approaches in the contemporary development administration issues, training institutes for development administration are often thought to be broad and popular in their: (1) objectives and (2) performance, and it is also strongly suggested that they (3) interact with their environments and (4) have institutional autonomy for effectiveness and sufficiency. With this perception, the examiner set out with concern to study the objectives, performances, interaction and autonomy of the Ethiopian and Kenyan administrative training institutes in order to measure the extent of their effectiveness/or sufficiency. Through descriptive study method, documented and available materials are searched to reveal the status of the two institutes concerning the above four variables in relation to the whole central governments’ structural/functional administrative apparatus. The four variables are considered as the independent variables on which the extent of the institutes’ effectiveness/or sufficiency are seen to depend. It is then found that, as the result of traditional and centralized controlling systems, Ethiopian institutes’ performance has little or no relationship to the objective on which is was originated; while the Kenyan institute has achieved its objective of Kenyanization of the civil servants of the post colonial-era but indicates little or no objective related to the administration of development. There is no mention of institutional interaction and autonomy in the case of Ethiopia, whereas in Kenya the institute is forbidden by law to be autonomous. It is thus concluded that there could be no changes in training objectives and performance to suit development administration mainly due to lack of institutional autonomy which is feasible only under the existence of ‘open-model’ practices. |
| 1983 | MULUSA, THOMAS | STRUCTURED COURSES AS A STRATEGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE KENYA FARMER TRAINING CENTRES | UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS | EDD | 301 | The African continent has lagged far behind other regions of the world in development, according to the Gross National Product, the Physical Quality of Life Index, and other measurements. To accelerate growth, African countries over the past three decades have used a variety of formal and nonformal educational programs. One such program, the Farmer Training Centre (FTC), serves as a strategy for rural development. This study focuses on the FTC Program in Kenya, East Africa, with particular emphasis on the curriculum. The study suggests that nonformal education enterprises, the FTC included, have grown out of the same bedrock of curriculum theory as formal education. Principles and methods developed for the one are relevant to the other. The following methods or research were used: library search, structured interviews, mail questionnaires, and personal observations by the researcher. Four assistants collected data from trainees at four FTCs and the mail questionnaires were sent out to all FTC principals for distribution among their staff. FTC literature reveals that the program has remained experimental for the past three decades. The Ministry of Agriculture has failed to implement crucial reforms that have been recommended regarding composition of FTC management committees, decentralization, staff development and renumeration, and the use of the FTC demonstration farm. Furthermore, FTC objectives are not clearly specified at national, regional, or institutional levels. Trainers surveyed in the field showed lack of essential background information about their trainees and complacency concerning the nature of the FTC curriculum. They expressed little commitment to remaining in the program. The study recommends a major reorganization of the farmer training effort. A field-based program of structured courses modeled along the lines of The Equator Project would reach larger numbers of small scale farmers and provide more relevant education than do existing small scale FTCs. In the proposed model, the FTCs would become staff development and resource centers for the agricultural extension system. |
| 1983 | MURATHE-MUTHEE, ALFRED | OPTIMAL INVESTMENT AND OPERATION PLANS FOR KENYA’S ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY | WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 290 | The research sought to determine optimal investment and operation plans for Kenya’s electricity industry. A multi-period linear programming model was used to select construction, generation and transmission programs that will minimize the present value of electricity investment and operation costs (PVC) while meeting forecasted demand for the years 1982 through 2000. The basic optimal construction plan was designed to provide capability for meeting demand under dry year conditions. Out of a total of 804 MW of new generation capacity indicated, 36 percent would be from hydro, 27 percent from geothermal and 37 percent from coal and oil resources. In a dry year, optimal operation of the system would generate 59 percent of the energy from hydro, 14 percent from geothermal and 27 percent from coal and oil sources. In average years a 14 percent increase in hydroenergy makes it possible to reduce fuel use by 23 percent and decrease the PVC by 11 percent. Construction of additional transmission capacity was indicated for transmission from Nairobi to Mombasa in the early years. The flow is reversed later as coal-fired plants built in Mombasa provide excess energy for Nairobi. Additional transmission capacity is also planned to carry energy from the Western Region to the Nairobi load center. The basic optimal plan is similar to the existing engineers’ plan but with less total capacity built. Basing the construction plan on average year conditions, exclusion of Uganda energy or increases in fuel prices would lead to more use of hydro and geothermal resources. Higher demand growth rates would also indicate more use of local energy resources as well as more fuel use and higher costs. Meeting electricity demand growth will require investment of an average of about Ksh 700 million in present values per annum. Geothermal and hydro resources should be the dominant sources of electric energy because of their low costs, but complete self-sufficiency in electric energy generated from local resources would be difficult and costly to attain. |
| 1983 | MUSHI, MUGUMORHAGERWA | THE PROMOTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF PUBLIC POLICIES IN KENYA AND THE IVORY COAST | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 643 | Africa lacks a developed entrepreneurial bourgeoisie which could shoulder its developmental efforts. This study explores the policies and strategies devised by Kenya and the Ivory Coast to improve this condition. Attention is centered on financial and technological assistance, and on selected medium-scale indigenous enterprises which illustrate the tribulations of indigenous entrepreneurship, as well as its contribution to national development. The performance of promotion programs is influenced by the environmental context of underdevelopment. The study illustrates that a particular segment of the population in the two countries is strategically located to have first access to entrepreneurial assistance. The programs suffer from the common pitfalls which generally follow premature bureaucratization: the lack of causal knowledge, the control of the task environment, conflicting goals, and the human, entrepreneurial factor itself. The study finds that local entrepreneurs are making substantial and complex contributions to national development. It discusses extensively their contribution to the mobilization of savings, the creation of employment, the transformation of local materials, the decentralization of the economy, social welfare, and technological change. Numerous case studies provide invaluable insights into the tribulations of indigenous entrepreneurs, and into the process of technological change in local enterprises. The cases reveal that local entrepreneurs must work harder to penetrate unusual markets in which external interests are directly involved. The assistance of the state and the competence of individual entrepreneurs are crucial during the transitional period for the breakthrough of African entrepreneurship. The technological mutation observed in these cases suggests the importance of technical education, and extensive experience in modern enterprises as an effective channel for the transfer of technology. The desertion of foreign enterprises, the use of local and expatriate management and technicians, joint ventures and recourse to institutional help, etc. are some of the methods employed by Kenyan and Ivorian entrepreneurs in combatting their technological weakness. Drawing on these observations, we propose nuanced interpretations of the role of entrepreneurship, the state, the family, and the local bourgeoisie in the dynamic context of African development. |
| 1983 | MUSYOKI, RACHEL NDULU | EDUCATION AND DESIRED FAMILY SIZE: A STUDY OF KENYAN YOUTH | THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 196 | The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of individual and family background factors in the formation of family size orientations of youth. It places a special focus on the effects of schooling and other forms of learning on family size desires of adolescents. It was postulated that, parental education and number of siblings influenced adolescent’s family size desires both directly and through the intevening variables, i.e., respondents’ education, modern-traditional orientations and media exposure. Data from a survey of young people conducted in Kenya between 1979 and 1980 were utilized in explaining family size desires among the youth. The methods of analysis applied included: factor, regression and path techniques. A path model developed to estimate the extent to which these factors were instrumental in the formation of family size desires among youth revealed that, family background factors had no substantial direct influences on family size desires of youth, but rather impacted indirectly through the adolescents’ education, modern-traditional orientations and mass media exposure. Adolescents’ age and education had the strongest inverse relationship with desired family size, i.e., both the older youth and the more educated desired a smaller family than the others. After controlling for gender, however, the strong negative influence of age and education on desired family size held for females only. Both the youth with modern orientations and with high media exposure desired a small family, although this observation was significant for youth with secondary education. To further understand the effects of schooling and other forms of learning on family size desires of youth, there is need to develop population and other related programs in both in-school and out of school educational institutions. In order to improve on this study future investigations may benefit by inclusion of additional variables. For example, youths’ perceptions on the value of children, age of marriage, educational and career aspirations, and their knowledge about population and other related matters. |
| 1983 | NABE, OUMAR | MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA | School: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 267 | The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of military expenditures on industrialization and educational development in Africa. We use GDP manufacturing–the proportion of manufacturing in GDP–as measures of industrialization and the combined primary and secondary school enrollment as percent of population age group 5 to 19 as our measure of social development in education. Our sample consists of twenty-six African countries: Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Empire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierre Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Upper Volta, Zaire, and Zambia. Our data covers the ten-year period 1967-1976. We analyze the impact of military expenditures on industrialization and education by constructing two composite development factors–one economic and one social–from a group of seven variables by using factor analysis. The economic and social development factors are used along with military expenditures as independent variables in a multiple regression analysis and a path analytic model with GDP manufacturing and school enrollment as dependent variables. The results of our study do not support any claims that military expenditures stimulate development. Out study indicates that military expenditures represent major opportunity costs and retard rather than advance industrialization and social development in education. |
| 1983 | OGAR, MICHAEL OGAR | URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC POLICY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: TOWARDS IMPROVING MOBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY (EGYPT, IVORY COAST, KENYA, NIGERIA, SENEGAL, ZIMBABWE) | UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA | PHD | 303 | Cities in developing countries suffer from inadequate passenger transport conditions. Consequently, they are forced to function very inefficiently, due to lack of satisfactory means of internal circulation. In order to enable these cities function at an optimal level, therefore, it is necessary to explore ways of improving mobility and accessibility. Urban transport conditions in six African cities–Cairo, Lagos, Abidjan, Dakar, Nairobi and Harare are examined. The analysis focuses on three major parameters–the operating environment, the transport system and the decision-making mechanism–in order to ascertain the problems of urban transport. The operating environment is regarded to consist of the economic base and urbanization characteristics. The economic base is analyzed in terms of the composition of the GNP, the structure of the economy and the pattern of income distribution. Urbanization is analyzed in terms of level of urbanization, rate of growth, pattern of land use, population density and household size. The transport system is analyzed in terms of infrastructure and travel demand, and technology and operations. First, the nature of transport infrastructure and the level of service it provides; the relationship between travel demand characteristics and modal split are classified, organizational patterns are analyzed and the operational characteristics are evaluated with respect to system characteristics. The decision-making mechanism is analyzed in terms of the nature of urban policy; classification of institutions, instruments influencing urban transport and the relationship between decision-making institutions and their external environment. The resulting problems and deficiencies of urban transportation are analyzed and the possible technical, organizational and public policy solutions are evaluated. The major results are that the operating environment is characterized by a very weak economic base and a rapidly growing urban centres, thus making the environment a very complex and unstable. Infrastructure is largely undersupplied and transit modes are not properly allocated to their domains. The decision-making institutions are not structured to fit the nature of the environment in which they operate. Improvement in mobility and accessibility in cities of developing countries require–the restructuring of the decision-making mechanism to fit their environments; a better understanding of transit technology and the service characteristics of the different modes; and how the modes ought to be used to enhance urban development. |
| 1983 | OLUOCH-KOSURA, WILLIS A. | AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL FARM MECHANIZATON IN WESTERN PROVINCE, KENYA | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 232 | This study evaluated alternative methods of land preparation for maize production on small farms in Western Province, Kenya. Human, oxen and tractors were the three sources of power. The crop production is dependent on rainfall, and timeliness of operations is critical. To ensure optimum yields, farmers in this area need to ready the available acreage for maize planting soon after the rains begin. An effective method of land preparation to improve labour productivity is desirable. Data were obtained from the Integrated Agricultural Development Program (IADP) records for 1977 and 1981 for Western Province, together with an additional sample of 40 farmers selected in 1981 from the same province. Based on the level of mechanization in land preparation, farms were categorized into those using: (1) the hoe, (2) owned oxen, (3) hired oxen, and (4) hired government or private tractor. Typical labour utilization profiles indicated that those not using the hoe for land preparation used fewer mandays of labour for that task but subsequently employed more labour to perform all the other necessary operations on the readied land. The proportion using owned oxen for ploughing increased from 25% in 1977 to 43% in 1981. Drudgery involved in hoeing was a factor facilitating the adoption of oxen-ploughing. Production function and covariance analyses showed that those owning oxen achieved higher yields of maize than those hiring oxen or tractors. Those using hoes had the lowest yield as well as the lowest labour productivity. Net cash income per acre was highest for oxen owners (Kshs. 580), but lowest for those hiring private tractor (Kshs. 200). Using owned oxen was more profitable than either hoeing or hiring oxen or tractor for ploughing. The main conclusion of the study is that oxen ploughing provides a viable way to increase the crop acreage and improve timeliness, yields and incomes in the specific region considered. Labour productivity is increased and the total labour requirement for maize production is maintained. Farmers who are willing but unable to invest in improved animal draught equipment should receive government assistance. Public support for tractor hiring service should be deemphasized, and diverted to alternative programs. |
| 1983 | PELENSKY, OLGA ANASTASIA | ISAK DINESEN: A BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF HER ARTISTIC IMAGINATION (DENMARK, KENYA) | TUFTS UNIVERSITY | PHD | 215 | Isak Dinesen: A Biographical Study of Her Artistic Imagination examines the cultural, historical, and psychological influences which created Isak Dinesen, the writer. Part I of this study, ‘Isak Dinesen, Aristocrat,’ is a discussion of Dinesen’s ancestral heritage, and the centrality of Denmark’s romantic history and the commedia dell’arte tradition to her life and work. Part II, ‘Isak Dinesen, Adventurer,’ places Dinesen within the adventuring tradition which contributed to the expansion of the British Empire; it explores the impact of Africa upon her imagination, and the meaning of dramatic self-creation in her life and writings. Finally, Part III, ‘Isak Dinesen, Author,’ discusses the emergence of Dinesen as an internationally known writer against the panorama of World War II, her involvement in Heretica, and her artistic and thematic concerns in such works as Ehrengard, Seven Gothic Tales, and Out of Africa. |
| 1983 | REED, JESS DREHER | THE NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY OF GAME AND CATTLE ON A KENYAN RANCH (GAZELLE, KONGONI, WILDEBEEST, STEER) | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 184 | Nutritional ecology of Thomson’s and Grant’s gazelle, kongoni, wildebeest, and steers were compared on an 8,000 ha. Kenyan ranch to determine the feasibility of replacing domestic stock with game. Vegetation was classified by physiognomic type related to soil catena and intensity of animal utilization. Acacia drepanolobium-Themeda triandra wooded grassland (DWG) occupied 60% of the area low in the catena. T. triandra-Digitaria milanjiana grasslands (G) were predominant on hilltops. Cattle management led to heaviest utilization of hilltop areas. Game counts were also highest in hilltop areas. Analysis of grasses showed that dominants in the DWG were: lower in crude protein; higher in fiber; and, lower in ratio of leaves to stems compared to G. Cattle were important in creating and maintaining grassland with a grass sward structure preferred by game ruminants. Digesta from the ruminoreticulum, omasum, and large intestine of animals showed differences in feeding strategy, especially between game and cattle. Cattle increased ruminoreticulum capacity relative to body weight to a greater extent than game in the dry season which allowed them to graze less selectively. Ratio of omasum contents to body weight indicated the omasum is more important in digestive tract function in large grazing ruminants than in smaller grazers and intermediate feeders. Percent fiber, crude protein, lignin, and silica in digesta showed species and season differences related to animal feeding strategy. Cattle had lowest crude protein and highest fiber. Gazelle had higher lignin and lignin-fiber ratios than the other species. Gazelle had lower crude protein than kongoni and wildebeest in the dry season. Cattle consumed more grass stems and dead leaves than kongoni and wildebeest. Gazelle browsed more on woody dicots in the dry season. Polyphenolic plant compounds (tannin and lignin) were important inhibitors in these browse plants. Since grasses of low nutritional value were dominant, cattle utilized a greater portion of the vegetation than the game, therefore cattle could not be replaced by the game species studied. |
| 1983 | RICHMAN, AMY L. | LEARNING ABOUT COMMUNICATION: CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON CARETAKER-INFANT INTERACTION (KENYA, BOSTON) | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 196 | This study examines social interaction between infants and mothers in two cultural settings and investigates the role of culture-specific beliefs concerning infant communicative competence and infant care in structuring these interactions. Data gathered in Gusii families from a community in southwestern Kenya and white middle-class families from the greater Boston area are compared to establish whether and to what extent patterns of interactions between infants and their mothers are universal or culture-specific. Previous research indicates that early social interaction is the context in which much knowledge about the communicative aspects of language is acquired. However, much of the research and theory on caretaker-infant interaction has been done by American and British social scientists studying members of their own culture groups. Cross-cultural evidence forces us to reconsider premature conclusions about universals in development and encourages the formulation of new models for social interaction. This study focuses on twelve Gusii and nine American infants and their caretakers who were participants in a larger comparative longitudinal study. Observations of infants and caretakers were carried out in each setting using continuous event-sampling techniques. Content and sequencing of social behaviors were recorded using approximately fifty categories of interactive behavior. Information on maternal attitudes was obtained during interviews with the Gusii mothers and from written questionnaires for the American mothers; topics included ages at which certain infant abilities emerged, maternal roles, and the goals for socialization. Analysis of the naturalistic observations focuses on a subset of maternal and infant behaviors including non-distress vocalization, cry, look; and maternal talk, look, and hold. Findings indicate that Gusii and American mothers have different patterns of interactions with infants which are consistent with their expressed attitudes towards infant care and development. Infants, too, have patterns of interaction which are culture-specific. These results are discussed in relation to four previous studies on cultural values and mother-infant interaction. |
| 1983 | SANDS, MICHAEL WINTHROP | ROLE OF LIVESTOCK ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN WESTERN KENYA: PROSPECTS FOR A DUAL PURPOSE GOAT | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 235 | To provide a detailed description of the role of livestock in the farming systems of Kakamega and Siaya Districts in western Kenya, a year-long monitoring survey was conducted on 80 farms. Changes in household demography, land, and capital resources, status of field crops, and specific information on livestock was collected. Included were monthly variation in births, deaths, and herd composition as well as milk production, feeding practices and forage quality. Constraints on the system are identified from the survey data and potential interventions are discussed. With 1500-2000 mm annual rainfall bimodally distributed, Kakamega has high potential agriculturally. Siaya represents a medium potential zone with 1100 mm annual rainfall. As farm sizes were extremely small (x = .9-1.1 ha) food production was the primary activity. Food crops were planted on 64-70% of the farm area in both Districts, with the balance of land in fallow. Very few cash crops were grown. The productivity of the farm systems was low; maize yields from maize/bean intercrops, the principal crops, were 980 and 1786 kg/ha in Siaya and Kakamega. Ruminants were found on 61% of all farms although herd size was usually less than 10 animals. Principal species were zebu and crossbred cattle, native hair sheep and East African goats. Livestock were kept for a variety of reasons; the principal uses included capital storage, milk, and manure production. Only cattle were milked and productivity was low (300-400 kg/lactation). Ruminant ownership represented a strategy farmers used to exploit land such as common grazing areas they had no other right to, thereby increasing the farm’s productive resources. Inadequate nutritional resources were the most important constraint to increased productivity of livestock. A dual purpose goat intervention, though not likely to replace cattle, has potential for subsistence milk production on farms not presently able to support cattle. Potential to increase feed production without decreasing food crop yields is discussed. The importance of viewing livestock production as an integrated component of farming systems is stressed. |
| 1983 | SCHWAN, TOM G. | SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF FLEAS AND FLEA-PHORETIC MITES ON THE NILE GRASS RAT (ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS) IN LAKE NAKURU NATIONAL PARK, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 309 | The Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) is a common grassland rodent widely distributed in subsaharan Africa and an important reservoir for plague (Yersinia pestis). During a 14 month study in (LakeNakuru National Park, Kenya, grass rats were the dominant rodent and were infested by 3 species of fleas. Dinopsyllus lypusus Jordan & Rothschild (Hystrichopsyllidae) (n = 2596) infested grass rats in greater numbers during the rainy season (high index = 8.15 in October). Xenopsylla bantorum Jordan (Pulicidae) (n = 1396) became more abundant during the dry season (high index = 5.72 in July). Ctenophthalmus calceatus cabirus Jordan & Rothschild (Hystrichopsyllidae) (n = 255) also increased during the rains (high index = 0.89 in November). Collections of larval and adult fleas from grass rat nests demonstrated the same seasonal changes in abundance except for adults of D. lypusus, which were common in nests throughout the year. Male grass rats carried more fleas than did females. Other studies documenting this phenomenon are reviewed and possible mechanisms for why males of many host species carry more fleas than do females are discussed. An hypothesis for the venereal accumulation of fleas on males is presented. Sex ratios for D. lypusus and X. bantorum collected from grass rats and their nests were female-biased, however, males of both species were relatively more abundant in nests. Females of C. calceatus cabirus also outnumbered males from grass rats but males were more abundant than females in nests. Hypopi of Psylloglyphus uilenbergi Fain (Saproglyphidae) and Paraceroglyphus xenopsylla Fain & Schwan (Acaridae) were phoretic primarily on female fleas (83.4% of all mites observed were on females), indicating that female fleas may predominate over males on hosts because of their greater role in dispersal within flea populations. The taxonomic status of Xenopsylla bantorum is reviewed. Morphological comparisons of the IXth sternite and first process of the clasper in male X. bantorum, Nilotic X. cheopis, and Oriental X. cheopis demonstrate an intermediate position for Nilotic X. cheopis. Further studies will probably demonstrate that X. bantorum is an East African subspecies of X. cheopis. Sequential flea indices indicated that only 20 host examinations provided a reliable flea index, one that remained nearly constant with additional host sampling. The general applicability of the sequential flea index is discussed. |
| 1983 | SCHWARTZ, HILDE LISA | PALEOECOLOGY OF LATE CENOZOIC FISHES FROM THE TURKANA BASIN, NORTHERN KENYA (KOOBI FORA, AFRICA, RIFT VALLEY FOSSILS) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ | PHD | 305 | A 400m-thick sequence of richly fossiliferous Plio-Pleistocene sediments is exposed along the northeastern margin of Lake Turkana, N. Kenya. These rift basin alluvial, fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine strata contain abundant vertebrate fossils, among which nonmarine fish remains are particularly common and well preserved. This study documents, for the first time, the types, distribution, and paleoenvironmental context of the East Turkana fossil fishes. Fossils were collected using a variety of different sampling techniques, including excavations, 5 x 5m squares, 1 x 1m squares, bone walks, and general surface sampling. The paleoenvironments of the fossil assemblages were determined on the basis of measured stratigraphic sections, thin section analysis, and the assessments of other workers. Paleoecological analysis shows that certain aspects of the original aquatic communities have been preserved in these assemblages, in spite of modification by taphonomic processes (especially hydrodynamic transport). The East Turkana region has yielded 21 taxa of fishes, including 17 families and 21 genera. This collection represents the most diverse ancient fish fauna yet documented from any Cenozoic African site. In addition, it includes five genera (Distichodus, Citharinus, Gymnarchus, Heterotis, and ?Malapterurus) that are common in modern African drainages, but which have not previously been identified in any ancient strata. The ancient and modern fish faunas of the Turkana Basin are similar in a number of respects, including their relatively great generic diversity, nilotic affinities, and most abundant taxa (e.g. Lates, Cichlidae, and catfishes). The major differences between the modern and ancient fish communities are the absence in the modern of two extinct characids (Sindacharax and Genus nov.) and an extinct non-marine stingray (Myliobatiformes indet.), a tremendous decrease in abundance of the catfish Clarotes in the modern lake, and changes in the overall trophic composition and distribution of fishes. These differences are the result of the transformation (in the Pleistocene) of paleolake Turkana from an open, freshwater body in direct contact with the Nile system, to an intermittantly closed, alkaline lake. None of the major paleoenvironments recognized in the study area are characterized by a particular kind or suite of fish; some are, however, characterized by consistently high or low taxonomic diversity and taxonomic evenness. Fossil fish material from African sites outside of the main study area was also examined by the author. These data provide new evidence regarding the antiquity of Hyperopsius and Hydrocynus, the diversity of the characoids, osteoglossoids, and mormyroids, and changes in the regional distribution of some soudanian fishes. The latter are the result of tectonically-induced alterations in the paleodrainage patterns between the Eastern and Western rifts in the late Cenozoic. |
| 1983 | SHARIFF, IBRAHIM NOOR | THE FUNCTION OF DIALOGUE POETRY IN SWAHILI SOCIETY (KENYA, TANZANIA) | RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY – NEW BRUNSWICK | EDD | 310 | For centuries Swahili societies have used poetry as a medium of communication. National radio broadcasts in Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, and Zanzibar devote whole programs each week to poetry readings from various authors. Similarly, newspapers devote whole pages to poetry where poets among the common people express their thoughts and ideas. Without these pages devoted to poetic expression, the newspapers would possibly lose significant circulation. Even when a government forbids the public discussion of a certain issue, poets find ways to discuss it anyway. Highly sophisticated language is used, employing metaphors, similes, and riddles. Swahili poetry is alive, illuminating, and much more relevant to what is in the minds and hearts of its speakers than the writings of the highly schooled who run both the governments and the news media. One can scarcely think of a significant event in Swahili societies which was not attended by poetic composition. Swahili poetry, like African sculpture, is, to a large extent, functional, very closely involved in the intimate workings of the people’s daily lives. Poetry, moreover, is a medium by which the Swahili ask large questions about life, nature, and the meaning of existence. In this study I have concentrated on a minute portion of Swahili verse, namely ‘dialogue poetry’ as a genre which will, hopefully, demonstrate the wide-ranging uses of poetry in general and its intimate involvement in the Swahili day-to-day experience. The study is divided into four chapters. Chapter I addresses the problems and possibilities of translating Swahili verse into English, discussing such matters as metaphors and symbols, examining the difficulties inherent in any attempt to render the exasperatingly terse compression of Swahili verse into intelligible English equivalents, seeking the best solution for presenting Swahili poetry to English readers without violating the integrity of the original. Chapter II reviews the existing literature on Swahili prosody and proceeds to a discussion of such technical matters as meter and rhyme and related problems. Chapter III deals with the conventions of composition, performance, presentation, and dissemination. The last chapter, which brings into focus all the primary concerns of this dissertation, examines ‘dialogue poetry’–its numerous forms, characteristics, and social uses. |
| 1983 | SHUNKURI, ADMASU | THEORIES AND PRACTICES IN SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN APPRAISAL OF POLICY PATTERNS IN FIVE AFRICAN STATES | UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS | PHD | 269 | The dissertation evolved in five stages–review of development theories; identification and documentation of development goal and policy priorities; formulation of method; analysis of data and conclusion of results. Two prevailing paradigms in development research, traditional (evolutionary) and dependency theories were appraised. Self-reliance was proposed and discussed for development goal and, policy priorities were identified in order of significance. A goals analysis approach was employed to examine patterns and problems of socio-economic development in the African context. The patterns and structural characteristics of government expenditures and UNDP development assistance in Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, and Zambia were analyzed in terms of priorities of agriculture, industry, communication/transportation, and education. It was found that expenditure policies were not congruent with the goal priorities, i.e., promoting self-reliance. The author infers that the discrepancies between patterns of policy priority and pattern of allocation decisions constitute real development problems. The study concludes by calling for some kind of modus vivendi between development goals and development expenditures. The probability of self-reliant development is not likely to improve under the existing pattern of imbalance between development priorities and development expenditures. Furthermore, there is a lack of complementarity between national budgets and international development aids. When present, such complementarity would provide a more coordinated scheme for development planning, to enhance and foster the desired outcome for socio-economic development. |
| 1983 | SIBANDA, SIPHO M. D. | THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF LAND TENURE, DECISION-MAKING AND CHANGE IN ZIMBABWE – 1890-1980 AND LESSONS FROM COMPARATIVE EXPERIENCE | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 1098 | In this dissertation I have attempted to deal with the problem of racial ownership and distribution of land in Zimbabwe over a period of 90 years. Over the 90 years of colonial rule in Zimbabwe a handful of European settler bourgeoisie farmers and the multinational corporations had the hegemonic control of Zimbabwe’s prime agricultural land while the majority of peasants suffered under massive land degradation and poverty. In the light of the problem outlined above, this dissertation sought first–to study the phenomenon of land expropriation and spoilation in Zimbabwe in order to identify the structures that have over 90 years contributed to the peasant’s lack of effective participation in the agricultural markets. Second, the dissertation sought to compare and contrast the land and agricultural reform policies of three ideological regimes in Africa with a mind of eliciting lessons for Zimbabwe. Kenya and Swaziland represent the market oriented approaches to land reform policies while Algeria, Tanzania, Mozambique and Ethiopia represent the socialist oriented approaches to agrarian change. A comparative approach used in conjunction with case studies has served as the method for the investigation of land problems and agricultural production. The study concluded that the socialist oriented approaches to agrarian change in the countries studied have a revolutionary effect in reducing or eliminating the inequality of land ownership and land distribution while the market oriented approaches exercebate the problem of inequality. On the other hand the socialist oriented countries have had difficulties maintaining adequate production levels. The market oriented countries in the study have had adequate production levels in the modern agricultural sector. In both the socialist and market oriented approaches the evidence is that the peasant ariculture has been marginalised. |
| 1983 | SUMMARY, REBECCA MOELLER | THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN THE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF KENYA AND BARBADOS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 218 | The purpose of this thesis is to analyze and evaluate the role of the tourist industry in the economic growth and development of Barbados and Kenya. This analysis has three distinct components. Chapter II examines international tourism in the context of standard international trade models. The supply conditions necessary to attract ‘sunlust’ and ‘wanderlust’ tourists are outlined and the supply factors in Kenya and Barbados are evaluated. Chapter III presents demand functions of several industrialized countries for the tourism exports of Kenya and Barbados. Explanatory variables include income levels and population in the origin countries, transportation costs, exchange rates, promotional expenditures and political conditions including the border closure between Kenya and Tanzania. The results of ordinary least squares regression indicate that, in most cases, travel to Kenya and Barbados is income elastic. Tourists to Barbados are generally quite responsive to changing price variables while travel to Kenya is price inelastic. Promotional expenditures seem to be successful in attracting visitors to Barbados. The border closure has been detrimental to Kenya’s tourist industry. Compared to most other exports of Kenya and Barbados, future world demand for tourism appears strong. Tourism’s role within the domestic economies of Kenya and Barbados is the subject of Chapter IV. Linkages between the tourist industry and other sectors of the economy are examined via input-output tables. For Kenya, estimates of employment, wages, interest, profits and output generated by tourist expenditures are made for three years utilizing the Leontief Inverse technique. In terms of intermediate goods, the tourist industry in Kenya is found to be less import-intensive than the overall monetary economy. Employment generated by tourist expenditures are below what would be predicted by tourism’s share of GDP and wages and salaries paid directly and indirectly by tourists are slightly below what would be predicted by tourism’s share of total employment. These figures indicate that the tourist industry is slightly less labor absorbing than the overall modern sector economy and that wages paid in the tourist industry are below average for the modern economy as a whole. |
| 1983 | TARIMO, SYMPHOROSE ALPHONSE | PATTERNS OF TRYPANSOME INFECTION IN GLOSSINA PALLIDIPES AUSTEN ON THE KENYA COAST | WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 196 | A survey of trypanosome infection in G. pallidipes was performed in five localities (Ukunda, Diani, Muhaka, Shimba Hills and Mwalewa) on the Kenya coast during 1980-1982. Infection rate of Glossina was higher in areas with domestic animals than those with only wild animals. In Diani, where regular use of chemoprophylactics in animals occurred, there was a lower infection rate in G. pallidipes than expected. The trypanosome species observed in order of their abundance were T. congolense (62.5%), T. vivax (35.5%), and T. brucei (2%). Age of the tsetse appeared to be the main factor affecting infection rate, older flies having a higher infection rate. G. pallidipes fed more on Suidae (62.8%) than Bovidae (30.4%), man (1.1%) and others (5.7%). Estimation of challenge to cattle was calculated in one locality (Diani), and it was estimated that a cow was receiving 1 infective inoculum of T. congolense every 5.8 days during a first experiment and 3.9 days in a second. The probability that a tsetse will pick up infection from a single blood meal in Ukunda/Muhaka was 0.9%, while for Diani/Shimba Hills and Mwalewa it was 0.49%. The need and use of ‘proportional challenge’ as a better method of estimating challenge are discussed. |
| 1983 | TINSMAN, MARILYN WILLIAMS | CHINA AND THE RETURNED OVERSEAS CHINESE STUDENTS | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE | EDD | 304 | This study postulates that under certain circumstances related to their status in the international arena, metropolitan goverments will attempt to forge linkages with established communities of their expatriates abroad. Moreover, the latter will respond favorably, or themselves initiate overtures for linkage, given negative conditions of acceptance in their host environment. A construct was developed as follows with four illustrative cases citing variations of this tendency toward expatriate/metropolitan linkage: (UNFORMATTED TABLE DELETED) Inasmuch as conditions in home or host environment are subject to change, cases are generally examined within a specific time period. Beyond these historical cases, three of which appear in the Appendices, and the featured case of China and the overseas Chinese, described in Chapters II and III, linkage is empirically demonstrated in Chapter IV by examining a measurable mode of interaction, that of numbers of overseas Chinese ‘returning’ to the People’s Republic of China (CPR) or the Republic of China (ROC) for higher education in the 1950s. The assumption that such a mode would typify the broader relationship between home governments and expatriate population was tested by comparing these data with existing empirical research on overseas Chinese remittances to the CPR and ROC during the same period. Published CPR and ROC sources were used, as well as the author’s own research in Taiwan. The study is interdisciplinary, drawing upon the fields of international relations, comparative education, sociology, and history. Relevant literature on the topic of ‘international system’ and ‘assimilation’ is reviewed, as well as the copious literature on the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. However, the latter are viewed vis a vis China, rather than in the more usual manner vis a vis their host environment. |
| 1983 | WALKER, JANE BROTHERTON | STUDIES ON AFRICAN TICKS (ACARINA, IXODOIDEA) | UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG (SOUTH AFRICA) | DSC | ||
| 1983 | WENGER, MARTHA | GENDER ROLE SOCIALIZATION IN AN EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY: SOCIAL INTERACTION BETWEEN 2 TO 3-YEAR-OLDS AND OLDER CHILDREN IN SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 235 | This study had two aims. The first was to expand on a series of previous cross-cultural investigations examining differential pressure on girls and boys to undertake responsibility. The second was to contribute comparative data on sex role socialization to the existing cross-cultural data pool. The research was carried out in a rural Giriama-speaking community in Kenya. The sample was comprised of 105 girls and boys aged 2-11 years. Normative sex-by-age group profiles of children’s activities and companionship were developed from Spot Observation data. Pressure for responsibility was indexed in two ways: (1) the incidence of task performance relative to other types of activities and (2) time spent with infants versus peers. Girls performed more chores and spent more time with infants; boys were more often at play, involved in individual activity, and engaged with peers. Behavior Observations were used to develop profiles of social interaction for 2-3 year-old target dyads defined by three age-interval groups. Differences associated with age-interval, actor sex, target sex, and actor-target sex combination were examined. Nurturance and prosocial dominance increased significantly with age and sociability decreased. Girls displayed higher rates of prosocial dominance and boys of egoistic dominance. Girl targets received more prosocial dominance and boys more nurturance. Three clusters of dyads were derived from multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. The clusters indicate that actor-target gender dynamics modify the age-structuring of social interaction such that girls as actor and targets are associated with more mature prosocial behaviors. There are significant inter-cluster differences on task performance, individual activities, and time spent with infants versus peers. Pressure for responsibility, conveyed through prosocial dominance, task assignment, and companionship, reflect the differential socialization goals for female and male adulthood in Giriama society. The findings are discussed in terms of culture and personality theory and compared to similar data from other societies. |
| 1984 | AMBROSE, STANELY HARMON | HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN ADAPTATIONS IN THE CENTRAL RIFT VALLEY, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 434 | This thesis reports on archaeological research conducted in the Kenya Rift Valley, and its contribution to an understanding of relationships between Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer settlement location preference, a 3000 year gap in the archaeological record, the past positions of floral zones, and climate changes since 12,000 BP (years before present). No occupation sites below 2000 m in the central highlands date to between 6000 and 3000 BP, coincident with a locally pronounced arid period. This period also spans the introduction of food production to the region, so this important transition remains undocumented. The distribution of sites of the Eburran Industry, site use patterns, and associated faunal remains suggest that the preferred settlement location for hunter-gatherers prior to 6000 BP was the montane forest/savanna ecotone, and that the ecotone was below 2000 m. If the savanna/forest ecotone shifted to higher elevations and an ecotonal settlement location preference was maintained, then sites dating to the hiatus should be found above the modern ecotone, above 2300 m. Excavations in 1982 in a small cave located at 2400 m revealed low intensity occupation prior to 5400 BP and the associated fauna indicates a montane forest context around the site, very high intensity occupation between 5400 and 4400 BP in an ecotonal context, and very low intensity occupation after 4400 BP in a savanna woodland context. Pottery, and probably domestic animals appear at 4475 BP, without apparent changes in site use patterns or lithic technology. Therefore, regional evidence suggests that the ecotone rose over 460 m between 8500 and 4400 BP, and was the preferred location for Eburran settlement. The location of this ecotone and of Eburran settlements between 4400 and 3000 BP remains undocumented. In order to assess regional site use patterns through time criteria for distinguishing the Eburran from unrelated lithic industries, and chronological markers within the Eburran were determined: a five phase system is defined. Objective criteria for evaluating site use patterns and habitats are also proposed. Eburran hunters appear to have been semi-sedentary, collected few plant foods, and used a trapping strategy for capturing small and medium non-gregarious bovids. An ecological model is proposed to explain the coexistence of hunter-gatherers and food producers. |
| 1984 | BIERSTEKER, ANN JOYCE | VERBAL AND CASE ROLE PATTERNING IN EMBU TALES (KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 1061 | This study of Embu folktales investigates verbal patterning and case role patterning in a sample of tales collected by the author. The tales analyzed were told in the Keimbu language, a Dhaagicw Group language which is spoken in central Kenya. The analysis is based on descriptions of the verb forms and case frames used in the tales and focusses on the organization evident when the verb forms and case frames employed in individual narratives are considered in terms of order of utterance and inter-clausal structure. It is demonstrated that in all the tales considered a sequence of ‘significant events’ is established by the series of independent and sequential clauses in the tale. In many of the tales a summary or outline is presented by a series of independent clauses. Patterning involving the use of specific clause types is also used to create sections of tales, such as search sections, transiton sections and peaks of the action. The analysis of case role patterning considers four types of organization: patterning with reference shift, patterning with frame shift, patterning with role shift, and patterning with scene shift. It is demonstrated that these types of patterning function to provide conflicts and reversals in the tales. The study includes detailed analysis of both verbal and case role patterning in two of the sample tales. All of the Kiembu texts considered and translations with notes are included in an appendix. |
| 1984 | BLACKBURN, HARVEY DAVID | SIMULATION OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION OF SHEEP PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN KENYA | TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY | PHD | 214 | A mathematical model, programmed in FORTRAN IV, was developed to simulate flocks of sheep on an individual animal basis. Simulations can be performed for any breed where specified breed parameters are potential mature size (WMA), potential peak daily milk production (GMLKL), maturing rate, ovulation rate, seasonality of breeding and wool growth. The nutritional environment is defined by crude protein content, dry matter digestibility and availability of forages. Managerial options are flexible to allow simulation of a wide range of production scenarios. The Integrated Project in Arid Lands (IPAL) collected production data on a flock of Somali Blackhead sheep located in northern Kenya. These data were used for model validation. Simulations were performed for this area for 9 genotypic combinations with WMAs of 30, 35, and 45 kg and GMLKLs of .90, 1.30 and 1.75 kg. Four years were simulated in which 2 nutritional environments were simulated; base year, drought year, recovery years 1 and 2 which were a resumption of forage parameters used in the base year. For reproductive rate, offtake of meat and milk per ewe, and flock production efficiency, sheep with a WMA of 30 were not as productive as 35 and 45 WMA sheep. The stress of a high level of milk production causes the 30/1.75 and 35/1.75 not to recover from the drought. The 35/1.75 and 45/1.75 were the most productive genotypes tests, illustrating the necessity of matching WMA and GMLKL to enhance efficiency. Genotypes were ranked for flock efficiency for protein, energy, weight sold and dairy milk offtake. The 45/1.75 ranked first or second, and 35/1.30 ranked from first to third except for weight sold. The 35/1.75, 30/1.75 and 45/.90 always ranked the lowest. The simulations performed are being utilized by IPAL for planning the next phase of their project. Simulated results on body size and milk production level led IPAL to investigate the use of larger sheep. Before these simulations, testing a new genotype was not planned. Furthermore, simulations indicate a controlled breeding season may be counterproductive; therefore IPAL is reevaluating controlled breeding as a possible practice to increase sheep productivity. |
| 1984 | BOWEN, DOROTHY NACE | COGNITIVE STYLES OF AFRICAN THEOLOGICAL STUDENTS AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF THOSE STYLES FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTION | THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 180 | A descriptive study of the cognitive styles of African theological students was conducted in order to propose the most appropriate strategies for bibliographic instruction in African theological colleges. The following research questions were asked: (1) What are the learning styles of African theological students in Kenya and Nigeria? (2) Do students in the two countries differ in their learning styles? If so, how? (3) What teaching strategies do theological students in Kenya and Nigeria prefer? (4) What teaching strategies can be recommended as those likely to be most effective for bibliographic instruction in theological schools in Africa? The Cognitive Style Inventory for African Students and the Group Embedded Figures Test were administered to 118 theological students in two theological colleges in Nigeria and in two theological colleges in Kenya. In order to determine whether African theological students share a unique learning style, the same instruments were also administered to 87 students studying in form V in Kenyan and Nigerian government schools. Findings. Ninety-one percent of all the students were field-dependent, and 9% were field-independent. All students (100%) in the West African schools were field-dependent, and 84% of the Kenyan students were field-dependent. The theological students tended to be more field-dependent than the government school students. Ninety-seven percent of the theological students were field-dependent, and 83% of the government school students were field-dependent. The results of the Cognitive Style Inventory for African Students showed the preferences of African theological students to be very similar to those of African government school students. A majority of the subjects had a visual orientation rather than an auditory one. They showed the ability to perceive meaning through touch and through sight. Depending upon the situation, the African theological students look to family, associates or themselves when making decisions. Both inductive and deductive reasoning are employed. The data were used to propose teaching strategies for bibliographic instruction. The strategies were reviewed and approved by a panel of experts in cognitive style mapping. |
| 1984 | BOWEN, EARLE ANDREW, JR. | THE LEARNING STYLES OF AFRICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS (COGNITIVE STYLE; NIGERIA, KENYA) | THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 146 | This study was an investigation into the ways that African college students prefer to process information. The questions this study sought to answer were: (1) What are the predominant learning styles of African college students; (2) What differences exist in those who have chosen theological studies as opposed to those who have not; and (3) What differences exist between East and West Africans? In order to investigate these questions, research was done on location in two African countries: Nigeria in West Africa, and Kenya in East Africa. Two instruments were used for the testing. These were Witkin’s Group Embedded Figures Test, and the Cognitive Style Inventory for African Students, adapted from Hill. These instruments were administered at three institutions in Nigeria and four institutions in Kenya to a total of 205 students. The concept of field independence/dependence, referring to preferred learning style, was used as part of the framework for this inquiry. The instruments revealed 100% of the subjects in Nigeria, and 84% of those in Kenya to be field dependent. On a continuum of field dependence/field independence the theological students were shown to be more field dependent than non-theological students, and arts students in non-theological schools more field dependent than the science students. On the Cognitive Style Inventory for African Students it was shown that theological students and non-theological students were very similar in their preferred learning modes. The majority of students were shown to prefer visual and tactile modes of learning rather than auditory. They had high personal acceptance and could handle inductive or deductive reasoning equally well. On this instrument, there were few differences between East and West African students. |
| 1984 | CHELUGET, KIPYEGO RONO | LEADERSHIP IN AFRICA: PRESIDENT DANIEL TOROCHTICH ARAP MOI OF KENYA | NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 290 | The role of an individual leader in the political development of a new nation is examined in the context of three broad theoretical schools of thought namely the Weberian school, the ‘Hollywood’ School and the ‘Blame-Colonialism’ School. The subject of study is President Daniel Torotich Arap Moi of Kenya. His leadership is analyzed in the context of the above theories. To compliment the theories, Samuel P. Huntington’s controversial terminologies of political development and political decay are used to demonstrate this leader’s attempts to provide solutions as the nation’s aspirations outgrow the resources and results in political crisis, hence decay. It was found out that the Weberian model was inadequate in providing explanations of sources of leadership. It however provides a clue to the crisis of leadership i.e. personalization of authority. The ‘Hollywood’ school, which represents journalistic interpretation of the leadership crisis in Africa and is reminiscent of the Tarzan movies is too ethnocentric to be of much use to serious social science analysis of leadership in Africa. The ‘Blame-Colonialism’ school, on the other hand, while blaming colonialism for the leadership crisis in Africa, tends to rely on Marxist explanations which incorrectly diminishes the role of leaders in a nation’s development. Moi’s political career is traced from his formative years as a herdsboy to the presidency. The influence of Christianity is great in his leadership style. The challenge for the future which he must address is whether or not he will be able to institutionalize government, so that upon his departure the institutions of good government do not fall apart, as it has been the case with many highly personalized leaderships in many parts of the developing world. |
| 1984 | CHI, CHENG-HANG | PART I. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CLINOPTILOLITE, MORDENITE, AND ZEOLITE ZSM-5. PART II. KINETICS STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF ZEOLITES AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS AT LAKE MAGADI, KENYA | WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE | 202 | The objective of this study is to investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics of synthesis of certain zeolites including clinoptilolite, mordenite, and ZSM-5. The study consists of two principal components: (1) The first is to delineate the synthesis conditions of clinoptilolite, mordenite, and ZSM-5 in the Na, (Na,K), and K systems. The study has resulted in the first successful synthesis of clinoptilolite at both low temperature and low pressure conditions. Synthesis of the K endmembers of mordenite and ZSM-5 has also been accomplished. In the Na and K mixed cation system, mordenite, ZSM-5, and clinoptilolite were found to preferentially incorporate potassium into the structure from solution over sodium during synthesis. A relationship has been established between zeolite synthesis and ion exchange, i.e., the partitioning function of cations achieved under pseudo-equilibrium or equilibrium conditions between the solid and liquid phases during synthesis or during ion exchange in zeolite are essentially the same. The formation of K-zeolites is found to be thermodynamically favored and the difficulties in synthesizing clinoptilolite and other K-containing zeolites are attributed to kinetic reasons. Seed crystals have been found to be effective in lowering the activation energy barriers and led to the successful synthesis of these zeolites. (2) In part 2 of this work, an experimental approach was taken to study the kinetics of the formation of zeolites and associated minerals at Lake Magadi, Kenya. The crystallization rates of zeolites obtained in the laboratory synthesis experiments were extrapolated to the natural conditions. Experimental phase transformation diagrams were developed to explain the metastable sequence of crystallization of zeolites at Lake Magadi. The results have provided experimental definition of the conditions producing the unique zeolite-sodium silicate hydrate minerals at the Lake Magadi deposits. | |
| 1984 | CHIN, SEE CHUNG | AGRICULTURE AND SUBSISTENCE IN A LOWLAND RAINFOREST KENYAH COMMUNITY. (VOLUMES I AND II) | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 602 | This report presents a study of the relationship between a Kenyah longhouse community and its lowland rainforest environment on the island of Borneo. It describes and analyses the Kenyah swidden system, and patterns and strategies of resource utilization through hunting, fishing, gathering, collecting and cash cropping. Also discussed are, the physical and social environment, land tenure system,diet, domesticated plants and impacts on the ambient vegetation. The longhouse apartment unit maintains continuity; it inherits property and establishes permanent rights over land. Swiddening for rice requires about 101 man-days/ha/season in old secondary vegetation, and the average yield of about 800 kg/ha is adequate for subsistence. The swidden area farmed per adult worker is about 0.55 ha. Ninety percent of swiddens are cropped with rice for only one season. More than 200 specific plant types (at least 95 botanical species) are cultivated; 78% of these provide food, others provide materials for technology, fish poison, cash, social and ritual use. Gathering, hunting and fishing provide more than half the side-dishes (by frequency of consumption). Cash income is primarily from tapping Hevea rubber, collecting illipe nuts and incense wood. The fallow vegetation regenerates very rapidly; after four years the basal area/ha is about 6 sq m, and after 50-60 years, is about 29 sq m (similar to that in a primary forest). One of the long term impacts of cultural activities is to increase the number of fruit trees per unit area of forest. The traditional Kenyah swidden and resource utilization systems are sufficient for subsistence and are sustainable under present conditions. Population increase, education, new agricultural options and logging activities will cause major changes. |
| 1984 | CORDS, MARINA ANN | MIXED SPECIES GROUPS OF CERCOPITHECUS MONKEYS IN THE KAKAMEGA FOREST, KENYA (SOCIOECOLOGY, ASSOCIATION) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 280 | Blue and redtail monkeys in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya spend over half their time together in mixed groups. Most behavioral interactions between members of different species are agonistic, and at least half of these involve direct competition over feeding sites. Blue monkeys are at a competitive advantage because they are bigger. In order to determine why mixed groups occur, the behavior of both species in and out of mixed groups was compared, and the incidence of such groups was related to ecological factors thought to influence their occurrence. Mixed groups are not the result of chance encounters of groups of both species moving randomly and independently. It is also unlikely that they result from each species independently exploiting food sources that are shared by both. The fact that redtails are mainly responsible for their formation and persistence suggests that at least this species actively benefits from participating. Predator avoidance may be an important benefit of mixed-species association, although predation pressure was not directly measured. The marked alarm responses of both monkey species to eagles suggest several ways in which participation in mixed groups might reduce the risk of being captured. When in mixed groups, redtails, who are more insectivorous than blues, do not appear to benefit by using the blues as ‘beaters’. Neither species improves its access to particular food types rendered more available by the other species’ direct action. In mixed groups, redtails, but not blue monkeys, increase their use of more open forest types. This shift may be related to anti-predator advantages of associating with blue monkeys. Redtails may use the ‘local’ group of blues as guides to rare but preferred food sources which have not been recently visited. Avoiding areas which the blues have exploited earlier on a given day may benefit redtails if, in so doing, they increase their consumption of ripe fruit, whose availability would be depressed by a passing group of blues. In Kakamega, temporal variation in the incidence of mixed groups is related to patterns of range use, whereas anti-predator benefits are probably constant in time. |
| 1984 | DRAME, KANDIOURA | THE NOVEL AS SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION MYTH: A STUDY OF THE NOVELS OF MONGO BETI AND NGUGI WA THIONG’O (AFRICA, CAMEROUN, KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 309 | Although the two novelists of this study are considered by many to be among the most important novelists of Africa, there have been very few comprehensive studies of their recent novels, either singly or as a group. Many critical comments on them have tended to analyse the individual novels in isolation from the other novels. It is the argument of this study that since one of the primary functions of criticism is to help present a complete picture of the vision of the writer, the isolationist approach offers, at best, a fragmented image of the writer’s world view. In the cases of Mongo Beti and Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, the criticism has failed to help the general reader to appreciate their myth-making undertaking as committed writers. A close study reveals that central to any meaningful assessment of their works, is a recognition of three related aspects of their recent creative writing. The first one is their use of popular myths and prophecies to lay a foundation for an ambitious narrative project. The second aspect is the writers’ presentation of a fictionalized ‘history’ of the Camerounian and Kenyan peoples as a collective quest for freedom. As such, the narratives emphasize the nature of social and class conflicts in their societies in order to capture a historical process in which they are able to associate other Third World societies. The third aspect is the emergence in the novels of a major narrative innovation in the stylization of orature, as the writers seek to create the illusion of an oral narrative by presenting the stories to an imaginary audience instead of readers. In this regard they also use stylistic elements of the archetypal structure of the traditional initiative process. The organization of this dissertation follows a simple plan. After a chapter which examines the intellectual and social milieu that informs the creative work of the two writers, a chapter is then devoted to a study of the role and function of myths in their novels. Two chapters are subsequently devoted to a study of the historical vision which emerges from the works as a totality. Another chapter examines the stylistic innovations that exist in the narratives. The conclusion summarises the findings of the study and restates the case (first made in Chapter Two) for the mythopoeic trend to be seen as a powerful stylized statement of a new cultural awareness. |
| 1984 | ENSMINGER, JEAN EVELYN | POLITICAL ECONOMY AMONG THE PASTORAL GALOLE ORMA: THE EFFECTS OF MARKET INTEGRATION (KENYA) | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 205 | This account of the transition from subsistence to commercial production in a cattle-based economy is set in the context of a general concern for the need to increase domestic agricultural production in Africa, but at the same time to monitor the social costs of such change. The author traces the history, extent, and current organization of commercial production among the pastoral Galole Orma of northeastern Kenya. It is argued that as currently employed, no one theoretical paradigm, be it neoclassical economics, regional analysis, or the ‘articulation’ approach, is singly sufficient to explain Galole production behavior. Consequently, this work draws upon the accumulated insights of these diverse perspectives to direct a detailed empirical analysis. The findings presented here are drawn from a substantial quantitative data set collected between July 1978 and February 1981. The survey households reflect significant differentiation both in wealth and market integration. For the purposes of this study, data are presented on household demography and economics (including longitudinal data on wealth for the period before and after the Sahelian drought), as well as recurrent data on household expenditures, livestock sales, and time allocation. Market involvement is found to have exacerbated inequality in the distribution of wealth over time. Some of the processes by which such differentiation is perpetuated are also documented quantitatively. Further, the data demonstrate the extent to which commercial producers depend upon transfers from more subsistence-oriented producers, both through profits from trade and subsidized labor. Such interdependencies indicate that expansion of commercial production at the expense of the subsistence producers may not be possible without considerable reorganization of production. The major contributions of this work are first, the application of a synthetic theoretical perspective to the identification of constraints inhibiting the further expansion of commercial production and second, the quantification of the social costs of such production as it has already evolved. |
| 1984 | EVANGELOU, PHYLO | ANALYSIS OF CONSTRAINTS TO EXPANDED LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN KENYA’S MAASAILAND (TENURE, PRICES, BUDGETING) | UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA | PHD | 607 | Demographic and economic forces are generating major changes for Kenya’s pastoral Maasai. The pastoral mode of production will not support projected populations in the near future, given Maasailand’s resource base. As it is, population pressures have led to overuse and deterioration of the rangeland in many areas. At the national level, there is a rapid growth in Kenya’s demand for meat. Only by the transition from a principally subsistent to a commercial orientation can expanded production and beneficial resource management be attained. Constraints preventing this transition are the focus of this dissertation. A continuum of constraints is examined in a systems context, from pricing and tenurial institutions at the macro level, to production and marketing activities at the micro level. The detrimental impact on livestock production of meat price controls is described, and examples of the significance of prices to structural market changes are presented. Other current areas of direct governmental intervention-livestock marketing, disease control, breeding, and wildlife management–are then considered. Analysis of tenurial change centers on the group ranch, both as a concept and operating entity. Reasons why group ranches have been unsuccessful in achieving increased production are examined. At the micro level, three samples of producers, differing by tenure system (communal vs. private) and ecological setting (semiarid vs. semihumid), provide a primary data base. Incomes, expenditures, and marketing practices are examined by means of budgetary analysis. Average land and livestock productivities are derived and hypotheses concerning productivity-investment-marketing relationships are tested. The relative efficiency of local-level livestock trading is considered in terms of the structure-conduct-performance model. From analysis of costs and returns of sampled traders and butchers, it is concluded that marketing mechanisms are operating relatively efficiently. Limitations to expanded livestock production in Maasailand are foremost institutional. In particular, meat price controls and the lack of control by producers over resource use in the communal tenure system are identified as overriding constraints. Recommendations are that (i) price controls be removed, or at least relaxed, and (ii) micro-level intervention be selective, with efforts concentrated on producers able and willing to enforce controlled resource use. |
| 1984 | FOSTER, DEBORAH DENE | STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF SWAHILI ORAL NARRATIVE (KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 330 | John Dewey, speaking of all art forms in Art as Experience, speaks also of the Swahili oral narrative tradition, when he says, ‘Because works of art are expressive, they are a language. Rather they are many languages. For each art has its own medium and that medium is especially fitted for one kind of communication. Each medium says something that cannot be uttered as well or as completely in any other tongue.’ (p.106) Oral narratives are works of art which have their own medium of expression. The purpose of this dissertation is to describe that medium, to show how it communicates, and in the process, to develop a working theory for narrative analysis which takes into account both the verbal and nonverbal aspects of performance. The work is based on research done in Vanga, Kenya in 1977. In the first chapter, the structuralist method is used to analyze one narrative in detail to discover its structural components, and to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the structuralist method. In Chapter II, four more narratives are analyzed to test the discoveries of the first analysis, and to demonstrate the importance of the wider context of the narrative matrix to the analysis of a single narrative. In the third chapter, the nonverbal aspects of a short narrative and the way in which they create meaning are described to demonstrate the need for any method of oral narrative analysis to include those aspects of performance which are customarily ignored. And finally, in Chapter IV, a theory for oral narrative analysis is suggested which would unite aesthetic principles, as articulated by philosophers such as Susanne Langer, John Dewey, and Ronald Peacock, with traditional structuralist techniques. |
| 1984 | HAUGERUD, ANGELIQUE | HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS AND RURAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AMONG EMBU FARMERS IN THE KENYA HIGHLANDS (ECOLOGY) | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 489 | This study focuses on processes of rural economic differentiation in the Kenya highlands. It considers both secular change and the cyclical differentiation posited by A. V. Chayanov, and relates economic processes to ecological variation, to the history of local social and political organization, and to extra-local influences. The Embu case is used to demonstrate important complementarities among divergent theoretical approaches, particularly the individual actor, institutional, and processual emphases that characterize formalist, substantivist, and Marxist schools of economic anthropology. It also addresses the limitations of the familiar unitary conception of the household, and explores intra- and inter-household conflict, cooperation, and competition. The study is based on two and one-half years of field research in Embu District. Research techniques include participant-observation, structured and unstructured interviews, and use of archival data. Quantitative data were collected during four cropping seasons through both repeated visit and one-shot questionnaire surveys among a random sample of 82 farm households in two ecological zones. While Embu’s land is fertile and rainfall high, the principal avenues to wealth accumulation lie outside of farming. Education, salaries, and businesses are the means of accumulating wealth in land, cash, and material possessions. Wage employment is tied to cycles of both impoverishment and enrichment, and is both primary agent and product of rural differentiation. Wealth differences owe less to domestic unit developmental cycles than to secular influences affecting households’ links with the wider economy and polity. Among all economic strata, relations defining access to land, labor, and livestock are embedded in both monetary and nonmonetary economic spheres. The few households who consistently produce food surpluses are an elite with superior access to cooperative as well as hired labor. Individual competition and accumulation drive the rural economy, but the growth of a rural proletariat is slowed by the persistence of reciprocal and redistributive exchange grounded in relations of kinship, friendship, and clientage, and by the disinclination of the wealthy to invest in agricultural expansion and modernization. |
| 1984 | HICKEY, DENNIS CHARLES | ETHIOPIA AND GREAT BRITAIN: POLITICAL CONFLICT IN THE SOUTHERN BORDERLANDS, 1916-1935 (AFRICA; FRONTIERS) | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 445 | This study focuses on the ‘British borderlands’ of southern Ethiopia–the territory extending from Borana in the southeast, to Lake Rudolph and Toposa in the southwest, and northward to the Wellega-Upper Nile Province frontier. The analysis deals with three fundamental problems: the relations between the Ethiopian government, on the one hand, and the administrations of Kenya and the Sudan, and the British Foreign Office, on the other; the relations between Ethiopian and British officials on the ground; and the relations between the imperial state, and its subject peoples, on both sides of the frontier. The temporal framework is formed by the early reign of Ras Tafari Makonnen, Emperor Haile Selassie I-the period from his ascension to the regency (in 1916) to the Italian invasion (in 1935). Necessarily, the era of conquest and occupation (1890-1915) is also considered in some detail. During this period, independent Ethiopia was ‘on trial’ in the court of world opinion. Consequently, the status of the frontier was a crucial factor in the balance of judgement. Contemporary scholarship has advanced the neftenyagabbar system as a general structural paradigm of Ethiopian ‘colonial’ rule. While this principle has helped clarify the relations of production in the agrarian sectors of the south, it does not account for the variant reactions of ‘subject’ peoples on the imperial periphery nor the manner in which they were articulated to the Ethiopian state. This study identifies (and analyzes) a range of indigenous responses to the Ethiopian state, and calls for a new interpretation of the manifold relationships between ruler and ruled. Modern historians have considered drought as the primary cause of pastoral raiding. This theory is largely correct; environmental stress is (and has been) a major determinant of pastoral violence. Nevertheless, this paper argues that, on the southern periphery, political and market factors played an equally important role in triggering this phenomenon. Between 1920 and 1935, Haile Selassie attempted to impose his will on the borderlands. This campaign of reform failed to satisfy his European critics, and the condition of the frontier remained a source of vulnerability in the international arena. |
| 1984 | HUSSEIN, OMAR IBRAHIM | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN KENYA | OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 119 | Scope and Method of Study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of rural-urban migration particularly in the capital city of Nairobi. The methodology employed in this investigation is the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to test the determinants of rural-urban migration. Four different sets of data were used, namely (1) gross migration rate from the most rural districts to Nairobi, (2) gross migration rates from the most urban districts to Nairobi, (3) gross migration rates from all districts to Nairobi, and (4) gross interprovincial rates between the eight provinces of Kenya. The subject is basically approached from the human capital side or the neoclassical investment approach. The basic hypothesis of the study is that people move from one locality to another because of income differential between the two areas. There is distinct income differential between urban and rural areas in Kenya. Findings and Conclusions. The results of the test on rural-urban migration indicate that the per capita income differential which was hypothesized to be the major attraction force did not turn out to be as hypothesized. It turned out to be either a deterrent force or has no appreciable effect on the propensity to migrate to Nairobi. The hypothesized deterrent effect of distance on gross migration to Nairobi has not been confirmed; however, the results confirm that distance is a deterrent to interprovincial migration. The test confirms conclusively that educational level does indeed increase the propensity of gross migration to Nairobi. In interprovincial migration the educational level in the destination retards the gross migration propensity while educational level in the origin increases the gross migration propensity. Results conclusively confirm that the friends and relatives variable increases the gross migration propensity. Density variable, which is used as a proxy for urbanization, did show a deterrence effect on gross rural-urban migration but its effect is not consistent on interprovincial migration. The data did not provide evidence that people move from the rural to Nairobi due to lack of good fertile land in the rural areas. Inclusion of a per capita potential land in the migration function indicates that per capita potential may help people migrate more than impede. The effects of variables, tribal contact, rural wage, growth of employment in the rural area, wage differential between urban and rural seems minimal on the proposed migration model. |
| 1984 | IMUNGI, JASPER KATHENYA | NUTRITIONAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF COOKED, CANNED, AND STORED COWPEA LEAVES | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 141 | Seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars MM(,4) and Katuli 107 obtained from Kenya were grown under greenhouse conditions for their leaves. Leaves from the cultivars were analyzed for proximate composition, vitamins, and 17 minerals. Since leaves from the two cultivars did not differ appreciably, further studies were carried out with leaves from cultivar MM(,4). Leaves were retorted to produce commercial sterility. The canning process selected produced a sterilization value equivalent to an F(,o) = 20.5 minutes. The canned leaves were compared in terms of nutritional and sensory properties with leaves cooked by traditional Kenyan techniques. The nutritional evaluation involved determination of ascorbic acid, total carotene, free and total falocin, and minerals including available iron. Sensory evaluation was carried out with a taste panel consisting of Kenyan and Tanzanian students at Cornell University, who were familiar with cooked cowpea leaves. The canned leaves were stored at temperatures of 24(DEGREES) and 30(DEGREES)C. They were assessed for retentions of ascorbic acid, total carotene, free and total folacin, calcium, total and available iron, zinc and sensory properties at 3-month intervals for a total period of 9 months. In addition to determinations on the drained leaf, values were obtained on the water from the cooked, canned and stored products. Nutrient retentions in freshly canned cowpea leaves compared very well with the nutrient retentions in the cooked leaves. Freshly canned cowpea leaves and canned leaves stored at the two temperatures, in comparison with ooked leaves, scored well by the panelists in all characteristics tested. Nutrient retentions in the canned leaves during storage were also good. Results indicate that a convenient, high quality cowpea leaf vegetable product can be produced by the canning process. |
| 1984 | KANYIRI, ELISHA MUCHUNGA | THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING CONTRACEPTIVE BEHAVIOR IN KENYA | THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 143 | This dissertation attempts to examine the relationships between socioeconomic and demographic variables and current use of contraception among Kenyan women aged 15-50. The study utilizes both path analysis and multiple regression to determine the direct and indirect effects of selected predetermined variables on contraceptive behavior of currently married, fecund and non-pregnant women. The results demonstrate that number of living children, ethnicity, woman’s occupation and husband’s occupation have significant direct effects on contraceptive use, while accessibility is shown to have the strongest direct effect on contraception. Education is shown to influence contraception behavior through other intervening variables such as women’s occupation, living children and accessibility. It is also indicated that age, ethnicity and place of residence are strong determinants of education, while education was in turn positively related to woman’s occupation. It is argued that the relationship between fertility preference and contraceptive use is significant particularly in the study of unwanted fertility and unmet needs for contraception. The study concludes that policy makers ought to determine the demographic and contraceptive needs of different subpopulations in order to formulate better strategies relevant to these groups. |
| 1984 | KARANJA, NJERI | STUDIES IN DIETARY MODIFICATION OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND FIBER: EFFECTS ON METABOLIC CORRELATES OF BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA – LINCOLN | 240 | Three studies were conducted with the objective of investigating the metabolic consequences and value of modifying dietary intake on blood pressure regulation. In the first phase, normotensive adults received 0, 2.36, 4.72 or 9.44 meq potassium per day. No changes were observed in the amounts of sodium in feces or urine. Serum sodium levels rose with potassium supplementation. A progressive fall in potassium excreted in feces and an expected increase in urine potassium were observed with increments in potassium intake. Serum potassium concentrations were unaffected by supplementation, urinary sodium/potassium ratios fell with higher potassium intakes but blood pressure values remained unchanged. In the second phase all possible combinations, of two levels each of sodium, potassium and fiber were fed to hypertensive rats and their normotensive controls. The amounts of sodium and potassium in serum, urine and feces appeared to depend on intake. However, increments in fiber increased the amount excreted in feces and decreased amounts in urine. Hypertensive rats showed decreased serum sodium concentrations on high sodium intakes. Serum potassium levels did not rise in these rats with higher potassium or fiber intakes, as it did in normotensive rats. This study provides a basis or further studies on nutrient interaction effects on blood pressure regulation. In the last phase, Kenyan physicians surveyed indicated that diet was the most important etiological factor in the development of idiopathic hypertension. However, they used drug therapy more often and gave verbal advice to reduce sodium intake to their hypertensive patients. Physicians trained in Kenya tended to regard sodium reduction as the most important dietary modification for treating hypertension. Those trained abroad regard weight control and reduction of fat intake as the major dietary modification required to manage hypertension. Due to drug side effects and their escalating costs that developing countries such as Kenya can hardly afford, alternatives to drug use are urgently needed. | |
| 1984 | KATERERE, YEMI | DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED FOREST PROTECTION IN ZIMBABWE | UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO | PHD | 214 | An integrated forest protection (IFP) plan for Zimbabwe is proposed. For a country with very little previous research in forest entomology and a recently established forest protection unit, strategies for developing and strengthening IFP are discussed. The need to integrate forest protection into overall forest management is emphasized. The plan provides for the extension and intensification of the present ground surveys, population monitoring techniques, appropriate technology transfer, training and education of personnel, and research. Field foresters would be involved in the accumulation of data and early detection of potential problems by regularly completing detection and surveillance forms. Insect and disease surveys were developed to establish the pest complex. The surveys are a systematic attempt to gather, identify, integrate, and present information on forest insects and diseases in a way that it may be used by field foresters and planners to coordinate forest protection decisions. The biology and population dynamics of Eulachnus rileyi (Williams) (Homoptera: Aphididae), an external parasite on needles of the genus Pinus, were studied. This aphid, first reported in Zimbabwe in 1980, is one of the most abundant insects in the pine forests. The predominant form is the adult; both alate and apterate adults reproduce parthenogenetically. The aphid is present throughout the year; highest population levels occur in June and July. A second increase in the population occurs in October and November. Coccinellid beetles and the syrphid, Allograpta nasuta Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae) are the main predators of E. rileyi in Zimbabwe. The fungus Entomopthora planchoniana Cornu (non Thaxter) was found infecting E. rileyi. Eulachnus rileyi was found to reduce volume increment by 1.51 percent after one year. The impact of Pineus pini (L.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) was estimated on the basis of an index developed during the current study and results of similar studies in Kenya. Approximately 60 percent of the sampled plots were found to have light P. pini infestations. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx (Sphaeropsidales: Sphaeropsidaceae) and Pestalotiopsis guepini (Melanconiales: Melanconiaceae) were found to be associated with top die-back and death of trees following a severe thunderstorm on 650 ha of State plantations. |
| 1984 | KIHARA, NEHEMY NDIRANGU | RELIGION AND POLITICS IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF KENYA AND TANZANIA | EMORY UNIVERSITY | PHD | 200 | This research attempts to identify, describe, analyze, and evaluate the emergent modes of relations and linkages between religio-political institutions and the process of socio-economic development in Kenya and Tanzania. An interdisciplinary socio-historical and comparative methodology within sociology of religion, politics, and development anthropology is utilized in order to describe how religious and political institutions have been involved in the socio-economic development of Kenya and Tanzania. The study is divided into six chapters. Chapter One, introduces and reviews the church and state theory in relation to the basic human needs approach to economic development. Relevant literature is critically reviewed. The second chapter presents a comparative socio-history of Kenya and Tanzania. Their religious, political and economic backgrounds and development are described within traditional, colonial and independent periods. Three chapters describe and evaluate, the strategies and activities of governments and churches in six basic areas of human needs: food, health, education, employment, housing, and energy. In the concluding chapter, the relations of churches and states in meeting basic human needs are analyzed and summarized. However, the relations seem only partially different from those of the colonial and European heritage. They seem to follow a rather tensed but cooperative pattern. Moreover, the presumed separation of church and state, seem insignificant in meeting basic human needs in East Africa. Furthermore, the localization of religion in East Africa (whether belief, group interests, or institutional) makes Afrotheism a significant and influential political factor although not necessarily a civil religion. |
| 1984 | LENOIR, REBECCA GENE | THE EFFECT OF MIGRATION AND THE MIGRATION DECISION ON DESIRED FAMILY SIZE | THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 90 | The primary objective of this study was to explore the interrelationship between fertility and migration using a sample of rural Kenyans, ages 13 to 21. This was done by examining the differences in mean levels of desired family size for migrants and nonmigrants. No substantial or significant differences were found which suggests that migration is not ‘selective’ of individuals with low levels of desired family size. A second step in this analysis examined the mean levels of desired family size for individuals who had gone through a decision-making process in regard to migration and those who had not. It was found that those respondents who had been through the decision-making process had substantially and significantly lower levels of desired family size, even after controlling for a variety of variables shown to affect both migration and fertility. A follow-up procedure allowed the differences in mean levels of desired family size to be attributed to either the act of migration or the decision-making process. This analysis showed that the differences due to the decision-making process were generally larger and more likely to be statistically significant. Thus, these findings indicate that the decision process is a more important factor then migration in influencing lower desired family size. Overall this research suggests that further advances in understanding the migration-fertility relationship could be enhanced by closer examination of the correlates and consequences of the decision-making process. |
| 1984 | LOEB, KURT | THE IMPERIAL THEME: A STUDY OF COLONIAL ATTITUDES IN ENGLISH NOVELS SET IN AFRICA | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | The thesis examines the colonial attitudes of 13 novelists of the last century. The general introduction establishes the efficacy of analysing society through the fictional, microcosmic study of the individual, with emphasis on relations between black and white. The introduction to Chapter I indicates how the authors reflected the confidence and enthusiasm of their readers and of the Victorian age. Reviewed are George Alfred Henty, writer of boys’ thrillers; Henry Rider Haggard, master of pure adventure; John Buchan, future Governor General of Canada; and the immensely popular Edgar Wallace. There is a biographical sketch of each author, a detailed analysis of the novel in question and an examination of the critics’ views. A brief coda follows, showing why some authors were not included, specifically Edgar Rice Burroughs and Somerset Maugham. Chapter II deals with novelists prior to World War II; it is shown how the equivocation on the political scene is reflected in the writers. Included are Polish exile Joseph Conrad; Gothic novelist Francis Brett Young; the satiric Evelyn Waugh; and the four African novels of Joyce Cary. The coda explains the exclusion of Olive Schreiner and Harry Johnston. The era of decolonization is detailed in the introduction to Chapter III, showing little difference in attitude between the political parties. The authors in this section do not hail from the British Isles; they are Alan Paton, South African Liberal; Rhodesian exile Doris Lessing; Canadian visitor to Ghana, Margaret Laurence; the Kenyan Ngugi wa Thiong’o; and the Nigerian Chinua Achebe. The latter two offer the African perspective, and each of the authors in this section is represented by a collection of short stories. The coda lists several writers not included, with emphasis on V. A. Naipaul and Nadine Gordimer. They deal, respectively, with post-independence racial stress, and with the more recent development of ‘Black Consciousness’. The epilogue draws the disparate writers together to discover that common themes can be discerned: violence; the tragedy of the native who rejects his own culture; the role of white man’s ‘progress’; religion and the destruction of indigenous cultures. None of the authors could advocate the return to a simple, pre-industrial society. | |
| 1984 | MANSORY, MOHSIN AHMED | PROBLEMS OF POPULATION MAPPING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (CARTOGRAPHY, THEMATIC MAP, CENSUS) | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 221 | This study investigates population mapping in developing countries. The basis of population mapping in developed countries is first established by reviewing their population mapping history in the context of thematic cartography from the late 18th century to the present. Discussion includes symbols and techniques applied to population mapping over that period, with particular emphasis given to point, line, and areal symbology. Population mapping activities of the U.S. Census Bureau and the Japanese Statistical Bureau are examined, and programs and products of the two are taken as ‘ideal’ models of population mapping in developed countries. Using these models, a minimum set of 11 criteria is established by which population mapping in developing countries is evaluated. These criteria address not only population maps, but the census and base mapping activities that precede population mapping. The historical development of population mapping in Africa, Latin America, and Asia is traced, and some general problems shared by developing countries are identified. Population mapping is evaluated in greater detail in Jamaica, Guyana, Kenya, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia through interviews with governmental and academic officials involved in census and mapping activities and through an evaluation of sample population maps. Saudi Arabia was chosen as a case study of population mapping in a developing country, and its population data, censuses, and base maps are discussed in detail. Its current population mapping status is evaluated and its problems and opportunities for the future are examined. The study concludes that four major problems affect the availability and quality of population maps in developing countries. These are inaccurate or irregular acquisition of population data, scarcity or inadequacy of base maps, low level of cartographic skill, and inadequacy of production methods and facilities. General solutions are discussed and recommendations are made, including increased cooperation between academic units and governmental agencies, awareness and use of proper cartographic techniques, institution of on-going cartographic training programs, elimination of political influence in scientific activities, provision of sufficient funding for population mapping programs, and encouragement of the growth of graphic literacy. |
| 1984 | MARSHAD, HASSAN AHMED | AN APPROACH TO CODE ELABORATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO SWAHILI (KENYA, AFRICA) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 222 | The purpose of this dissertation is to propose a theoretical model which makes it possible for languages like Swahili to acquire technical registers. A two prong approach is suggested to build up the necessary terminology, and at the same time, cultivate the essention technical rhetoric to support the terms generated. The first two chapters are designed to provide background information. Chapter I has an outline of the basic structure of Swahili needed in order to familiarize the reader with relevant portions of the grammar of the language. Chapter II focuses on language issues in Kenya where English is the official language and Swahili the ceremonial national lnaguage. Chapter III provides a framework for viewing language planning (LP) activities. Components of LP considered are: orthography, morphology,syntax and lexicology. Under each, recommendations are given that will, to a certain extent, contribute to the strengthening of Swahili as an effective communicative tool in the scientific domain. Chapter IV concentrates on the proposed approach to code elaboration. It is suggested that registers in Swahili can be developed in two phases. The first phase involves liberal adoption of terms from English. Arguments are given to show that this is a pragmatic way to acquire rapidly and at a minimum cost a systematic growth of these registers. The objective of the second phase is indigenization of some of the terms relevant to primary and secondary school curricula. For this phase, a conceptual framework is developed in order to facilitate the process of creation of viable indigenous technical registers. Chapter V treats the technical rhetoric aspect of registers. Swahili, like any other language, has the necessary rhetoric elements (conjuctives, logical elements, special purpose verbs). But, like it is in all developing languages, these elements need to be made more rigorous and precise. For this, cluster analyses and semantic grid techniques are proposed as a method for charting the semantic field of these elements. By the use of such techniques, local lexical elements can be standardized and thus be matched precisely with those from an international source; and in this way, translation of scientific texts from any international source will be facilitated. Chapter VI consists of a summary and implications of the proposed model. |
| 1984 | MCMAHON, GARY JOSEPH RAYMOND | INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY AGREEMENTS AND A SMALL DEVELOPING COUNTRY: THE CASE OF KENYA AND THE INTERNATIONAL COFFEE AGREEMENT | THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO (CANADA) | PHD | The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects that being a party to the 1964 International Coffee Agreement had on the Kenyan economy. As coffee is the most important export product of Kenya, the agreement, which attempted to support the price of coffee by instituting country quotas, could have potentially had substantial effects upon the Kenyan economy. Whether these effects would be positive of negative wasn’t clear, a priori, as the Kenyan coffee industry was expanding rapidly in the early 1960’s when the country quotas went into effect. Attempts were also made to determine if Kenya met its quota by the most efficient method and whether or not fluctuating coffee prices had a detrimental effect on the Kenyan economy. Three main findings emerged from the results of the simulations of the computable general equilibrium model of the Kenyan economy. First, while Kenya received substantial benefits from the agreement only if prices would have fallen by at least 30% in its absence, Kenya also didn’t suffer substantial losses by being a party to the agreement in any viable scenario. As coffee and non-coffee agriculture were strong substitutes in exportable production, the effects of a coffee price change were largely offset by an opposite change in the amount of non-coffee agricultural production and exports. Second, the simulations suggest that Kenya should have met its country quota by using a production tax rather than putting a freeze on the planting of new coffee trees. Third, the simulations also indicate that fluctuating coffee prices had no serious effects upon both the levels of an fluctuations in GNP or total export revenues in Kenya. The overall conclusion of the study is that the Kenyan economy is quite flexible with respect to external disturbances. The results suggest that any benefits which a small developing country receives from an international commodity agreement may be exaggerated if spillover and feedback effects aren’t accounted for. Finally, whether or not the effects of fluctuating or lower prices of a country’s most important export commodity are negative (or, if so, substantial) is an empirical one. | |
| 1984 | MERRYMAN, JAMES LEROY | ECOLOGICAL STRESS AND ADAPTIVE RESPONSE: THE KENYA SOMALI IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (AFRICA, PASTORAL, DEVELOPMENT) | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 286 | The Sahelian drought of the 1970s revealed how little is known about the nature of human adaptation to arid environments. The problem is partially rooted in the use of the term ‘adaptation’ which is often manifested in tautological arguments and weak functionalism. Because adaptation cannot be observed in a single time frame, the study emphasizes the value of time-depth and open systems approaches in examinations of human response to environmental fluctuations, both climatological and sociological. The research was conducted among the pastoral Somali of northeastern Kenya as well as mong sedentized portions of that population which settled in response to the 1970s drought. Observations of the research population were made for a total of five years during five separate time intervals between 1971 and 1983. Ethno-historical techniques were used to elicit responses to stresses occurring prior to the period of observation. The past century, from colonialism to the present, was selected as the time frame of the study due to the range of adaptive pressures to which the research population was exposed. The study concludes that pastoral systems, though enduringly resilient and exhibiting rapid rates of economic growth, are exceptionally vulnerable to external forces. Future pastoral viability can be augmented by broadening the base of local economies and by increasing integration of livestock systems with external market economies. |
| 1984 | MERRYMAN, NANCY HAWK | ECONOMY AND ECOLOGICAL STRESS:HOUSEHOLD STRATEGIES OF TRANSITIONAL SOMALI PASTORALISTS IN NORTHERN KENYA (NOMADS, WOMEN, SEDENTARIZATION) | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 338 | The secessionist conflict and the Sahelian drought have shown the vulnerability of pastoral nomads to social and ecological crises. This study examines labor utilization, control of resources, risk-reduction strategies, and response to economic incentives among three population segments: pastoral nomads, destitute former nomads settled in town, and town women entrepreneurs in the miraa trade. The research was conducted among the Somali of northeastern Kenya for four years in four periods from 1972 to 1983. The study challenges the concept of household as an adequate unit of analysis for understanding production strategies. The rational peasant approach is extended in splintering the household to examine competing or complementary economic interests of each member. The study suggests that the concept of household be replaced by a focus on economic linkages between household members, with non-household members, and changes in these linkages through time. The Somali case is an exception to the feminist and development literature which sees economic development, settlement, and market integration as detrimental to women’s economic participation. In the pastoral sector, women are confined to the domestic domain and have little control of productive resources. Settlement in town offers many cash-earning options compatible with domestic responsibilities. Women’s entrance into the public domain is facilitated by settlement in a Somali-speaking area presenting no linguistic deterrent to women’s participation. The town’s expanding population is a market for goods and services provided by women in the informal sector. The study follows the economic recovery of destitute former nomads who have few job skills, little education, and limited fluency in Swahili. Employment is marginal; several household members work to obtain basic subsistence. The process of integration into the settled economy involves: receiving famine relief, cash-earning in the informal sector, wage employment or prestige trading. The goal is diversification with investments in both the pastoral and settled economy. The town will continue to draw population from pastoral areas. Continued development and training are necessary to increase opportunities for the marginally employed former nomads. |
| 1984 | MHLOYI, MARVELLOUS MYNARD | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF KENYA AND LESOTHO | UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA | PHD | 342 | The purpose of the study is to assess the determinants of fertility and fertility control in Kenya and Lesotho, and of the fertility differences between the two countries, using WFS data. The empirical analysis focuses on continuously once married women aged 35-44 years, who have had at least two children. The analysis in Chapter III aims to test whether or not the differential fertility between Kenya and Lesotho can be explained by the differential use of fertility control. Parity progression rations, age-specific marital fertility rates and the index value of fertility control, m, are used. All these measures indicate that both countries are natural fertility populations in a parity-specific sense. In Chapter IV fertility is linked to its proximate determinants in a multivariate analysis. Fertility is inversely related to the birth interval variables, breastfeeding and pregnancy wastage, and directly related to duration of marriage, fecundity, child mortality and fertility regulation in both countries. All the variables are significant except fertility regulation in both countries, and child mortality in Kenya. About 39 and 35 percent of Kenya’s higher fertility than Lesotho’s can be accounted for by the postpartum amenorrheic and fecundity variables, respectively. In Chapter V the proximate determinants analysis was repeated with the aim of testing whether or not the following proximate determinants can predict fertility better than the variables used in Chapter IV: age at marriage, age at menarche, full breastfeeding, postpartum amenorrhea, loss of exposure, abstinence, menopause and regularity of menstrual cycles. None of these variables is significantly related to fertility except abstinence and full breastfeeding in Kenya. Chapter VI focuses on the determinants of fertility regulation, motivation–Cn-Cd, and cost of control, both subjective and economic. Fertility regulation is inversely related to cost of control, and directly related to motivation. Motivation is however negative in both countries. The proximate determinants, and the determinants of use are linked to modernization and cultural variables in Chapter VII. Modernization variables explain household fertility better than cultural variables. The determinants of fertility control are more sensitive to modernization variables than the proximate determinants. |
| 1984 | MIGONGO, WANGOI ELIZABETH | THE TROPHIC RELATIONS AND HABITAT ADAPTABILITY OF LIVESTOCK IN THE CENTRAL PART OF RENDILLE LAND IN KENYA (DIGESTIBILITY, DIET) | COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 135 | Most of northern Kenya is destined to remain rangeland due to the low and unpredictable rainfall. Camels (Camelus dromedarius), goats (Capra hircus), sheep (Ovis aries) and cattle (Bos indicus) are grazed on these rangelands. Studies were conducted to determine the abundance, quality, botanical composition and digestibility of the diets of these herbivores. Abundance of forage was determined through measurement of cover, frequency and biomass of species. Levels of crude protein were used as a measure of the quality of the selected forage species. The seasonal botanical composition was determined by the application of the microhistological technique on fecal sample composites for each season. Rumen fistulated castrates were used for determination of the dry matter and crude protein digestibility of major range forage species. The diets of camels contained the most browse. The diets of goats, sheep and cattle contained decreasing amounts of browse. The opposite was true for the grass and herb component of the diets. While most trees and shrubs dropped their leaves during the dry season, these leaves were still available to livestock species. Diet selection of the four herbivores was influenced by forage abundance during the wettest season of the study. This influence was least significant for cattle. Forage crude protein played a minimal or no role in diet selection. It appears that the abundance of useable forage, rather than the total plant or crown available, is the major factor influencing diet selection by these herbivores. Overall, for dry matter digestive power of major range plants, the camel was inferior to the other animal species. For trees, shrubs and dwarf shrubs, digestibility values were about equal among the herbivores. Grasses showed the greatest variations among herbivore species. Significant differences in crude protein digestibility were observed among animal species. These should be treated with caution since, due to the contamination of the digested samples with microbial protein, the observed differences may not be real. Since cattle diet consists mostly of grass, the least of the three vegetation components in both abundance and quality, and due to their frequent water requirements in an environment where rainfall is unpredictable and scarce, they are the least adapted, of the species studied, to these rangelands. |
| 1984 | MOGA, MARY MIDIKA | THE HARAMBEE MOVEMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON KENYA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. | UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS | MS | 204 | Abstract |
| 1984 | MOITE, LEONARD MBOGUA | PERFORMANCE OF THE MODERN PRIVATE SECTORS OF THE KENYAN ECONOMY | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 362 | Growth of output and labor absorption in the Kenyan modern private economy is the focus of this study. Over the 1964-1979 period, in spite of a fairly high annual rate of growth of GDP (7.2%), the private modern economy has posted a low annual rate of growth of wage employment (2.2%). As an explanation for the low rate of labor absorption, emphasis is placed on techniques of production and relative factor prices. In particular, the degree of labor absorption generally depends on whether the techniques of production are rigidly fixed or flexible, that is, on the elasticity of factor substitution ((sigma)), and the nature of bias in technical change. In this thesis, we present a neoclassical model describing production relations of the CES type for the following sectors of the Kenyan economy: modern agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, mining and quarrying, private services, building and construction, and transportation and communications. We test the degree of flexibility, the rate of technical change and returns to scale, the speed of adjustment of actual average labor productivity towards desired average labor productivity as well as wage expectations. The data series used covers the 1964-1979 period. The results of our empirical estimates suggest that, the elasticity estimates for most sectors in the Kenyan modern private economy are moderately high. Further, empirical results suggest that the adjustments of wage expectations and of actual values of average productivity of labor towards the desired values thereof are quite rapid. Therefore, changes in factor prices can be useful policy instruments for improving the labor absorption rate in Kenya. Thus, we concluded that government trade policies such as tariffs and import restrictions, credit policy and price policy have tended to promote capital-intensive production techniques and, thus, to exacerbate the labor absorption problem in Kenya. Elimination of factor price distortions, export promotion, research on appropriate technologies and population control are recommended to cope with the unemployment problem in Kenya. |
| 1984 | MUGANZI, ZIBEON SORE | THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL AND CONTEXTUAL FACTORS ON INFANT MORTALITY IN KENYA | THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 172 | In this study an attempt is made to examine the effects of various factors on infant mortality in Kenya. These factors are grouped into two general categories–those associated with the individual woman/child and those associated with the social and environmental setting within which they live. The first set of variables is identified as ‘individual variables’ and includes variables such as age of woman, education, sex of child, etc. The second set of variables constitute the ‘contextual variables’ and includes variables such as availability of health facilities, water supply, sanitation and prevalence of malaria. The objective is to examine the combined effect of all the factors on infant mortality, a deviation from most studies which have only focused on individual factors. The study employs two statistical models, the ordinary Least Squares and the logistic regressions in examining the relationships between these two sets of variables and mortality. The findings indicate that while most variables included in the model were significantly related to mortality, breast feeding and the number of pregnancies to a woman in particular are major determinants of mortality in the country. Even more important, the findings show that the effect of the contextual variables on infant mortality is stronger at the regional level where for some regions large percentages of population have poor access to such facilities as health services, water supply and sanitation. Thus infants born in such regions have lower chances of survival given that their individual characteristics already exposes them to higher mortality. One important contextual variable is the high prevalence of malaria in some regions. It has a strong positive effect on mortality in those areas. The findings point to the fact that efforts aimed at reducing infant mortality in Kenya must focus, not only on individual characteristics of the population, but also with greater emphasis on the distribution of essential facilities, water supply, health services, as well as eradication of malaria. |
| 1984 | MUUGI, GEORGE KAMAU | THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION AND TRANSITIVITY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN: AN EXAMINATION OF PIAGET’S THEORY | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 252 | The major objective of the study was to demonstrate that the logic of transitivity is the basis of genuine ‘verbal conservation.’ Using the Genevan model, six conservation and three transitivity tasks were administered to 448 children in grades 1-7 in two rural primary schools in Kenya. In the conservation tasks, each child was ‘tested’ for the use of a transitivity explanation along with other normally accepted explanations: addition-subtraction, reversibilities, and compensation. The recall question was introduced after the explanation phase as a modification of the Piagetian model. Age and grade significantly affected how children performed all the tasks, but sex, order of presentation, and equality and inequality of amounts did not significantly affect performance. The results indicate that there may be two types of conservation. In the explanation phase, the results are contrary to the theory of parsimony. The four groupements that form the basis of the logic of conservation and transitivity in Piagetian theory were not distinguishable from each other in all grades. None of the groupements was dominant in any particular task. Since most of the children were old enough to be in the concrete operational stage (6 or 7 years), they had acquired the ability to give various other explanations. The use of three items in each test enhanced the probability of the use of the equivalence conservation. Consequently, the transitivity argument became the necessary, if not the easier, one to use. Because the children were used to frequent classroom tests and occasional national examinations, they very likely were compelled to give very thorough answers to the questions. The very low acquiescence level, the few ‘don’t know’ answers, and the infrequent use of the more elementary explanations suggest unusually high motivation to do something that was not a classroom activity in a ‘classroom manner.’ Knowing the interviewer well and performing the tasks next door to their usual classrooms enhanced the children’s confidence in performing the tasks. The study concludes with a discussion of the educational implications of the results. |
| 1984 | MWABU, GERMANO MWIGA | A MODEL OF HOUSEHOLD CHOICE AMONG MEDICAL TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES IN RURAL KENYA | BOSTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 291 | The purpose of this dissertation is to study patients’ demand for health services in a given illness period. Particular attention is devoted to a model of patients’ behavior throughout an illness episode and to a statistical estimation of its parameters. An observed visit to a health facility is assumed to have been generated by a sequence of two decisions. The first decision is about whether or not to seek treatment for a given illness. If the outcome of this decision is to seek treatment, the next decision concerns the source of medical care. At any given moment, each of these decisions is discrete–in the sense that a patient chooses to seek treatment or not; to seek it from one provider and not from any of the others. Further, over the entire illness period, these choice decisions display a sequential pattern of responses as patients visit different providers or return to the previous one(s) for follow-up care. To explain the above sorts of decisions, a demand model in which patients learn from their experience with health care providers is developed. The factors whose effects on patients’ behavior are studied with the aid of the model are the time and monetary costs of treatment, proximity, the facility-specific attributes, the socio-economic characteristics of the patients, patients’ experience in treatment, patterns of income distribution and seasonality. The data used to estimate the effects of these variables were collected through a household survey in a rural area in Kenya. The estimated results indicate that households’ choice of health facilities is highly sensitive to changes in time costs and money prices. It is also found that an increase in incomes shifts demand from low quality to high quality clinics but rather slowly. These and other results are used in a micro-economic simulation exercise in the last chapter of the dissertation, to predict demands for health services at different facilities, to evaluate the effects on households’ welfare of imposing user fees in government clinics and to estimate the amount of revenue the government can hope to collect from its clinics when certain levels of user charges are in effect. |
| 1984 | NAMA, CHARLES ATANGANA | AESTHETICS AND IDEOLOGY IN AFRICAN AND AFRO-AMERICAN FICTION: NGUGI WA THIONG’O, AYI KWEI ARMAH, TONI MORRISON AND RICHARD WRIGHT (AKAN, ASHANTI, GHANA, KENYA) | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON | PHD | 272 | The main objective of this dissertation is twofold, namely, to devise a critical theory from African and Afro-American oral traditions and culture and to explore the relationship between aesthetics and ideology in the works of four major artists–Ngugi, Armah, Morrison and Wright. Chapter one examines the relevance of several critical theories which have been applied to works from both traditions such as, Marxist Criticism, Senghorian, Structuralist Poetics, African Aesthetic, and The Black Aesthetic. The strengths and weaknesses of these theories are discussed. I have conceptualized a critical theory which has its base in African and Afro-American oral tradition and culture and applied it to selected works. In the second chapter, Ngugi Wa Thiong’o’s indebtedness to Gikuyu metaphysics and mythology is articulated. Petals of Blood is discussed in detail with Kenyatta’s Facing Mount Kenya among others as a frame of reference. Chapter three illustrates the evolution in Armah’s art from his first novel to the epic narrative. Relying on theories enunciated by J. B. Danquah, Nketia, Rattray and Okpweho The Healers is analyzed as an Ashanti epic. I have also attempted to illustrate its relationship to the African historical novel. Chapter four attempts to define Feminist Aesthetics in relation to the Afro-American novel with special emphasis on the works of Toni Morrison particularly Tar Baby which is analyzed in detail. Morrison is read as a precursor to feminist aestheticians. The psychoanalytic aspects of her first three novels The Bluest Eye, Sula, and Song of Solomon are interpreted with concepts enunciated by Du Bois, Fanon, Freud and Lacan. Despite other influences on his art, in Chapter five, I have illustrated Richard Wright’s indebtedness to the Afro-American oral tradition in some of his works. His neglected novels, Lawd Today and The Long Dream are also analyzed in detail. The conclusion indicates the cultural influences in the works of a few other writers in both traditions such as Mongo Beti, Ousmane Sembene, Ishmael Reed, Ernest Gaines, and Alice Walker. |
| 1984 | NGUNJIRI, NGARI WA NDIRANGU | THE ROLE OF THE GIKUYU LAND GRIEVANCE IN THE OUTBREAK OF MAU MAU (KENYA) | ST. JOHN’S UNIVERSITY (NEW YORK) | PHD | 229 | This dissertation deals with the land question, the most pressing of the issues that led to the outbreak of the so-called ‘Mau Mau’ war which ravaged the Gikuyu country from 1952 to 1957. This war was waged by the Gikuyu against the British in an attempt to regain those lands which the Gikuyu claimed were taken from them by the British. This study undertakes to show that of all the causes of the conflict between the Gikuyu and the British, the land question was the most pressing, the one around which all others revolved, and the one that was the major cause of the ‘Mau Mau’ war. In order to demostrate this, the study examines the Gikuyu people, their history, their country, and their system of land tenure before the arrival of the British. Like any other peasant farmers, the Gikuyu were emotionally, religiously, and economically attached to their land, which was their only source of livelihood, and which they regard as the connecting link between the living and the dead. The work also examines how the British came to the Gikuyu country and took over some Gikuyu lands, thus creating a conflict between the two peoples. This conflict goes back to the 1890’s, intensifying over the years due to irreconcilable interests between the Gikuyu and the British, and climaxing in the ‘Mau Mau’ war that broke out in 1952. By the early 1950’s, young Gikuyu leaders felt that they were prepared to attack the British militarily. During the war the Gikuyu became split between the Freedom Fighters and those who remained loyal to the British, or the Loyalists. The Freedom Fighters lost the war and the Loyalists who took over the government after independence was granted showed little or no sympathy toward those Gikuyu who had sided with the Freedom Fighters. When some land was set aside for the distribution to the landless, the Freedom Fighters and their sympathizers were left out, and the need for land continued. |
| 1984 | NJERU, ENOS HUDSON NTHIA | THE FARMING HERDERS: IRRIGATION, RECIPROCITY AND MARRIAGE AMONG THE TURKANA PASTORALISTS OF NORTH-WESTERN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA | PHD | 182 | This dissertation is based on a study of over 552 formerly nomadic families within a total population of over 10,000 people living around the Katilu Irrigation Scheme in Turkana District of Kenya. These former nomads were forced out of their indigenous pastoral economy by loss of all their livestock (their major means of subsistence) through droughts, fatal livestock diseases and cattle rustling. By admitting them into the irrigation scheme, the Kenya Government and charitable organizations hoped to convert them from nomads into farmers, and eventually create a self-reliant agricultural community. To develop commitment to modern settled agriculture, the nomads were expected to give up their pastoral values. This study questions the extent to which this goal has been achieved. The problems of the expected value and behavioural adjustments have been examined through analysis of reciprocity and marriage. The transactional behaviour involved in marriage and reciprocity is important in the examination of the social and economic relationships between the farmers and their herding kin, and also among the farmers themselves. As social and economic institutions, reciprocity and marriage serve as vehicles of adaptation to the nomads’ hostile environment by providing security in times of need e.g. during major livestock losses. The major findings of this study include reinvestment into the pastoral sector by the farmers; devaluation of the Turkana women; increased incidence of polygyny; family instability; concubinage and an overall threat of population explosion in the settlement scheme. The data for the study were collected through participant observation, surveys, reading and analysis of ethnographic materials, and examination of historical records from the Kenya National Archives. |
| 1984 | ONGONDO, WYCLIFFE NYANJONG | THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES NEEDED BY INTERMEDIATE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PERSONNEL IN THE KENYA AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE | THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 221 | The study’s major purpose was to describe and compare the perceptions of Technical Officers, District Agricultural Officers, and Trainers regarding the professional competencies needed by intermediate agricultural extension personnel in the Kenya Agricultural Extension Service. A secondary purpose was to examine the relationships between selected demographic characteristics and the perceptions of the respondents regarding the importance of the professional competencies. The sample consisted of Technical Officers, District Agricultural Officers, and Trainers in Kenya. A questionnaire was developed to collect data concerning the respondents’ demographic characteristics and their perceptions of the professional competencies in the areas of administration, program planning, program execution, teaching, communication, understanding human behavior, maintaining professionalism, evaluation, and 4-K Youth. The questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 200 Technical Officers, 30 District Agricultural Officers, and 120 Trainers after it had been validated and pilot-tested. The significant findings of this study were as follows: (1) The three groups of respondents indicated that 108 of the 111 professional competencies were of high importance in the operation of a successful agricultural extension program. (2) The analysis of variance revealed that the three groups of respondents rated the importance of the 17 professional competencies significantly different. (3) It was found that the area of responsibility of the respondents made a significant difference in the ratings in the program execution and the teaching competency categories. Also, the community where reared made a significant difference in rating the importance of the professional competencies in maintaining professionalism competency category. Lastly, the respondents who had more years as members of 4-K Youth clubs rated the professional competencies in 4-K Youth competency category higher in importance than those who had less years in 4-K Youth clubs. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) |
| 1984 | ONUONGA, ISAAC ORIECHI | THE GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF MACALDER MINE – KENYA | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MSC | Abstract | |
| 1984 | OTIENO, JOHN ADE | LAND POLITICS AND CLASS DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE KIKUYU IN KENYA’S CENTRAL PROVINCE, 1900-1969 | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 272 | The primary concerns of this research study are two: (1) to demonstrate the fact that the changes in the Kikuyu traditional land rights, land use and land ownership led to the changes in the general arrangements of the old Kikuyu social order, (2) to show that the land reform schemes in this region, not only led to the disruptions of the Kikuyu tribal life, but brought the development of material inequality among these tribal people. In the study, the examination of such issues as changes in land rights, land use and land ownership were found to be important for two reasons: (a) to provide insights as to what took place in Kikuyu land, and (b) to provide an understanding of the violent Kikuyu response to unjust policies that made it possible for them to establish an effective dialogue with the colonial settlers which led to the establishment of political freedom and economic change in the country. The researcher therefore: (1) explains the manner by which the traditional land tenure systems were changed, and (2) up dates the effects of these changes. The uprising in the late fifties demonstrates that conditions were intolerable. The research largely rests on the premise that the demand for land exclusively for whites, and the establishment of policies that aided the whites by providing them with huge areas of land on one hand, and restricting the Kikuyu from participating in commercial production on the other, naturally triggered the general social revolution in the area. The issues became clear in analyzing the Kikuyu political involvement in the Mau Mau movement in the 1950s and 1960s. They are also clear in elaborating such issues as the policies of land alienation, of labour and of economic development. The research findings show that the development of social inequality among the Kikuyu people was due to:(a) the economic system established in the region that depended entirely on market system, and (b) the manner by which the settlement schemes were designed and carried out. Cash crop production destroyed the traditional agriculture that had seemed to be self sufficient and independent. Once these peasants realized the benefits of a cash crop economy, they quickly turned their attentions toward adopting and promoting the new economic system, without becoming fully aware of the consequences of market agriculture. |
| 1984 | PATERSON, DOUGLAS BRIAN | KINSHIP, LAND, AND COMMUNITY: THE MORAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE ABALUHYA OF EAST BUNYORE (KENYA) (MIGRATION, SOCIAL CHANGE, ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY) | UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON | PHD | 188 | In several parts of Kenya, land scarcity has emerged as a serious problem severely limiting the agricultural productivity of small-farm households. This study considers one such area, a region in southwestern Kakamega District known as Bunyore. Situated on the equator, to the north of Lake Victoria’s Winam Gulf, Bunyore is a part of what is certainly one of the most densely populated farming regions in all of Africa. With rainfall that is abundant and generally quite reliable, the area is considered a zone of high agricultural potential. The predominant crop is the subsistence staple, maize, which is planted twice each year. This research has focused on the economic and social adaptations that the Abanyole have made in response to conditions of acute land scarcity. In the study area, which was limited to a single village community of about 200 households, the average holding size per household of 6+ members was one acre. Subsistence production generally falls well below the demands of the household. A few individuals have attempted to overcome the constraints of land scarcity by expanding their holdings or adopting innovations that increase agricultural productivity. Most, however, have solved the problem of subsistence shortfalls through their participation as workers in the cash economy. Overall, this economic strategy has been quite successful. Depsite high rates of unemployment nationally, men from the sample community have done remarkably well in finding jobs. Part of this success can be attributed to the maintenance of a strong kinship network which extends throughout Kenya and beyond. These kinsmen provide new job seekers with information about employment possibilities and often give substantial material assistance to those coming from Bunyore. With the impact of colonialism and the increasing pressure of land scarcity, Abanyole society has changed tremendously. More recently, we now see the emergence of a process of socio-economic stratification related to education and employment. Yet, as the Abanyole change, kinship, land, and the sense of community are identified as fundamental values or moral foundations which have played a very important role in determining the kind of economic choices the Abanyole have made as they have adapted to land scarcity. |
| 1984 | PATTON, CHARLOTTE GRAVES | THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE POLITICS OF POPULATION, 1960-1974 (TRANSNATIONAL, NATIONAL POLICIES) | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 514 | One form of international authority proposed by David Mitrany was that of an advisory and coordinating international authority, where both the performance of a task and the means for its accomplishment remain mainly under national control. Mitrany’s theoretical framework and its organizational analogue within the United Nations and national political arenas account for the emergence of a new UN population policy to cope with rapid global population growth between 1960 and 1974. The most prestigious outcome of that expanded policy process was the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA). This was a trust fund whose centralized contributions came primarily from the U.S., Japanese, Swedish, and some other west European governments. The purpose of the trust fund was to assist governments in the development of national family planning programs and in related demographic and family planning training and research program. UNFPA grants went to UN-system agencies, governments, and private organizations. UNFPA recipients included India, Pakistan, Egypt, Malaysia, Kenya, Nigeria, and Mexico, among many others. A new ideology emerged to support the concept of an interventionist policy to lower the birth rate. That ideology included: (1) the responsibility of each government for its own population; (2) an emphasis on social framework for parental choices about family size; and (3) a legitimate role for international assistance. How the UNFPA came into existence is first, the story of a political process involving government delegations and officials, UN Secretariat staff, and representatives of selected religious and population transnational organizations. Second, a Lasswellian social process model of seven decision-outcomes marks the significant population events and interactions underlying the creation of UNFPA. Six UN resolutions and two decisions by the Secretary-General denominate these decision-outcomes. Two analytical approaches account for these decision-outcomes. First, the Parsonian concept of organizational levels–institutional, managerial, and technical–in conjunction with the Lasswellian concepts of centralization/decentralization and concentration/deconcentration illuminates the shaping of issues contested by participants through fora. Second, the concept of coalitions–legislative and programming–defines the process of decision-making. |
| 1984 | PAULSON, JO ANN | THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL MARKETS IN KENYA: AN EXAMPLE OF AGRICULTURAL FINANCE | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 362 | This dissertation examines the structure of financial markets in Kenya to identify factors that determine the availability of financial services, especially in rural areas. Several possible explanations of the low level of rural service are considered; such as market structure and performance of financial institutions. The analysis highlights differences between commercial and parastatal financial institutions using examples drawn from the Agricultural Finance Corporation and commercial banks. The second topic is the effect of government regulation of financial institutions. The third explanation explored is the low level of effective demand for financial services in rural areas. The investigation of the supply side of capital markets reveals several factors that constrain growth, such as market structure, since many foreign-owned banks and small specialized financial institutions are anxious to limit their involvement in the Kenyan economy, particularly the agricultural sector. The commercial institutions provide a limited range of services, pursue conservative lending policies based on availability of collateral, do not engage in quality competition, and use lending and savings instruments that are inappropriate for many rural residents. This behavior can be explained partially by government regulation of financial institutions that limits profitability of providing services. A profit function model is used to show that banks are responding to economic incentives. The data needed to do a comprehensive cost-effectiveness investigation of AFC are not available but the relevant issues are outlined, such as the low repayment rate that has caused repeated liquidity crises. This issue is examined in detail using discriminant analysis on a sample of AFC loans. Poor performance of parastatals in recovering loans is attributed to the role of providing services not available from commercial institutions and serving a broader clientele but it is shown that the clientele of parastatals and commercial institutions are similar. The major differences are in types of loans available, and repayment. Several factors act as barriers between investment opportunities and the effective demand for credit, including poverty, lack of collateral, poorly functioning markets, poorly designed and implemented agricultural policies, and the operating procedures and contract terms used by the financial institutions. Another factor limiting the demand for commercial agricultural credit is the availability of subsidized credit from the government credit institutions. The demand for commercial agricultural credit declines when AFC credit is available. |
| 1984 | PEREIRA, MICHAEL ERIC | AGE CHANGES AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF JUVENILE YELLOW BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS) | THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO | PHD | The juveniles of two groups of Papio cynocephalus were observed over one year in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Data were gathered on activity budgets and spatial, agonistic, play, and grooming relations. Young juveniles (YJ) more frequently approached other group members and spent less time ‘alone’ than did old juveniles (OJ). YJ more more frequently approached adults during adult feeding and spent more of their time near adults feeding than did OJ. YJ submitted to adults less frequently and received agonistic support from resident adult males (probable fathers) more frequently than did OJ. Adult females disproportionately often harassed females among juveniles. Juvenile females solicited support during fights more often than did juvenile males, and greater proportions of their support came from adult female kin and from unrelated, higher-ranking adult females. OJ females typically supported high-ranking females in fights against adult females from lower-ranking matrilines, whereas juvenile males infrequently joined into fights against adult females who were already losing. Males played more frequently, more roughly, and for longer durations than did females. Males engaged more challenging partners in play than did females: males directed larger proportions of their initiations toward older males and initiated greater proportions of their bouts with these partners than did female age peers. Females initiated ‘parental’ play more frequently than did males. Intensifications of play ‘roughness’ accompanied reversal of dominance relations between juveniles. YJ groomed primarily with their mothers. They most often solicited grooming when they initiated and typically reciprocated little of their mothers’ grooming; mothers virtually never solicited grooming from YJ offspring. OJ females reciprocated their mothers’ grooming, whereas OJ males typically solicited grooming from their mothers and reciprocated less grooming than did OJ daughters. Mothers more commonly refused to groom OJ sons than daughters and more frequently solicited grooming when initiating with OJ sons than with OJ daughters. Juvenile females directed most of their grooming of unrelated adult females to lactating individuals, whereas males preferred to groom estrous females. Some juvenile females disproportionately groomed higher-rankers among unrelated adult females, whereas males did not groom adult females disproportionately with regard to dominance status. | |
| 1984 | QUICK, DEBRA FORTHMAN | REDUCTION OF CROP DAMAGE BY OLIVE BABOONS (PAPIO ANUBIS): THE FEASIBILITY OF CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 226 | Human population growth in Third World countries as led to increased conflict between nonhuman primates and humans with which they coexist. Because primate populations are a global resource, their wholesale destruction is undesirable. However, crop damage and health hazards are major concerns in areas where monkeys and people compete. Current methods to control monkeys are described, along with their disadvantages. Application of the principles of conditioned taste aversion has been proposed as a method of wildlife management that induces a change in foraging without disruption of the environment. In previous studies, foraging of several ‘pest’ species has been successfully altered. However, the paradigm has never been applied systematically to either captive or free-ranging baboons, serious agricultural pests in Africa. When the Gilgil baboon research site experienced an influx of farmers, subject baboons quickly learned to exploit seasonal crops. Conflict arose between the farmers and researchers over the baboons’ fate. As a result, several non-lethal control methods, CTA included, were tested at Gilgil. Prior to field application, a series of preliminary experiments was carried out on rats and macaques. These studies established priorities for emetic agents to be tested; dose ranges for the emetics were also selected. Next, CTA experiments were conducted with captive baboons in Kenya. Of the emetic agents tested with baboons, only lithium chloride (LiCl) reliably suppressed food and fluid consumption. However, because of the strong taste of LiCl in comparison to the flavors of cultivated foods consumed by baboons, use of poisoned baits was not feasible for field application. Instead, a trapping and treatment procedure was devised. This method was then used and evaluated with two habituated troops of Gilgil baboons. Although there are still technical and political difficulties in the large-scale delivery of the US agent, the results indicated that CTA is an effective technique for the reduction on crop consumption by free-ranging baboons. |
| 1984 | RAPHOTO, THABO DAVID | THE JEANES SCHOOL IN KENYA, 1924-1964: A SOCIAL EXPERIMENT TO TRAIN TEACHERS FOR RURAL EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | 170 | The Jeanes School in Kenya played an important role in training teachers for rural education and community development, beginning in 1925. Normal teacher training was the primary focus during the 1920s and 1930s, and community development as well as training in citizenship and agriculture-based courses took priority after World War II. Although it was not possible to obtain all the available data, enough was gathered to facilitate a reflection on the vital role the Jeanes School played in the world-wide movement of adult education. Information for this history of the Jeanes School in Kenya was collected by the author from archival sources in Kenya, the United States, and Great Britain. Also, he conducted interviews with individuals who were directly or indirectly associated with the Jeanes School. This study traces in detail the origins, nature, and purpose of the Jeanes School in Kenya. The study draws parallels between a program of ‘Jeanes Supervisory Teachers’ in the American South during the 1920s and 1930s and a British founded educational institution in Kenya. Adult education programs developed at the Jeanes School were considered to reflect the best contemporary thinking on educating the African adult. This view is not without its modern day critics, foremost among whom are Berman and Carnoy. The former is critical of educational philanthropy of the West, while the latter is critical of the educational models that smack of education for cultural imperialism. The Jeanes School was not only vulnerable to such epithetical remarks but it also suffered on account of personal and/or political decisions gone astray. As a result, it was terminated by the Kenyan government in 1961. The central question around which the whole investigation was conducted is why, after almost four decades of operation, the Jeanes School closed? In 1939, the need to save money for the war effort caused the closure of the School for academic purposes and the conversion of its buildings to military barracks. In 1961, the School closed because of lack of money. The Kenya government, facing a demand from Britain to cut back on expenditure in 1961, reduced its social service budget and this led to the final closing. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) | |
| 1984 | SCHICK, KATHY DIANE | PROCESSES OF PALAEOLITHIC SITE FORMATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY (TAPHONOMY, ARCHAEOLOGY, EARLY MAN; KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 467 | Major site formation processes have been examined through experimentation for characteristic effects they have upon archaeological materials. Particular emphasis was upon processes prominent in the formation of early Palaeolithic archaeological occurrences, which are characterized by flaked stone artifacts, and sometimes contain juxtaposed faunal remains. Such sites are commonly preserved within stratified water-laid deposits, especially alluvial sediments. Through controlled experimentation, important behavioral and natural processes which have helped form these sites were examined for predictable process-product relationships. The residues of tool-manufacturing activities and the subsequent modification of behaviorally determined patterns during site burial were systematically studied. The results of this experimental work are described in detail and analysed so as to provide a guide for interpreting what processes have been involved in forming particular observed archaeological patterns. Site-specific applications of the experimental results are made to a set of Lower Pleistocene sites at Koobi Fora, Kenya. Behavioral processes investigated centered upon stone tool manufacture. Debitage (flakes and fragments) resulting from core reduction was found to exhibit an extremely regular, predictable size distribution. Very small flakes and fragments numerically dominate all debitage populations with only slight variation in distribution according to raw material used or core type produced. Predictable spatial patterns of debitage were also observed, with some variation due to differences in the knapper’s stance. In a set of experiments simulating prehistoric sites, forty-six occurrences consisting of replicas of archaeological materials were set out in a variety of depositional environments, primarily in alluvial situations (channels and floodplains) and in lake margin settings. Site disturbance was found to occur across a continuum, with predictable patterns of site transformation evident. Site modification by sedimentary forces should be considered in terms of degrees, rather than a binary classification of context as ‘primary’ vs. ‘secondary’ or ‘derived’. Sites were modified in patterned ways by sedimentary processes, with changes in their spatial distribution, assemblage composition, material disposition, and density. Criteria are suggested for use by archaeologists in discerning the effects of behavioral processes from those produced by natural forces that have affected the configurations that they uncover at ancient sites. |
| 1984 | SENGA, ROBERT MAUNDU | RECOMMENDED APPROACHES FOR REDUCTION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND WATER POLLUTION IN THE LAKE VICTORIA BASIN IN KENYA. | CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON | MS | 71 | |
| 1984 | SEPT, JEANNE MARIAN | PLANTS AND EARLY HOMINIDS IN EAST AFRICA: A STUDY OF VEGETATION IN SITUATIONS COMPARABLE TO EARLY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE LOCATIONS (HUMAN EVOLUTION, PALEOECOLOGY, FORAGING THEORY) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 328 | Many aspects of the paleoecological reconstructions of early hominid behavior have been based on archaeological evidence from Plio-Pleistocene sites in East Africa. These sites are commonly located in sediments laid down by rivers and streams within lake-basins. Faunal and floral evidence suggests that the site paleo-habitats resembled those of current East African communities in several respects, particularly vegetation. Therefore a knowledge of the structure and composition of relevant modern habitats can aid archaeologists in their reconstructions of aspects of early hominid behavior. This study samples the vegetation found along river courses in Kenya today in situations partially comparable to early archaeological site locations, and documents predictable features of modern riparian plant community composition that would have influenced the behavioral ecology of early hominids in similar habitats in the past. Several rivers in Kenya were compared, ranging from arid, ephemeral channels and a perennial river, to semi-arid, intermittently flowing channel. Vegetation data were collected using transects to sample different sedimentary zones, including mesic and xeric habitats. Analysis of these vegetation data has focused on two characteristics of vegetation that would have particular impact on hominid behavior in similar habitats–the availability of trees and shrubs as potential refuges, and the abundance of plant foods–contrasting the riparian and non-riparian plant communities. Large trees were found predictably along the channel courses, although the extent of riparian woodland depends upon particular features of topography and ground water availability. Both the diversity and abundance of highquality plant foods was greater along channels than away from them. Harvesting experiments and nutritional analyses provided measures of the nutritional quality and productivity of plant foods for different habitats and different seasons. Significant differences in the availability of plant foods in these different habitats exist, and these data form the basis of a series of hypotheses about patterns of early hominid foraging behavior, relating the distance from refuge sites and use of technology to the distribution and quality of available plant foods; these hypotheses may prove to be testable with the Plio-Pleistocene archaeological record. |
| 1984 | SMITH, EARL | THE EVOLUTION OF NAIROBI, KENYA, 1888-1939: A STUDY IN DEPENDENT URBAN DEVELOPMENT | THE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT | PHD | 200 | The purpose of this dissertation is to explain the social, political and economic processes governing urban colonial development in Nairobi, Kenya. Since the physical and spatial arrangements which distinguish urban development are the unique products of a particular society and culture existing within a given political arena, this study explains the development of Nairobi as the expression and outgrowth of the social organization of colonialism. The time span of the study is limited to the period from 1888 to 1939. It analyzes the process by which a metropolitan power, Great Britain, created, incorporated and exploited the city of Nairobi. The effects of colonialism are examined especially as they influenced the creation and maintenance of social relationships in Nairobi. The relationship between Africans, Europeans, Indians and the city of Nairobi is investigated. Ethnic segregation was a major factor in establishing and maintaining the colonial social, economic and political system. This type of segregation secured the structure necessary for an administration interested in social control. The African response to the imposition of colonial rule in Nairobi is included. At a general theoretical level issue is taken with a number of studies that have examined dependent urbanization, racial/ethnic segregation and colonialism in an uncritical manner. There have been few investigations heretofore undertaken without a partisan interest in, or support of, European expansion into East Africa. To understand the dependent urban structures in various geographical sectors of the ‘Third World’ requires that a theoretical orientation deal with the phenomenon of colonialism. To conclude, this study analyzes the manner in which a built environment is physically and spatially arranged for export production. It is demonstrated that the genesis of Nairobi is the outgrowth of the expansion of capitalism in the Third World. |
| 1984 | STHALEKAR, HAREN ANANT | DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVALUATION OF AN EVANGELISTIC APPROACH FOR GUJARATI HINDU INDIANS IN KENYA | ANDREWS UNIVERSITY | DMIN | ||
| 1984 | WALKER, SIDNEY J. | THE AFRICAN WRITER AND SOCIAL CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF NGUGI WA THIONG’O (KENYA) | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 319 | Modern African Literature has been primarily a response to the legacy of European political and economic domination. It has explored the distortions of the social reality of the stratified political, social, and economic relationships that developed as a result of Europe’s imperialist adventure into Africa. It depicts the struggles of Africans to regain and affirm their humanity. It analyzes and interprets the effects of the destruction of the indigenous cultural values, beliefs and practices that have been ravaged by capitalism and racism. It seeks to combat the movement of the dispossessed into the pale shadow of alienation. In its most progressive sense it depicts a struggle to change the nature of those social institutions, modes of thought, and cultural practices that impede human and societal growth. Ngugi wa Thiong’o has been one of the most proficient writers in Africa at capturing this essential nature of struggle and conflict that have been so much a part of the African experience. He is a master of capturing the psychological tension, the cultural degradation, and the violence and immorality of colonialism and neo-colonialism in his plays, short stories, novels and non-fiction. It is the concern of this study to view change and potential change in Ngugi’s works as an articulated, aesthetic reaction to the struggle for economic status and political power by the competing groups in Kenyan society–the elite and the dispossessed. It takes into consideration the various devices and techniques that the author uses to harmonize ideological and sociopolitical phenomena with artistic and humanistic activities to create his profoundly realistic vision of a new social reality. |
| 1984 | WIENPAHL, JAN | LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AMONG THE TURKANA (PASTORALISM, NOMADS; KENYA, EAST AFRICA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA | PHD | 385 | Certain aspects of livestock production and social organization in a group of East African nomadic pastoralists, the Ngisonyoka Turkana in Northwest Kenya, are studied. The main topics are the position of small stock (goats and sheep) in the population and production characteristics of the multi-species (goats, sheep, camels, cattle, and donkeys) herds, livestock ownership and management with a focus on women and small stock, and the activities and morphology of the Turkana household as an integrated livestock enterprise. Four nomadic Ngisonyoka households were followed throughout fifteen months in 1980-81, and formed the basis for intensive quantitative and qualitative data collection. Field research took place during a period of drought followed by heavy rains, and enemy-raiding activity, which allowed documentation of the effects of very stressful conditions on household herds and food production. Data on herd dynamics demonstrate an adaptive value to herdowners of maintaining large, multi-species herds in variable and hazard-filled pastoral environments. Many animals of all species died, but the species were affected diferently: e.g., small stock succumbed most readily to, but recovered most quickly from, the drought. Similarly, analysis of the production of food from the herds (milk, blood, meat, and, indirectly, purchased maizemeal) shows that no species can be singled out as most critical; rather, they all contribute in essential ways. For example, small-stock milk is not as quantitatively important overall as camel milk; nevertheless small stock are important milk producers, especially at certain times of the year. The Turkana awi is identified as a household on the basis of its activities, and the morphology and activities of the four study awis are discussed in detail. Emphasis is on the interrelationships between morphology and activities and the nomadic pastoral adaptation. Analysis of women’s roles in the livestock production system focuses on relationships between human sex roles in management and labor and livestock species differences. Contrary to the apparent situation in some pastoral groups, Turkana women are not more involved with small stock than with large stock husbandry. Small stock and large stock are equally the concern of pastoral Turkana of all sexes and ages. |
| 1984 | WILLMS, DENNIS GEORGE | EPISTEMOLOGICAL RELEVANCES IN COMMUNITY-BASED HEALTH CARE PROGRAMMES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA) | PHD | In contradistinction to the idealist model for ‘community-based health care’ (CBHC) or ‘primary health care’ (PHC) propounded by international health care organizations (WHO and UNICEF), health care organizations in the Republic of Kenya have constructed CBHC programmes that reflect the contingencies and relevances of their situation. This dissertation examines the problem and meaning of CBHC as it is expressed in three separate health care domains, and demonstrates how epistemological differences towards CBHC are predicated on organizational considerations in government, non-government, and independent programmes. The Ministry of Health (Case 1) has embarked on a national CBHC programme in response to political and economic constraints. Yet bureaucratic inflexibility and entrenchment in the culture of biomedicine cause it to be indirectly opposed to the CBHC strategy. In the Saradidi Rural Health Development Project (Case 2), Luo community leaders have revitalized traditional social institutions and constructed a broad-based development programme (involving CBHC and income-generating projects). In addition, they have deliberately chosen to exclude government and non-government organizations from potential control of the programme. In the Nangina Community Health Programme (Case 3), there has also been a revitalization of traditional (Abasamian) social institutions. However, the impetus for this organization of CBHC is attributed to the spiritual ‘revival’ in the area and the emergence of Christian Community Groups. The combined mission and hospital expatriate communities have cooperated with external health care agencies, and most importantly, with the clan and community-based groups. The epistemologies of CBHC that emerge in each of these cases are refracted in the position of the Community Health Worker (CHW). ‘Worthwhileness’–in one word–encompasses the relative truths and concomitant health care goals that CHWs in each of these CBHC situations appreciate. Reflecting the organizational differences in CBHC programmes, CHWs are motivated by professional (Ministry of Health), progressive (Saradidi), and spiritual (Nangina) images of worthwhileness. While these epistemological differences are a reflection of specific organizational realities, the total situation of CBHC in the Republic of Kenya is characterized by separate, yet impinging organizations of CBHC. | |
| 1984 | WOIE, BENSON MULWA | INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF CLIPPING ON FORAGE YIELD, CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT AND DIGESTIBILITY OF SIX KENYAN RANGE GRASSES | TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY | PHD | 87 | This investigation was conducted at two experimental sites on the National Range Research Station, Kiboko, to evaluate forage yield, leaf-to-stem ratio, crown area, tiller number, regrowth height, forage digestibility, and crude protein content of six native range grasses following defoliation at three frenquencies (3, 6, and 9 weeks) with three cutting heights to leave 5-cm, 10-cm, and 15-cm stubbel heights. Digitaria macroblephara, Panicum maximum, and Cenchrus ciliaris produced higher forage amounts and tiller number than Chloris roxburghiana, Eragrostis superba, and Themeda triandra. The large number of tillers and leaf area produced by Digitaria macroplephara, Panicum maximum, and Cenchrus ciliaris, especially at the 6-week harvest frequency, allowed the three grasses to attain a maximum growth rate at an earlier age and recover soon after defoliation. Defoliation at the 3-week harvest frequency significantly suppressed tillering in all grasses and resulted in significant reductions in forage yield. Furthermore, plants defoliated at the 3-week interval with the 5-cm cutting height produced the lowest forage yield and tiller number. Forage yield, tiller numbers, regrowth height, and crown area for the six grasses were highest at the 6-week harvest frequency and lowest at the 3-week harvest frequency. In contrast, leaf-to-stem ratio, crude protein content, and digestibility value were highest at the 3-week harvest frequency and lowest at the 9-week harvest frequency. Crude protein content and digestibility values of the leaf fraction were higher than crudeprotein content and digestibility values of the stem fraction. Furthermore, crude protein content and digestibility showed a decline for all grasses as the interval between defoliations increased. Recommendations for further research include studying the responses of grazing animals and native range plants to a grazing plan that utilizes a 42-day defoliation frequency leaving stubble heights of 10 cm to 15 cm, and continuing to explore the impact of defoliation treatments at various phenological stages on native range plants. |
| 1985 | ABDULLA, MOHAMED ADEN | A COMPARISON OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND ORIENTED MACROECONOMETRIC MODELS OF KENYA | BOSTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 223 | This dissertation examines two alternative econometric models of the Kenyan economy. The main differences between the two models lie in their relative emphasis of the demand and supply side of the economy in the determination of the national income. The demand based model consists of 22 behavioral equations and 15 identities. By contrast, the supply constrained model contains 38 behavioral equations and 52 identities. Both models are dynamic and non-linear. The equations of the supply model were estimated by ordinary least squares with the only exception of the equations of money wages, which were estimated by Zellner estimation technique. On the other hand, advanced estimation methods, two-stage least squares and three-stage least squares, were used in the case of the demand determined model to avoid problems of simultaneity bias. Standard tests for models’ evaluation included historical simulation (1960-1976) and ex-post forecast (1976-1979). Evidences from the simulation results show that the supply model does relatively better in duplicating the actual data of the Kenyan economy. Three types of policy experiments were conducted. They are expansion of public spending (obtained by an upward revision of the coefficient of the marginal propensity to spend of the central government), increase in the marginal tax rate, and a mix of fiscal and monetary policy. The foregoing short-run policies were ineffective when applied to the supply model, since the structure of the model is supply constrained and aggregate demand plays no role in the determination of total output. Conversely, the demand based model focuses on the various expenditure components of the gross national income. In this model, when we rank the impact of the aforementioned policy experiments, we note that the increase in the government marginal propensity to spend has the highest multiplier effect followed by the increase in the marginal tax rate. However, the expansion of the monetary base had little effect on the total GDP whereas its impact on the rate of inflation was rather substantial. The policy implication that we draw from the above short-run stabilization measures is that expansion of public spending will lead to stable growth only if it is financed either by domestic revenues or by foreign aids or by a combination of both. |
| 1985 | ANDELMAN, SANDY JANE | ECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES OF VERVET MONKEYS (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) IN AMBOSELI NATIONAL PARK, KENYA (CONCEALED OVULATION, REPRODUCTION, MATE CHOICE, CERCOPITHECUS, ECOLOGY) | UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON | PHD | 178 | A study of reproduction and mating patterns in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) was conducted in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. The sexual behavior, social interactions and ecology of three groups of vervets were studied between 1981 and 1982. Supplemental data on copulations, obtained between 1977 and 1980 were also analysed. In addition, a new technique for monitoring the reproductive status of wild, semi-arboreal primates was implemented. A non-invasive method was used to obtain urine samples from four females in one group during both years. Amboseli vervets reproduce seasonally. However, analysis of pregnanediol-3(alpha)-glucuronide levels in urine samples indicated that female vervets began copulating up to two months before the onset of ovarian function, and 57.5% of all females continue to copulate through the first half of pregnancy. Copulation patterns are not cyclical and male vervets are unable to detect the occurrence of ovulation or conception in females. There are no consortships or prolonged associations between copulating pairs. Intrasexual competition among males, and mating preferences of males and females interact to determine vervet mating patterns. The preferences of both males and females are positively correlated with age, although, male dominance is also important. Male tenure in groups is less important in determining mating patterns. The relationship between copulatory success and the probability of inseminating females is discussed. The ecological and social determinants of mating patterns in vervets and other Cercopithecine primates are examined. Predation pressure does not appear to account for the size or structure of Cercopithecine groups. Female group size has an important influence on the number of males in social groups. |
| 1985 | AYAKO, ALOYS BLAISE | KENYAN SMALL FARM HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BEHAVIOR: A POLICY SIMULATION MODEL | BOSTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 135 | This thesis develops an empirical model which can be used for the prediction and evaluation of the effects of price and nonprice food production policy incentives in Kenya’s smallholder subsector. The small farm households’ consumption and production behavior are jointly modelled. An attempt is also made to model both the continuous and discrete households’ choice behavior. The econometric specifications of the farm households’ continuous and discrete choice behavior are based on both theoretical and practical considerations. The empirical continuous and discrete choice models are estimated using full maximum likelihood (FIML) estimation technique. The FIML estimation is based on the 1977 long rains cross-section data from the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit in Kenya’s Ministry of Agriculture. Most of the FIML parameter estimates have the appropriate economic signs and are statistically significant. The computed discrete choice probabilities are meaningful. Using a joint test on the production parameter estimates, I cannot reject the hypothesis of constant returns to scale in the food and nonfood crops production technologies. The parameter estimates are used further for partial ex post policy simulations. The relevant policy variables are the wage rate and the quantity of the land input. Three main policy conclusions arise from the analysis of the results of the policy simulation exercises. A 25 per cent wage reduction affects both the annual cropping pattern discrete choice probabilities and the magnitudes of the continuous choice variables, namely the food and nonfood crops output, and the labour input. Second, households’ labour absorption is found to be highly wage rate elastic. Finally, the cropped acreage elasticities are found to be, generally, less than unity implying that a percentage change in cropped acreage will lead to a less than proportionate change in both other inputs and output. |
| 1985 | BEZUNEH, MESFIN | FOOD AID AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: IMPACT OF FOOD FOR WORK ON LABOR ALLOCATION, PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR OF SMALL FAMILY-FARMS IN A SEMI-ARID AREA OF KENYA | VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 251 | Food-for-Work (FFW) was conceived as both a short-run assistance program for meeting basic food needs of low income households, and as a long-run developmental tool for building infrastructure and for providing income to ease capital constraints on farm production. However, it was feared that FFW might divert labor from own-farm production and reduce the level of locally produced food crops. The purpose of this dissertation was to empirically examine these hypotheses in the Ewalel and Marigat locations of Baringo District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya. A household-firm model that integrated both production and consumption concerns of FFW was developed. The model was block recursive. First, production decisions were made by maximizing net returns (net income) subject to production constraints. This output (income) was then substituted into the budget constraint, and household utility was maximized subject to this budget constraint and to a total time constraint. The data used in the study was drawn from a representative sample of 300 households randomly selected in Marigat-Ewalel locations. Of these, 100 were found to be participants in the FFW Project supported by the UN/FAO World Food Program. Food items provided to the program in the study area are maize, beans, and vegetable oil. A two-year linear programming model was developed for the production segment of the model. The household consumption component of the model was specified econometrically using systems of demand equations, the Almost Ideal Demand System. Seven commodities including FFW items, five foods, non-food and leisure, were used in the system. The production component of the analysis revealed that the following results were associated with FFW in the study area: (a) augments own-farm output by contributing to the minimum nutrient requirement, (b) eases the capital constraint by the second year of participation, (c) increases the marketable surplus from both own-crop and livestock production, (d) increases hired labor in farm production, (e) causes a shift from maize to millet production, and (f) increases savings. As a result, the net income for the representative farm households with FFW is 52% higher than those without FFW; and participation in the FFW program declines by 11% from year 1 to year 2. Thus, disincentive effects on own-farm employment and output were not found in this study. In fact, according to the model used, the FFW Program could be expanded by either increasing the monthly participation hours or the number of participants without resulting in any production disincentive. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) |
| 1985 | BROWN, W HOWARD | HISTORY OF SIYU: THE DEVELOPMENT AND DECLINE OF A SWAHILI TOWN ON THE NORTHERN KENYA COAST | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 299 | The ethnic composition and cultural identity of the Swahili is a topic of ongoing debate. Until recently, the literature has favored the notion that Middle Eastern contributions were the major influence in the development of Swahili people and culture. This study will demonstrate that the origins of the various groups in Siyu, a Swahili island town, were predominately African, as was the culture they produced. Swahilis tended to identify themselves as members of a town, especially those who were affiliated with the founding clans. Swahili culture centered on urban life where senior founding clans lived in stone houses and dominated political, social and economic life. The examination of one Swahili town offers deeper insights into the origins and social development of a section of the Swahili and suggests characteristics common to other Swahili towns. Siyu was founded probably in the 11th century and flourished up to the end of the 19th century. The townspeople cultivated coconut and date palms in plantations surrounding the town, and grew millet and ground crops on the adjacent mainland. Siyu was noted for its production of craft items ranging from carved furniture and beds to elaborately bound handwritten texts. The town attracted craftsmen from the mainland and overseas and became a religious intellectual center where Muslim scholars gathered to teach Islamic sciences and supervise the production of Islamic texts. Due to its isolated location and minimal involvement in foreign trade, Siyu remained relatively free from the exploitative Portuguese in the 16th-17th centuries. Later in the 19th century, Siyu, led by the Mataka family, successfully resisted the Zanzibar-based Omani Arabs for over 30 years, a feat that has become legendary among the Swahili. Siyu finally submitted to Omani and later, British rule, although it remained a constant source of resistance into the early 20th century. The decline of East African coastal communities has often been attributed to the advent of British imperialism and the subsequent abolition of slavery. At Siyu, however, where slavery was not indispensable to the econo my, decline set in after a series of epidemics, droughts and famines that inflicted death and suffering, causing the emigration of many of the survivors. |
| 1985 | CARON, JAMES WOLFE | INFANT EFFECTS ON CARETAKER RESPONSIVENESS: INFLUENCES OF INFANT CHARACTERISTICS ON THE INFANT CARE ENVIRONMENT AMONG THE GUSII OF KENYA (TEMPERAMENT, PHYSICAL GROWTH, NEONATAL BEHAVIOR, TRANSACTIONAL MODEL, BRAZELTON SCALE) | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 162 | This paper examines the organizing role of culture in tructuring the manner in which Gusii infants influence their caregiving environment. Gusii norms for infant care assign high priority to the survival needs of the young infant and dictate prompt response to cues signalling poor health, such as crying. Once survival seems assured, Gusii mothers seek to produce a calm and compliant infant who can be easily managed by a child caretaker and who, in turn, will later assume his/her own responsibilities as a productive member of the hierarchically-ordered household. The primary hypothesis is that caregivers should respond consistently to infant characteristics signalling failure to achieve age-appropriate goals. During the early months, we expect high levels of responsiveness to be directed toward infants with poor behavioral organization or small size, while at the later age, infant characteristics indicating irritability or high activity levels should elicit attentive care. The analyses reported in the dissertation utilize five sets of data, collected on twelve infants over the course of their first year of life. These infants are a sub-sample of a larger longitudinal study of Gusii parenthood and child development. Data on infant characteristics include: (1) physical growth measurements, (2) the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, and (3) temperament ratings; data on caretaker responsiveness include: (4) gross measures of infant care environments from spot observations, and (5) fine-grained measures of caretaker responsiveness in the course of social interaction from naturalistic narrative observations. Correlational analyses indicate that, during the early months, caretakers are generally more attentive to smaller infants. Infants with poor NBAS scores receive higher levels of responses to their cries, while optimal NBAS scores are associated with greater responsiveness to vocalization, as well as more involvement of child caretakers. Toward the end of the first year the pattern of care shifts, with child caretakers more attentive to irritable infants, while mothers maintain selective involvement with more docile infants. Case studies illustrate the role of cultural values, including longterm goals for development and other contextual factors in mediating these relationships, and provide support for embedding the transactional model of infant-caregiver relationships within the broader cultural context. |
| 1985 | CARRERAS-SERRANO, RICARDO ARTURO | ASSESSMENT OF THE PERCEPTION OF DESERTIFICATION PROCESSES IN TWO RURAL-DRYLAND COUNTIES OF MEXICO (ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, TOPOPHILIA) | TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY | PHD | 288 | In 1977 the United Nations Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) in Nairobi, Kenya, focused on the worldwide impoverishment of arid, semi-arid, and some subhumid ecosystems, by the combined impact of human activity and drought. Guidelines for combating desertification were suggested, and government officials at UNCOD pledged to make an effort to combat the world’s desertification processes. By 1980, however, many of the programs implemented had failed. Studies undertaken by the United Nations University (UNU) showed that the lack of proper environmental perception (topophilia) among people living within communities affected by the encroachment of deserts was one of the leading causes for program failure. Many of these programs were implemented from capital cities removed from the affected areas, and by middle and upper-echelon officials who did not fully understand the environmental culture of those influenced by these programs. Research on assessing environmental perception is not new, but when specifically oriented toward desertification awareness, this type of research is relatively novel. None has ever been reported for Mexico, and this dissertation has undertaken the first step. By means of a randomly applied questionnaire, an evaluation of the responses led to an assessment of how the members of Mexican collective agrarian communities (ejidos) and their governmental and institutional leaders perceived human-induced environmental degradation within their arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The environmental assessment is based on the guidelines set by three pre-established contentions. For the county of Pinos, state of Zacatecas, 216 questionnaires were applied; for the county of Santo Domingo, state of San Luis Potos(‘)i, 104 questionnaires were applied. The end results of this research on environmental perception as a response to desertification processes, have been assessed after an evaluation procedure first applied for three different countries by the UNU. The UNU’s assessment procedure was adapted to Mexico’s own peculiar conditions; therefore, the results seem to reflect the real environmental values detected among the inhabitants of these two rural-dryland counties of Mexico. |
| 1985 | CARY, ERNESTINE | SPATIAL PATTERNS OF KENYA AGRICULTURE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ELEVATION, SOILS, AND POPULATION:A STUDY OF GRID CELL SIZES (REMOTE SENSING, SCALE, RESOLUTION) | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 216 | In this research, the relationships of socio-economic and physical factors to patterns of agriculture are investigated to see how assessments of those relationships change with resolution. The study area comprises 7000 square kilometers (2600 square miles) in western Kenya, near the Uganda border. In order to assess quantitatively the relationships of agriculture to other factors, a geographic data base was created. The entire study area was divided into uniform cells, specified in terms of geographic location, and data were stored for each cell. The variables of elevation and soil color (hue, value, and chroma) were digitized from maps, with data recorded for cells covering 100 meters by 100 meters on the ground. For the measure of agricultural patterns, a greenness index was calculated from two spectral bands of Landsat data, and associated with the same 100-meter cells. The population data were recorded for 1000-meter cells, from a combination of map and tabular data. Then a cell-by-cell comparison of agriculture (as observed in the field and interpreted from greenness) to each encoded environmental factor was made. The original cells were aggregated, and the same comparison made. Additional cycles of aggregation and comparison then resulted in information about the strength of association as a function of cell size. The present research is a more thorough empirical investigation of the effects of aggregation on correlation than other quantitative studies in four ways: (1) a regular grid of cells was used; (2) more pairs of variables were used; (3) there were more levels of aggregation, and (4) the sample size was larger than in other studies. Analysis of the field observations and the greenness index showed that the greenness index provides a measure which relates to agricultural systems. Comparison of greenness to elevation, soil, and population density at a range of scales showed that the relationship is always strongest with elevation, weakest with population. That is, the use of cells of regular shape and equal size leads to the same assessment of relationships throughout a broad range of scales. |
| 1985 | COFFIN, MILLARD FILMORE, III | EVOLUTION OF THE CONJUGATE EAST AFRICAN – MADAGASCAN MARGINS AND THE WESTERN SOMALI BASIN | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 338 | The history of the conjugate sedimentary basins and margins produced by rifting in Gondwanaland and the eventual separation of Madagascar and Africa began in the Permo-Carboniferous. Rifting occurred discontinuously over approximately 150 Ma, and the stratigraphic record is marked by occasional Tethyan incursions, and evaporites in Tanzanian grabens and the conjugate Somali Coastal and Majunga/Diego basins. Relative motion between Madagascar and Africa occurred between 165 and 130 Ma, and involved a 14.2(DEGREES) rotation of Madagascar from Africa about a pole located at 10(DEGREES) N, 150(DEGREES) E. Rift volcanics, faulting, and a continental-to-marine facies change in all basins marked the initiation of seafloor spreading, and the episode produced oceanic crust of the following velocity structure: layers 2B (5.42 (+OR-) 0.19 kms(‘-1)), 2C (6.23 (+OR-) 0.22 kms(‘-1)), 3 (7.03 (+OR-) 0.25 kms(‘-1)), and mantle (7.85 (+OR-) 0.32 kms(‘-1)). Integrated igneous crustal thicknesses are 1.62 (+OR-) 0.22 s, or 5.22 (+OR-) 0.64 km. Immediately overlying acoustic basement is a high-velocity (4.58 (+OR-) 0.29 kms(‘-1)), unsampled sediment layer. The mid-Cretaceous marked the beginning of vigorous abyssal circulation in the young Western Somali Basin, and the entire region experienced volcanism in the Late Cretaceous. Numerous hiatuses are manifested in the Paleogene, and a vast Late Paleogene olistostrome rests offshore Kenya and Somalia. An intense erosional event in the Western Somali Basin occurred toward the end of the Paleogene. The Neogene is highlighted by volcanism in the Diego Basin and the Comoros Archipelago, and by a major network of offshore canyons and channels. The entire Tertiary witnessed renewed rifting and block faulting of the Tanzanian Coastal Basins and continental shelf, and tectonic reactivation of the Davie Fracture Zone. Accumulations of sediment on the Madagascan and East African margins total 5+ and 8+ km, respectively. Data employed in these studies includes 6000+ km of high-quality Lamont-Doherty multichannel seismics (supplemented by proprietary industrial data), single channel seismics, magnetics, gravity, the results of 118 wide-angle reflection and refraction experiments, onshore outcrop and borehole results, and offshore drilling results. |
| 1985 | COPPOCK, DAVID LAYNE | FEEDING ECOLOGY, NUTRITION, AND ENERGETICS OF LIVESTOCK IN A NOMADIC PASTORAL ECOSYSTEM (TURKANA, KENYA, CAMELS, CATTLE, SHEEP/GOATS) | COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 295 | Field studies were conducted during 1981-82 to determine the effects of pronounced seasonality on various aspects of the feeding ecology, activity, nutrition, and productivity for camels, cattle, goats, sheep, and donkeys used by nomads to exploit a drought-pulsed savanna in Ngisonyoka Turkana, Kenya. Work also included a preliminary vegetation survey.Relative to the dry season, the wet season was a time of reduced travel, increased feeding time, and higher water intake for most species. However, feeding time for camels and water intake for camels and donkeys tended to be seasonally static. Potential constraints on feeding time were most likely for cattle in the late-dry period (November-March). Analyses of seasonal allocation patterns and requirements for nitrogen and energy indicated that the late-dry period was also the time of markedly reduced lactation, lowered feed intake, weight loss, and negative nitrogen and energy balance for all species. Camels were typically the most productive species overall in absolute terms (especially for milk), but in relative terms (W(,kg)(‘0.75)) camels were the least productive species for all intervals except the late dry, when camels appeared least affected by nutritional constraints. Attempts to simulate observed weight dynamics by modeling suggested that cattle, but especially camels, lowered their basal demand for energy in the dry season. Cattle and camels were grazing and browsing specialists, respectively, while the other species were feeding generalists. Shifts in diet compositions and habitat use occurred with season. In aggregate, these animals provided an opportunistic harvesting capacity that exhibited an equitable use of all forage classes from a complementary array of feeding sites. Dietary percentages of crude protein (CP), cell solubles (CS), and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) were highest for livestock during brief wet seasons (April-May) and variously declined thereafter, with associated increases in percent holocellulose and lignin. Small-bodied species (goats, sheep) and/or those that largely consumed browse (camels) typically had diets higher in % CP and % CS and lower in % fiber than those of the large grazers (cattle, donkeys). Camel diets were clearly the lowest in terms of % IVDDM. |
| 1985 | CORBITT, JOHN NATHAN | THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MUSIC USED IN THE BAPTIST CHURCHES ON THE COAST OF KENYA: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIGENOUS CHURCH MUSIC, 1953 – 1984 | SOUTHWESTERN BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY | DMA | The purpose of this dissertation is to define the primary influences on the body of music used in the Baptist Churches on the Coast of Kenya. This definition traces the historical and musical developments of four musical styles that have become indigenous to the church. These include western translated ‘book’ music used by missions from as early as 1897, ‘body’ music that allows for hand clapping and dancing and includes choruses which were introduced by Pentecostals in 1953, indigenous ‘kiringongo’ choruses which are related to traditional tribal music of the Mijikenda and ‘choir music’ that has been influenced from many directions. When Baptists came to the Coast in 1957, their music was influenced by trends that began to change as late as 1953. Because of the church’s place in history and it’s openness to the environment, an understanding of how music originates, developes and becomes indigenous to the church can be seen. The author draws conclusions based on music collection, transcription and analysis of 303 different song titles from worship services, choir festivals and all night singing services popular among coastal churches known as ‘kukeshe’. Additional information regarding the culture and environment are drawn from interviews with Baptist leaders, missionaries and interested people from different denominations, member surveys from 340 of over 5,000 Baptists and church surveys from 49 to 115 Baptist churches. The history and development of Baptist music is presented in four profiles that describe historical influences in the development of the music, the character of the church and its life, the nature of the people and their environment and an analysis of the four distinct styles of music. Conclusions are drawn from these profiles as to the major influences on the music of a Christian community and the processes that occur as the music develops. The study contends that music reflects the society and heart of people. Truly indigenous music grows and changes as the environment changes. The changes in a person’s Christian music expression are closely tied to, among other factors, his traditional tribal background, level of education and spiritual experience. These factors are shown in the differences of music expression found in the urban heterogeneous churches and the vernacular monogamous rural churches. Important to this study are the definitions of the terms ‘ethnohymnology’ and ‘indigenous’. Important, also, is the methodology of the study (drawing from musicology and ethnomusicology) which can give the missionary music research a tool to see a society. Implications are not limited to the musician, however, as the study of a church’s music can give to anyone a view into the nature of the church. | |
| 1985 | JAIN, PRAKASH CHAND | COLONIALISM, CLASS AND RACE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF OVERSEAS INDIANS | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | This study seeks to apply class analysis to race relations involving overseas Indian communities in colonial and post-colonial societies. In studies of Indians overseas the plural society and middleman minority approaches have been featured. It is argued here that these approaches suffer from a lack of systematic class analysis, a lack which this study seeks to make up for. Three case studies of Guyana, Kenya and Malaysia are examined. The overseas Indian communities in these countries were formed as a result of the migration of Indians for a period of over a hundred years beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century. The Indians migrated as labourers, traders, government employees fulfilling the vital need for manpower in the emergent peripheral capitalist economies within the British Empire. In this study it is argued that overseas Indian communities were not necessarily corporate groups and therefore their race relations vis-a-vis other groups cannot be analysed as monolithic situations in which ‘races’ in toto attempt to compete with or dominate each other. Race relations do not arise automatically because of phenotypical differences but are constructed as a result of social processes in specific kinds of social formation. Therefore, it is argued in this study that forms of racial antagonism and discrimination directed against overseas Indians were contingent upon their class position in a given social formation at a given time. | |
| 1985 | MIDAMBA, NOAH OCHIENG | HOST GOVERNMENT AND MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION RELATIONSHIP: A TEST OF KENYA REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS, 1963-1981 | UNIVERSITY OF DENVER | PHD | 311 | Kenya was a British dependency from 1897 to 1963 when she became an independent state. During this period, the British established a capitalist oriented economy which the young independent nation inherited. Political independence did not, however, lead to a radical break with the major capitalist economic policies and structure established during the colonial period. Independent Kenya continued to encourage the establishment of foreign capital in the country. A system of legal measures as well as liberal administrative practices have provided attractive incentives to private foreign capital establishing businesses in the country. The stated government’s main economic approach has been essentially a noninterventionist one with minimum but effective regulation on foreign capital. The reality has, however, been of extensive government intervention in economic affairs while even the minimum regulation on foreign investment has been far from effective. This study seeks to compare the explicit government policy on the regulation of foreign investment on the one hand, with its performance in practice. It examines the operation of the three main measures adopted by the government for the regulation of foreign investment. These are: A pre-establishment investment approval process; Africanization of both equity and management; and financial and fiscal measures. It argues that due to inter alia government policy-induced distortions in their implementation, the strategies have not been particularly successful in imposing significant constraints on private foreign capital for the benefit of the country’s long-term economic development. It calls for a review of the prevailing broad economic and social policies as well as the existing regulatory machinery and proposes some policy and institutional changes for the effective regulation of foreign investment. |
| 1985 | MWANDOTTO, BONFANCE JUMWA | WEIGHT, GROWTH AND MATURING CHARACTERISTICS OF KENYA SAHIWAL CATTLE | TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY | PHD | 141 | Pedigree Sahiwal cattle data kept at the National Animal Husbandry Research Station, Naivasha, Kenya from 1964 through 1983 were analyzed to identify the main factors affecting weight, growth and maturing patterns and to estimate genetic parameters of the herd. Number of records analyzed ranged from 6022 for birth weight to 1108 for maturing patterns. Sire and birth year affected all characteristics studied. Birth year x season interaction also affected all characters except degree of maturity at birth. Season affected cow and calf weights at birth and growth to 27 mo of age. Parity and preceding calving interval affected cow and calf weights at birth with the effect of the latter influencing calf growth to 55 kg. Calf sex affected cow and calf weights at birth. Sex effect on calf growth persisted up to 125 kg. The cattle exhibited the following weights: 22.9 (+OR-) .09, 284.2 (+OR-) 1.6, 410.9 (+OR-) 1.8 and 423.5 (+OR-) 1.9 kg for mean birth, 27 mo, parturition and mature weight (MW), respectively. Mean absolute growth rates were 339.5 (+OR-) 2.9, 409.7 (+OR-) 3.3, 329.0 (+OR-) 9.6 and 379.8 (+OR-) 7.0 g/d from birth to 55 kg, 55 to 125 kg, 125 kg to 27 mo and from birth to 27 mo age intervals, respectively. Corresponding relative growth rates for three periods were .930 (+OR-) .009, .575 (+OR-) .004, .155 (+OR-) .003 and .330 (+OR-) .00 3%/d. Average maturing rates were .087, .111 and .069%MW/d from birth to 55 kg, 55 to 125 kg and from 125 kg to 27 mo weight, respectively. Degrees of maturity were 5.2 (+OR-) .04, 13.1 (+OR-) .06, 29.8 (+OR-) .13 and 65.2 (+OR-) .31% for birth, 55 kg, 125 kg and 27 mo weight, respectively. Heritability estimates ranged from .036 (DEMA) to .391 (DAW567) and were relatively higher for growth and weight than for maturing characters. Heifer selection based on absolute growth rates from birth to 27 mo or from 125 kg to 27 mo was most appropriate for the herd. Animals heavier at any stage were also more mature at that stage and more mature animals at early stages were lighter at maturity. Faster growing animals postnatal were also heavier at maturity. Genetic phenotypic correlations between growth rates and milk yield were nonsignificant. |
| 1985 | MWARIA, CHERYL BENOIT | THE CHANGING CONDITIONS OF SOCIAL PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION AMONG THE KITUI KAMBA: 1800-1976 (KENYA) | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 287 | This study expands the range of topics usually associated with the study of fertility in Kenya by combining the techniques of macro-historical analysis with an intensive micro-analysis. After an introduction to the previous literature in the field in Chapter I, the focus in Chapters II and III is on the history of the Kamba people of Kitui District with particular emphasis on the factors leading to rapid population growth and family reorganization. In Chapters VI and VII the focus is on the more recent status of the Kamba as they negotiate the pressures of colonial and neo-colonial capitalist development and exploitation. Basic to the processes of change of the more recent years is the Kamba’s strategy to adjust to the new economic realities of colonialism by maintaining an urban and rural household. The new urban household was necessary to produce the cash necessary for participation in the new capitalist economy, whereas the rural household was still needed to meet basic economic needs. The argument reveals the erroneous nature of many a priori assumptions about population growth in Kenya: that increased fertility is a result of the clinging to traditional views concerning the importance of children; lack of modern contraceptive devices; or lack of understanding and properly utilizing Western techniques of birth control. What has not been recognized in such formulations is that pre-colonial household economies were able to maintain a balanced population through traditional techniques. Further, what is indeed an increase in fertility is a result of the Kamba’s efforts to adjust to the disruption of the homeostasis of their domestic economies. So viewed, the increase in fertility is an adaptive strategy which, given the reality of the rural-urban split, is the best option for individual families if not the group as a whole. |
| 1985 | MWEGA, FRANCIS M. | A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF TAX INCIDENCE IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | 121 | A generalized Harberger model is built for the Kenyan economy. The production side is represented by nine profit-maximizing industries as well as an investment and a foreign sector. The nine industries utilize intermediate inputs in a Leontief production function. The demand side is represented by ten consumer groups who are assumed to have a Cobb-Douglas utility function which they maximize subject to their income constraint. They derive income from selling factor endowments which they own prior to production, and, in case of the government, from tax revenue. Data for the model come mainly from a 1976 Kenya social accounting matrix. The model is solved for equilibrium relative prices and activity levels by the Scarf-Merill algorithm. Apart from elasticities of substitution, the other production and demand parameters are estimated endogenously in order to calibrate the model to an equilibrium that replicates actual levels of production, demand and incomes in Kenya for 1976. This equilibrium serves as a benchmark for the comparative-static experiments in the dissertation. Six counterfactual experiments are undertaken in which taxes, individually and together, are replaced by a uniform VAT of the GNP type and transfer payments abolished. The rate of the replacement tax is calculated ‘on the back of envelope’. Among other results, the Kenyan system of taxes and voluntary group transfers is found to be progressive on incomes. | |
| 1985 | MWIRIA, KILEMI VALERIAN | THE KENYA HARAMBEE SCHOOL MOVEMENT: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 204 | This is a study of the historical expansion of educational opportunity in Kenya as typified by the ‘Harambee’ school movement. We begin by tracing the role of the colonial and neo-colonial states in explaining the rise and continued strength of the movement. Secondly, we compare the relative proportions of Harambee and government school students who get placed in post-secondary school training institutions. Third, we present data collected from parents with children in Harambee schools. We questioned these parents on their motivations for sending their children to Harambee schools, on their understanding of the labour market situation and on their perceptions of the role the educational system plays as an allocator of roles and rewards. We argue that the failure of the colonial and neo-colonial states to satisfy peoples’ demand for the kind of education they sought is the main explanation for the rise and continued strength of the Harambee school movement. We further argue that in the neo-colonial setting, Harambee schools are valued as possible agents of socialization and promoters of the ideology of meritocracy. But these schools may also accelerate the process of radical change by turning out frustrated and unemployed youth eager to challenge the legitimacy of the existing State. Relative to their counterparts in government schools, Harambee school students perform very poorly at national selection examinations. Consequently, only a tiny portion of them get into post-secondary training institutions. As a result, average wages for Harambee school graduates are lower than those for their government school counterparts. Parents of Harambee school students are aware that Harambee education is of poor quality and that most graduates of these schools would end up unemployed. They argued that they send their children to Harambee schools despite their limited economic value because, compared to other available alternatives, this appeared to have a greater likelihood of assisting them escape rural poverty. In view of this persistent public demand for formal education, we discuss possible ways of making Harambee secondary school education more valuable to its recipients. |
| 1985 | NGUYO, WILSON | THE IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICY ON KENYA’S AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS | UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY | PHD | 191 | The primary objective of this study was to establish empirically a connection or lack of it between changes in Kenya’s money stocks and changes in exchange rates, and changes in exchange rates and the flow of Kenya’s agricultural exports. A review of the relevant theoretical and empirical literature was presented, followed by the derivation of the empirical models. The monetary approach to exchange rate determination formed the theoretical basis of the exchange rate determination models, while the agricultural export model adopted the export demand and supply framework. The exchange rate determination model was estimated using Kenya/United Kingdom and Kenya/Federal Republic of Germany monetary data for January, 1967 to December, 1983. The agricultural model was estimated using Kenya tea and coffee export data for the same period. The results obtained on the exchange rate determination model were, in general, consistent with the monetary theory of exchange rate determination. With few exceptions, the parameter estimates obtained had the expected signs, but their absolute values were, sometimes, smaller than expected. Overall, the parameter estimates of the shilling/deutschemark equation conformed more closely to theoretical expectations than the shilling/pound estimates. There was evidence of reverse causation from the exchange rate to the money stock in the shilling/pound equation. However, other factors, including possible violation of the assumptions of freely floating exchange rates, purchasing power parity, and interest rate parity conditions contributed to the discrepancy between empirical results and theoretical predictions. The results of the agricultural export model were mixed. Kenya was a price taker in the coffee export market and the only impact of exchange rates was through affecting the export supply price. Tea enjoyed free trade and Kenya supplied up to ten percent of world exports. Hence, the exchange rate had a greater impact on the volume of exports through impacting both export demand and supply prices. Since Kenya’s agricultural commodity exports, in general, constitute negligible fractions of world exports, except for tea and pyrethrum, these findings imply that the impact of monetary policy on Kenya’s agricultural exports was rather small. |
| 1985 | PEREZ, CAROLYN HARFORD | ASPECTS OF COMPLEMENTATION IN THREE BANTU LANGUAGES (AFRICA, KIKUYU, SYNTAX, KIRUNDI, SHONA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 169 | This dissertation analyzes aspects of verbal complementation in three of the Bantu languages of Africa, Shona (Zimbabwe), Kikuyu (Kenya), and Kiruundi (Burundi), within the framework of the Government-Binding theory of syntax. The starting point of the analysis is the observation that these languages permit NP-movement from the subject position of a tensed complement clause. The data thus constitute apparent counterexamples to Government-Binding theory as formulated in Chomsky (1981), particularly the subtheories of abstract Case and Binding. The intent of this dissertation is to explore the consequences of an analysis of these data which incorporates changes in the theory as applied to Bantu which were inspired by this initial observation. Chapter 1 presents the primary observation about NP-movement and additional data to show that this movement is optional, that no infinitive complements are permitted, and that a dependency relation exists between the matrix and embedded subjects. The theoretical interest of the data for the subtheories of Case and Binding is explained. Also, a brief Appendix explains points of Bantu morphology and syntax in order to make the data in subsequent chapters easier for the non-Bantuist to understand. Chapter 2 argues that the subtheory of abstract Case is not operative in the three languages, basing this conclusion on the data from NP-movement and impersonal passives. Ungrammatical data which could be ruled out by Case theory are given alternative accounts, and it is proposed that the connective particle need not be interpreted as a Case-assigner. The theory of Binding is considered in Chapter 3, where it is proposed that Principles A and B apply in different structural domains, based on data from NP-movement and overt pronominals. This analysis leaves open the possibility of governed PRO, and it is suggested that this possibility is realized in Kiruundi. Chapter 4 examines various uses of infinitives, primarily in Kikuyu. It is proposed that infinitives may be divided into two groups, nominal and verbal, based on properties which are attributed to the infinitival subject. |
| 1985 | ROBINSON, PAUL WESLEY | GABBRA NOMADIC PASTORALISM IN NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURY NORTHERN KENYA: STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL IN A MARGINAL ENVIRONMENT | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 1493 | The principal aim of this study is to examine strategies developed over time by the Gabbra nomadic pastoralists which allow them to successfully utilize the environment which they occupy and to survive in a harsh and unforgiving region. The Gabbra inhabit the Kenya-Ethiopian frontier to the east of Lake Turkana, an area characterized by its extreme aridity, irregularity of rainfall, imposing lavas and paucity of water resources. The study details the nature of this environment, and examines Gabbra social organization, time-reckoning and resource utilization strategies within the context of Gabbra history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A combination of research methods and techniques have been employed in this study. A detailed investigation and review of archival sources was conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom and Kenya, for primary and secondary materials pertaining to Northern Kenya. The primary documentation for the study however, is contained in a series of formal interviews conducted with Gabbra and Borana elders during a ten-month field session in 1978-1979, and in a number of brief follow-up sessions conducted over the ensuing five years. It is demonstrated that for the Gabbra to occupy and make use of this region, it has been necessary for them to develop mechanisms for understanding and responding to the environment and environmental change which allow them to manage their livestock herds and to organize themselves socially and spatially. Gabbra historiography and history is the context in which this understanding of the nature and dynamics of Gabbra survival strategies are demonstrated. It is through a reconstruction of Gabbra history, that the mechanisms for successful utilization of the environment and the survival of Gabbra society are delineated. It is shown that the emergence and the dynamism of Gabbra society has depended on their developing institutions (political, social, economic and philosophical) with qualities of innovation and flexibility which have enabled them to successfully utilize a very marginal and harsh environment. |
| 1985 | SALTZMAN, ALICE | CHAYANOV’S THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY APPLIED CROSS-CULTURALLY: FAMILY LIFE CYCLE INFLUENCES ON ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION AND ECONOMIC STRATEGY (PROLETARIANIZATION, USSR, KENYA, INDIA, WISCONSIN) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE | PHD | 274 | This study explores the applicability of Chayanov’s Theory of Peasant Economy to modern day cultivators. Chayanov’s Theory addresses two issues that have been prominent in peasant studies for the last two decades: peasant economic stratification, and peasant economic strategy. The recent penetration of the capitalist world economy into peasant communities, which was greatly accelerated by the green revolution of the 1960’s, tended to increase economic differentiation and change peasant subsistence economic strategy. Lenin predicted that increasing market relations would divide the peasantry into capitalist farmers and rural proletarians, while Chayanov posited a stable peasant economy in which peasant family life cycle stages accounted for much economic stratification and dictated peasant labor intensity. According to Chayanov, young peasant families (initially) were poor, became wealthier as teenagers augmented the family labor force, and were again poor as family possessions were divided among adult children setting up their own households. Thus, according to Chayanov, peasant differentiation was predominantly ‘demographic differentiation.’ Chayanov also believed that peasant family life cycle stages dictated labor intensity. Household labor intensity was low when the consumer/worker ratio in the household was low, and was high when the consumer/worker ratio was high, because each worker was responsible for providing for more dependent children. The initial tests of two basic components of Chayanov’s Theory on three large data sets from Kenya, the United States and the India, showed Chayanov’s Theory to be more applicable to farmers in Wisconsin than peasants in Kenya and India. Further analysis determined that demographic differentiation was exhibited only where nuclear households were the norm, and community members had a common livelihood based on a resource available to all. Chayanov’s idea that peasant labor intensity depended on family composition received some support in this research based on three data sets, and considerable support in other studies reported in the literature; but in most cases measures of labor intensity are open to criticism. Thus, there is only tentative support for the cross-cultural applicability of Chayanov’s concept of peasant economic strategy. |
| 1985 | SCHAPIRO, STEVEN JAY | REPRODUCTIVE SEASONALITY: BIRTH SYNCHRONY AS FEMALE-FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE COMPETITION AND COOPERATION IN CAPTIVE CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS AND C. MITIS | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS | PHD | 248 | Reproductive seasonality has evolved in a number of primate species. Discussions of reproductive seasonality have centered on environmental, social and physiological influences on the timing of reproductive events. The present study was conducted on two species of guenons housed in captivity under natural environmental conditions (in Kenya), specifically to examine social influences on reproduction. Over 2000 hours of activity scans and focal animal observations were conducted between February 1983 and February 1984 on three social groups of C. aethiops and C. mitis. C. aethiops groups were of the same subspecies, but had been housed together for differing time periods. Three subspecies of C. mitis (C. m. albotorquatos, C. m. kolbi and C. m. stuhlmanni) were observed. All groups of both species contained one adult male, three or four adult females and their offspring. C. aethiops animals were found to be sexually active year round, but births were found to occur nonrandomly across the year. C. mitis animals were found to be relatively reproductively inactive. Birth was an infrequent event in this species group, as was sexual behavior. Analysis of interbirth intervals and birth spacings in C. aethiops revealed that births were significantly more synchronized within individual social groups (caged unimale groups) than across social groups. Three potential mechanisms for within-group synchrony are proposed. Reproductive competition between adult females of differing dominance ranks could lead to a group specific birth season. Subordinate females are more subject to the potential adverse effects of alloparenting of their young. It is hypothesised that subordinate females attempt to give birth in temporal proximity (synchrony) to dominants. Seasonality is hypothesised to have evolved as a female strategy to prevent infanticide. As seasonally breeding females do not shorten their interbirth intervals after the loss of an infant (whether from infanticide or not), they may have evolved a cooperative strategy to prevent male takeovers and infanticide. Timing of group formation is also posited as a possible inducer of reproductive seasonality. Newly formed groups are very sexually active and may become synchronous or seasonal. In conclusion, it would appear from the present study that social factors are better able to account for the timing of reproductive events in captive groups of C. aethiops and C. mitis than are environmental or physiological factors. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) |
| 1985 | SHELLEY, J. KAREN | MEDICINES FOR MISFORTUNE: DIAGNOSIS AND HEALTH CARE AMONG SOUTHERN TURKANA PASTORALISTS OF KENYA (EAST AFRICA, GENDER ROLES) | THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL | PHD | 306 | Health and human survival are the result of interacting biological, cultural, and social factors. Among the southern Turkana pastoralists of northwestern Kenya, the indigenous health care system is a highly integrated set of meanings concerning potential sources of threat, means of maintaining health, and ways of restoring well-being in the event of sickness. This analysis applies Kleinman’s concept of the health care system to the study of human affliction within the cultural and social context of an African society. The findings, based on fifteen months of field research, lend support to Geertz’s explanation of cultural systems as being both models of reality and models for social action. Beliefs about sickness are part of the cultural repertoire that persons use to conceptualize potential sources of harm. These beliefs are also sources of knowledge for making therapeutic choices within specific situational contexts. The Turkana recognize that harm and injury can result either from potential dangers existing within the parameters of the physical environment, or from human-initiated threats within and beyond the immediate social setting. The study delineates an extensive terminology that describes the effects of injury to the human body. A subsample of Turkana women and their children were the focus of intensive observations and reports of morbidity. A comparison of women’s self-reports of sickness was made with results from a survey of clinical indications of morbidity. In analyses of sickness episodes, afflicted persons were found to utilize theories that explained sickness causation, but evaluated symptoms according to situational circumstances and the progression of symptoms. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) |
| 1985 | SHIPTON, PARKER MACDONALD | LAND, CREDIT AND CROP TRANSITIONS IN KENYA: THE LUO RESPONSE TO DIRECTED DEVELOPMENT IN NYANZA PROVINCE (EAST AFRICA, FARM, AGRICULTURE, PROPERTY, ECONOMY) | UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 396 | For three decades a central tenet of Kenyan agricultural policy has been the theory that small-scale farmers cannot adopt new inputs and techniques without institutional credit, and that this credit must depend on individual titles to land. This study evaluates the theory on the basis of field research in South Nyanza District and elsewhere in Nyanza and Western Provinces between 1980 and 1983. Methods included structured and unstructured interviews, participant-observation, and the use of official records. The study examines local effects of the national registration of land as private property. Government control of local land matters remains minimal, but adjustments to private titles have been difficult. The registration has eroded social sanctions surrounding land dealings, without substituting other effective controls. New unregistered transactions are concentrating holdings in several ways, though there is still little absolute rural landlessness. After describing local modes of informal credit, the study reviews responses to recent institutional credit schemes that have relied on land mortgages, and to others that have not. One of the latter, the Integrated Agricultural Development Project (IADP), is examined in detail. Characteristic of 1970s project design, it was enormously complex and ambitious, but founded on mistaken assumptions about African smallholder farming. Its agricultural and social effects, both positive and negative, were very small. The IADP is compared with a British-American Tobacco Company loan scheme for contract farmers. Like the IADP, this project does not rely on land titles. But its organization is simple. It is changing local life profoundly, both for better and for worse, demonstrating that credit can work without land collateral. Farmers and project planners have made many adjustments to each other, but both have more to make. Land tenure reform affects all Nyanza farmers; land mortgages involve only a handful. Public institutional lenders have yet to show they can run a smallholder seasonal credit scheme effectively; private lenders have yet to show they can run one safely. There may be valid reasons for converting farmlands to private property in some densely settled areas of Kenya, but seasonal credit has not proved to be among them. |
| 1985 | TEMBE, ELIAS OGUTUH AZARIAH | HIGHER EDUCATION IN TWO DEVELOPING NATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA AND SRI LANKA | THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA | EDD | 474 | The main purpose of the study was to analyze and compare higher educational systems and the major variables affecting them in Sri-Lanka and Kenya. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and literature reviewed. The conceptual framework of the study is in accordance with a model for a cross-cultural national study of comparative education systems developed by Dr. Herbert B. Wilson, Professor Emeritus at the University of Arizona. The findings of the study indicated that a comparative education system is significantly intertwined and affected by a number of important variables including (1) certain national characteristics such as culture, traditions, religion, politics, patriotism, international contact, life cycles, geography, economy, climate, demographic trends, and social organization; (2) socializing agents including family, tribe, clan, caste, social institutions, religion, military, media, literature, communication, schools, research stations, museums, publications, and public libraries; (3) the history and philosophy of education in public, private, religious, and proprietary sectors; (4) curriculum and instruction including scope, level, sequence, methodology, and mission; (5) enabling activities including administration, authority, control, financing, and political climate; (6) providing activities including availability and preparation of faculty, students, and administrators, and (7) certain current problems and issues affecting education. The major conclusions indicate that the building of a strong system of higher education is an accretive process involving not only the availability of resources but the arising national aspirations and attitudes as well as the development within the population of an awareness of the personal, regional, and national returns from education, particularly higher education. Such public and private awareness is the catalyst for the development and effectiveness of a productive higher education system. |
| 1985 | TETE, MUNDALA OKAMBAKOY | BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE TO THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES: THREE CASE STUDIES OF THE AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (AID) AND THE UNITED NATIONS, EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) AND TEACHER EDUCATION IN AF | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO | PHD | 285 | This dissertation is an exploratory investigation of three case studies of bilateral and multilateral education assistance to teacher education in Africa. The three case studies are, the Teachers for East Africa project (TEA) and the Teacher Education in East Africa projects (TEEA) assisted by the US Agency for International Development (AID) and Teachers College, Columbia Unversity (TCCU) in the three East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda between 1961 and 1970, and the Alvan Ikoku College of Education project (AICE) implemented by the United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY/B) in Owerri, Nigeria, between 1975 and 1981. The study analyzes and compares the role respectively played by the recipient countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, the Imo State of Nigeria, and the AICE administration in the TEA and TEEA and AICE project initiation, implementation, evaluation, and termination, respectively, in order to determine which of the AID or UNESCO decision-making process was less or more participatory. The result shows that the UNESCO decision-making process allowed for more involvement and participation of the recipient country in the project initiation, implementation, evaluation and termination than the AID decision-making process. |
| 1985 | TULLY, DORENE R. | HUMAN ECOLOGY AND POLITICAL PROCESS: THE CONTEXT OF MARKET INCORPORATION IN WEST POKOT DISTRICT, KENYA (EAST AFRICA, ECONOMIC, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT) | UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON | PHD | 401 | Comprehensive theories of economic change such as world systems or dependency models fail to consider the diversity and resilience of rural economies. To analyze the processes of market incorporation, it is necessary to consider several aspects of the local context, including human ecology and administrative policy. These areas have been undervalued both by world systems theorists and their critics. The market has definite impacts upon the ecosystem which, in turn, constrains and directs market penetration. In addition, diversities exist in the structure of local economies and in the economic goals and motives of states. These are reflected in the varying roles that states play mediating between world market conditions and local economies. While human ecology and policy provide contexts for human behavior, they do not exist separately from human choice. It is individual choice which unites these contexts and creates the specific history of market incorporation in each local economy. This study examines the relationship between economic behavior and processes of market incorporation in West Pokot District, Kenya. It combines a critical synthesis of written and oral history with an examination of current survival strategies. A comprehensive economic and demographic survey of 140 farming and herding families was conducted from March 1977 to September 1978 in Kishaunet Sublocation of Mnagei Location. Data were also obtained through extensive participant observation and structured and unstructured interviews with key informants. The study draws upon published and unpublished documents, colonial archives, and oral histories to place existing economic relations into temporal and regional context. In Kishaunet, Pokot have approached the possibilities of market participation in a pragmatic fashion, as potential resources to be tried out and remade to fit their needs. Most sample families who have entered the market have done so selectively with considerable diversification of crops and livestock. The patterns followed insure subsistence stability in a changing economic and political environment. |
| 1985 | TUMUTI, SAMMY THUKU | A STUDY OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING NEEDS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS OF GACHIKA SUB-LOCATION, NYERI TOWN, AND NAIROBI CITY IN KENYA | SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY AT CARBONDALE | PHD | 175 | Foreign living styles, educational systems, values, and institutions imported especially from the western countries have, or are in the process of replacing the indigenous ones in the African countries. Consequently the problems brought about by the social, educational, and economic changes have made counseling in African schools a necessity. The identification of the students’ needs is the first step for the establishment of effective guidance and counseling programs. This study sought to delineate the guidance and counseling needs for primary school pupils in Kenya. Seven hundred and twenty pupils (360 males and 360 females) from twelve government primary schools were utilized for the study. A questionnaire (Form A for the pupils and Form B for the teachers) developed by the researcher was used to collect the data. Frequencies, means, and the canonical discriminant analyses were employed for analyzing and reporting the responses from the subjects. It was concluded that the pupils had guidance and counseling needs in academic, occupational, and psychological areas. Contrary to the expectation of the study, the lower class (STD. V) indicated more problems than the upper class (STD. VII). The girls believed they had more problems than the boys. Further, the pupils from the rural area indicated they had more problems than the town pupils, and the metropolitan pupils respectively. The teachers believed the pupils had more guidance and counseling problems than the pupils themselves indicated. It was recommended that the establishment of guidance and counseling programs in Kenya primary schools was necessary to cater to the pupils’ needs. More research which should be continuous in guidance and counseling was recommended. |
| 1985 | WAINGGAI, THOMAS WAPAI NEWEI SARAMPAYAI | DECENTRALIZATION OF AUTHORITY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING NATION STATES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS | THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 343 | This study examined decentralization of authority for national development in developing nation states. The objective of the study was to analyze the association between decentralization of authority and societal, economic, and physical development. Twelve countries were used as units of analysis for this purpose: the Philippines, Morocco, Tanzania, Malaysia, Egypt, Kenya, Burma, Sudan, Nigeria, Indonesia, Brazil and India. The analysis was based on the hypothesis that the degree of decentralization of authority is positively associated with development when the Gross National Product of countries is similar. From the analysis of the association between decentralization of authority and development, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The degree of ecentralization, as measured by (a) the average size in square miles of the governing areas, (b) the number of provincial government units per million population, and (c) the average population per province. Although additional and different measures can be used, because of limitations on available data, the three indicators were employed to assess the degree of decentralization of authority in the twelve sample countries. (2) There exists a positive association between decentralization of authority and development. More decentralized nation states overall have greater output of societal, economic and physical development than the less decentralized ones, regardless of GNP level. Given the aggregate nature of the indicators used, firm conclusions await further research. |
| 1985 | WILLOUGHBY, PAMELA RAE | SPHEROIDS AND BATTERED STONES: A CASE STUDY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ADAPTATION IN THE AFRICAN EARLY AND MIDDLE STONE AGE (IMPLEMENTS, PALAEOLITHIC, LITHIC ANALYSIS) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | 360 | Spheroids and battered stones form an integral part of the Acheulean or Developed Oldowan at many African Early Stone Age sites, as well as in subsequent periods, a fact recognized early in the history of prehistoric research on the continent. The absence of such artifacts from the early assemblages in the Koobi Fora region east of Lake Turkana, Kenya is therefore unexpected. A study of the distribution of these pieces in time and space, as well as of the technology involved in their manufacture and use, was undertaken in an attempt to explain this anomaly. Flaked core artifacts from seven Early Stone Age sites were examined: Ain Hanech, Algeria, ‘Ubeidiya, Israel, Olorgesailie, Kenya, Olduvai Gorge (Beds I and II) and Isimila, both in Tanzania, as well as Sterkfontein and the Cave of Hearths, South Africa. Several Middle Stone Age assemblages were also studied in Zambia and Zimbabwe, including Kabwe (Broken Hill), a type site for this artifact class. It was discovered that in the class of pounded and battered artifacts, the raw material chosen influenced the final form to a great extent. While there is no real standardization of size, the shape of pieces is constant, regardless of raw material, location, or age of the site. Many flaked spheroids represent the extreme end of a range of core tools running from angular to smooth that reflects repeated episodes of manufacture and/or use. In addition, natural spherical stones produced by geological processes were also collected and transported into early hominid sites. Experimental work shows that the macroscopic wear pattern that characterizes spheroids is produced by blows against other rocks. While some pieces were definitely used as pounders, others may only be exhausted cores that by accident approximate the same form, as their original shape was similar. It is most likely that spheroids were used to process plant or other material by pounding. The absence of this class from Koobi Fora is probably a result of the lack of appropriate materials (quartz and/or quartzite) rather than due to any fundamental variation in technology or style of artifact manufacture. |
| Year | Author’s Name | Title | Institution | Degree | Pages | Abstract |
| 1986 | ABUNGU, MARGARET S. AKINYI CHOKA | A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ACADEMIC PREPARATION PROGRAM OF SECONDARY SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHERS IN KENYA AND SELECTED UNITED STATES COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES | THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE | PHD | 110 | The goal of this study was to examine the current requirements on the academic preparation of secondary social studies teachers in general education, history or social sciences, and professional education. The subsequent outcome was to be used in proposing a model for training secondary social studies teachers in Kenya. The United States (U.S.) colleges and universities surveyed in this study were members of the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, in the Southern Regional Education Board. They were accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. Two Kenyan institutions were also used in gathering data. The recommendations of the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS, 1984) were used to assess requirements of the United States institutions. Subjects at the institutions were 36 persons in charge of the departments of social science education. Data were collected through questionnaires, catalogues and guidesheets. Frequency distribution and percentages were used in data analysis. From the survey, the mean semester hours reported in general education was 51.2. This was lower than 72 semester hours recommended by the NCSS. The mean in history or social sciences was 67.5 semester hours. It was more than 48 hours recommended by the NCSS. In professional education, the mean was 30 semester hours which was more than 24 semester hours recommended by the NCSS. In Kenya, professional education requirements were approximately 36 semester hours. History or social sciences were approximately 60 semester hours, based on a combination of two subjects. The subjects were to be chosen from history, geography, economics, and government. Most of the general education requirements were fulfilled through the ‘A’ level program. The program is equivalent to the U.S. two year community colleges curricula. The survey showed two content oriented influences in the preparation of secondary social studies teachers. One emphasized history and the other required a balance among the social sciences. However, more credit hours were required in history compared to other areas of the social sciences. |
| 1986 | ADAR, KORWA GOMBE | THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LEGAL PRINCIPLE OF ‘TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY’ AS THE MODAL DETERMINANT OF RELATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS SOMALIA, 1963-1983 (AFRICA, SELF-DETERMINATION, UNITED NATIONS, ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY) | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA | PHD | 309 | The major purpose of this study was to examine the factors which influenced Kenya’s insistence on respect for the principle of territorial integrity as the basis of her foreign policy behavior towards Somalia. In this framework, the principle of territorial integrity was used as the unit of analysis. The findings indicated that within the timeframe chosen, 1963 and 1983, Kenya consistently invoked the doctrine of territorial integrity as the basis of her behavior vis-a-vis Somalia. This policy position was influenced mainly by the relatively consistent strained relations between the two countries. For the purposes of this study five hypotheses were used to guide the analysis. Hypothesis One assumed that Kenya’s foreign policy behavior towards Somalia was influenced by the Northern Frontier District Somalis’ demands to secede. Hypothesis Two assumed that Kenya’s foreign policy towards Somalia was influenced by both the Northern Frontier District Somalis’ and the Somalian claims. It was assumed in Hypothesis Three that the Somalian claim to incorporate the Northern Frontier District had impact on Kenya’s foreign policy behavior towards Somalia. Hypothesis Four assumed that Kenya’s foreign policy towards Somalia was influenced by the external actors. It was also assumed in Hypothesis Five that Kenya’s foreign policy behavior towards Somalia was influenced by the internal (Kenya’s) party politics. Hypothesis Three, which was our working hypothesis, produced more consistent and valid generalizations than the other four with respect to Kenya’s policy towards Somalia. We found out that between 1963 and 1983 Kenya invoked the doctrine of territorial integrity vis-a-vis Somalia because of the latter’s claim on the Northern Frontier District. On the other hand Somalia persistently pursued the policy of reunification of the Somalis, basing its argument on respect for the principle of self-determination. Therefore, both Kenya and Somalia applied the two principles of international law to suit their national interests. The study indicated that Kenya, as well as most other members of the Organization of African Unity, insists on the uti possidetis principle with regard to the colonial boundaries. The study, therefore, revealed that Somalia’s interpretation of the principle of self-determination was in conflict with the views of the members of the Organization of African Unity. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) |
| 1986 | AL-GATAMI, MUNIRA ADBULWAHAB | PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTING A MODEL NATIONAL REHABILITATION PROGRAM: TASK ANALYSIS, ORGANIZATION DESIGN, AND PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION METHOD, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE STATE OF KUWAIT | THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA | PHD | 172 | The central problem of this study is to identify and develop a model for the administration of rehabilitation services to the handicapped which can be applied to identify needed services in any country, such as Kuwait. The method used in developing the model entailed obtaining basic information about how selected nations administer services for the handicapped through: (1) Published sources and reports; (2) Unpublished material; (3) Interviews of selected officials responsible for the handicapped. The review of literature consists of two parts. Part one reviews organizational strategies: (1) The engineering strategy; (2) The behavioral strategy; (3) The systems strategy. The second part focuses on rehabilitation services in the eight countries selected for this study. These are discussed in the order of their difference from the State of Kuwait: the United States, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Japan, Yugoslavia, Thailand, Kenya, and finally Kuwait. Each is discussed in the following terms: (1) Overview; (2) History of Rehabilitation Services; (3) Structure of Service Delivery System; (4) Legislation of Rehabilitation Services. The study was preceded by an analysis of tasks organized within the framework of the International Classification Matrix Model with a view to establishing an approach to prospective evaluation. A matrix can be defined as a rectangular array of elements arranged in rows and columns; the matrix used in this study was formulated on the basis of information and data collected in the eight selected countries in terms of: (a) General Cultural/Social Orientation Pattern (i) ‘ascriptive/traditional,’ (ii) ‘mixed-attributes,’ and (iii) ‘achievement/innovative’); (b) Degree of Cultural Materialism; (c) Cultural Attitude Toward Handicapped; (d) Percent of Population Classified As ‘Handicapped’; (e) Per Capita Income; (f) General National Political Orientation; (g) General National Administrative Structure; (h) Degree of Bureaucratization; (i) Types of Delivery Service. This study classifies nations for the purposes of general evaluation of their approaches to national administration of services for the handicapped and application of these approaches to a specific country, Kuwait. |
| 1986 | AMUKA, PETER SUMBA OKAYO | KENYAN ORAL LITERATURE, NGUGI’S FICTION AND HIS SEARCH FOR A VOICE | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 266 | : This study examines the relationships between Kenyan oral literature, Ngugi’s fiction and his quest for a voice. The oral artist, like the novelist, targets an audience and therefore communicates in a language and artistic forms they presumably know and understand. Ngugi the novelist articulates his ideological prescriptions through the European form of the novel, first in English and lately in Gikuyu. The social effects of his written ideas on a predominantly oral audience constitute the central concern of this study. An investigation of published and unpublished oral literature demonstrates that social morality and political stability are virtues that art promotes. The oral artist therefore performs social functions encompassing all aspects of life including entertainment and politics. Ngugi’s initial obsession with nationalism as personified by Jomo Kenyatta in the earlier fiction blinds him to the indigenous theoretical and practical role of the artist; the politician talks and exercises social control in local languages while Ngugi writes in English despite its inaccessibility to most Kenyans. Only gradually does he discover that the nationalists have not delivered complete economic and political freedom some members of the peasant-proletariat fought for during the Mau Mau war. In his latest fiction, Ngugi dwells on Kenyan national aspirations and yearns for socio-political action beyond the texts as if he is an oral artist. He switches from English and its literary canons to Gikuyu and its oral literature. He adopts a distinct political voice, albeit without political power. But the voice is frozen in print; it does not reach the general populace as effectively and directly as the politican-oral artist’s. The latter monopolises the radio, television and mass rallies through which he transmits his social messages. The general conclusion is that Ngugi’s ideological voice remains trapped in fiction: his art does not conform to Kenyan literary standards where art and action go abreast. |
| 1986 | ARAP ROP, ISAAC KIPRUTO | AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCERS’ INCOME INSTABILITY IN KENYA’S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR: THE CASE OF SELECTED MARKETED COMMODITIES | OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 171 | Scope of Study. This study examines income instability of producers facing two distinct markets for their commodities: domestic and foreign. Kenyan producers of agricultural exports have little control over world trade. They face unstable physical and economic environments. Assuming that instability, defined as a temporary deviation from normality, reduces net welfare gains, then, it should be identified, measured and incorporated into the decision making process. In the case of Kenya, this needed analysis has not been done. Consequently, the first part of the study was to identify and quantify important sources of farm income instability. In the second part, four common farm income stabilization programs were evaluated. The first part was achieved by decomposing statistical identities. Four alternative government policy instruments used to stabilize farm income were evaluated using a simulation model. Findings and Conclusions. Income instability from exports varied with the commodity and the transaction currency involved. Price fluctuations were the main sources of income variability. During the 1964-83 period, variability in supply dominated the income volatility of maize, wheat, tea and liquid milk while demand fluctuations were important for coffee. The share of income from export crops has been higher than that from commodities marketed domestically and in the presence of vagaries in foreign trade, a managed floating exchange rate would be an appropriate strategy. On stabilization policies, the existing fixed and preannounced producer prices led to least unstable per hectare income. Relatively more stable output of these commodities could be attained in the case of maize. In general, income stabilization policies should be directed at main sources of instability. |
| 1986 | ATHANASENAS, ATHANASIOS | FOOD SECURITY IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF FOOD AID IN RURAL KENYA AS A FOOD SUPPLY SHOCK ON CONSUMPTION AND NUTRITION | VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY | MS | 204 | Assessing the significance of Food-For-Work (FFW), as a food aid program, on physical capital formation depends on two distinct facts. First, the physical capital improvement, as a leading fundamental objective of FFW, can be achieved through specific nutritional gains derived by persons whose consumption level is elevated as a result of food aid. Second, even though capital formation, as an aspect of economic development, is not fully understood, empirical evidence on the consumption and nutrition impacts of FFW on community recipients is very scant. It appears that few actual results exist to support many arguments on food aid. In this research, an attempt is being made to identify the impacts of FFW on nutritional status and consumption patterns of participant households in rural Kenya. On nutritional and consumption grounds, FFW is found to be significantly effective. |
| 1986 | BOIT, MICHAEL KIPSUGUT | THE RELATIONSHIP OF TEACHER BEHAVIOR TO STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN HIGH AND LOW ACHIEVEMENT HIGH SCHOOLS IN NAIROBI, KENYA (MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT, FLANDERS ANALYSIS) | UNIVERSITY OF OREGON | DED | 188 | This study assesses factors which influence student achievement as measured by Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories (FIAC) and described by teachers and school heads in structured interviews. A third year mathematics class was randomly picked from fifteen randomly selected government schools in Nairobi as a population sample for this study. The Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories instrument was used in class observations. For coding consistency, each class was observed and tape recorded three times. Standardized achievement tests were administered in September, 1985, and February, 1986, to assess student achievement. Teachers and school heads were interviewed during February and March, 1986, to investigate: (1) why mixed schools’ (boys and girls) and non-mixed schools’ (boys only or girls only) scores were significantly different at the p < 0.05 level; (2) why certain schools apparently achieved more than others; (3) what factors were related to student achievement; (4) what opinions interviewees expressed about important characteristics of a teacher. There were relationships between student motivation/control and student performance. There was also a positive relationship between student initiated talk and student achievement. The results of the standardized tests were consistent. There was a significant difference between mixed schools and non-mixed schools at the p < 0.05 level in favor of the non-mixed schools. There were no significant differences between girls and boys, in either mixed or non-mixed schools. Although interviews were exploratory rather than conclusive, they provided a wealth of information. Across the board, student selection was the most important determinant of student achievement according to teachers and school heads. Teachers in low achievement schools emphasized student selection the most. The heads of low achieving schools considered the student selection and the learning facilities top priorities. Teachers and school heads considered student discipline an important factor in student achievement. Teacher’s commitment and willingness to work beyond class hours was considered the most important teacher characteristics. |
| 1986 | DIBLASI, MICHAEL CHARLES | IRON AGE SETTLEMENT AND CERAMICS IN THE ITHANGA HILLS OF CENTRAL KENYA: BEHAVIORAL INFERENCES FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOHISTORICAL EVIDENCE (PREHISTORY, POTTERY, EAST AFRICA, CULTURE HISTORY) | BOSTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 364 | Archeological research was undertaken in a previously unexplored region of central Kenya to investigate specific aspects of Iron Age settlement history described in oral traditions and evaluate the significance of ceramic attribute patterning within the context of Iron Age culture development. A systematic regional survey was used to generate statistically representative settlement data and collect pottery assemblages for analysis in conjunction with museum collections to investigate inter-regional variation in Later Iron Age ceramics with respect to stylistic, morphological and technological attributes. Early Iron Age settlement in the Ithanga Hills region was sparse, but third century A.D. dates from the site of Kwamboo demonstrate that Early Iron Age occupation of central Kenya occurred many centuries earlier than previously thought. Further, the early dates for Kwamboo and characteristics of its pottery assemblage show that the hypothesized time-dependent degeneration in stylistic features of Kwale ware is untenable. Regional rather than temporal factors are suggested for the stylistic variations noted among assemblages of the Kwale ware group. Results of the survey confirm oral historical data that claim the Ithanga Hills region was a locus of intensive Later Iron Age settlement and iron production activities. Later Iron Age settlement clustered in the immediate vicinity of the Ithanga Hills range and within the same physiographic zone most densely settled by modern agriculturalists. Comparative analyses of Later Iron Age pottery assemblages from Ithanga and other regions of central Kenya demonstrate they comprise a coherent ceramic complex with respect to technological, morphological and stylistic attributes. Cluster analysis of motif association patterns in 39 assemblages isolated nine motifs that repeatedly co-occur as key stylistic elements of the Later Iron Age ceramic complex. The wide geographic distribution of the ceramic complex conforms to ethnohistorical and linguistic reconstructions that indicate widespread settlement of central Kenya by culturally interrelated Later Iron Age populations prior to the emergence of the ethnic groups of the historic period. Culture-historical continuity between Later Iron Age and modern Bantu-speaking populations in central Kenya is indicated by the close parallels between their respective pottery traditions. |
| 1986 | EVANS, THOMAS CHIVES NEWTON | ECONOMIC CHANGE AMONG THE DOROBO/AKIEK OF CENTRAL KENYA, 1850-1963 (HUNTERS-GATHERERS) | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 312 | This study is of the Dorobo/Akiek, who lived in the forests of central Kenya and of their unique and untypical hunting and gathering society which in the process of cultural change dropped one model of existence for another, but did not physically retreat or become totally absorbed as other hunters and gatherers have done when they had experienced similar external pressures. This is an examination of the Dorobo/Akiek, their economy, and how they reacted to waves of invasion: first of migrating Africans, then of international traders in the nineteenth century, and later of European colonialists. In order to access the nature of these interactions, it was necessary to construct a model of the Dorobo/Akiek’s hunting and gathering economy, and then to detail the modifications. The Dorobo/Akiek have been in the Kenya Highlands for at least several centuries and preceded most if not all of the present occupants. As the Nilotic and Bantu-speaking groups migrated into central Kenya, the Dorobo/Akiek gradually became separated into at least 30 distinct local groups. The migrating African groups helped introduce agriculture and pastoralism the Dorobo/Akiek. The second major wave of invasion occurred in the nineteenth century when traders from the coast came into central Kenya in search of ivory. The Dorobo/Akiek were active participants in the trade in the role of elephant hunters and even served as middlemen between the coastal traders and the Nandi and the Maasai. The various elements of the Dorobo/Akiek economy were still in the process of transition as the British established their colonial administration in central Kenya. Some Dorobo/Akiek were driven out of the forests. The colonial government also forced them to participate in labor projects, such as road construction. As the Dorobo/Akiek began to practice pastoralism and agriculture, economic relations were effected. The men still were in control. The women, however, found a more active role in agriculture, and to some degree in pastoralism, than they had experienced in the hunting economy. |
| 1986 | FRANKEN, MARJORIE ANN | ANYONE CAN DANCE: A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF SWAHILI NGOMA, PAST AND PRESENT (AFRICA, KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE | PHD | 298 | Many scholars have mentioned the importance of dance in Swahili society. While a few narrowly focused studies have been done, no general survey and description of Swahili dance has yet appeared. This dissertation aims at filling that gap. Field research was carried out for fifteen months, primarily in Mombasa on the Kenya coast. The methods used were intensive interviews with expert informants and participant observation in dance events within the Swahili community. The Swahili are distinctive for their long history of urban culture and for the stratified society that grew up in their coastal towns. The upper classes within these towns carefully preserved for themselves certain privileges, and maintained special rituals and ceremonies to advertise their status. Sponsoring elaborate ngoma, festivities featuring music, dance, and especially poetry recitation, was a hallmark of upper class status and refined behavior. Descriptions of many of these elite ngoma, some of them no longer performed, are presented here. In addition to the dances of the upper classes, several dances done by more humble Swahili people are also described. It was found that the body parts used in specific dance movements in each of the two categories of dance–upper class and lower class–are contrasting sets. In particular, upper class dances are characterized by arm extensions, the use of high status paraphernalia, and poetry recitation. Lower class dances are characterized by stamping movements and no arm extensions. Furthermore, women of all classes perform a dance consisting of hip movements. Other categories of dances are also described, such as religious ngoma, and young men’s dances. An evolutionary sequence of elite women’s dance is presented and discussed in light of current anthropological theories of dance change. The author suggests that broad surveys such as the one offered here for the Swahili would be useful for comparisons about dance change between cultures. |
| 1986 | GOLDMAN, ABRAHAM C. | PEST HAZARDS AND PEST MANAGEMENT BY SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN KENYA (AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT) | CLARK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 377 | This study investigates the nature of pest hazards and the range and determinants of responses by small-scale farmers in Kenya. Field research was done in Murang’a, Machakos, and South Nyanza Districts among farmers growing cotton, coffee, and various food crops. It was found that the main impacts of pest hazards on farming systems have been at the level of individual crops. Some crops have been abandoned as a result of pest losses, but usually only if other contributing factors were also present. In general, pests have affected the mix and amounts of crops grown and the costs of growing them. Farmers’ assessments of and responses to individual pests are based on a range of factors including, but not limited to, the percentage loss level. Some traditional controls are still practiced, but in most cases, farmers either tolerate losses, often accounting for anticipated losses in the amount they plant, or they use pesticides. Few of the farming practices recommended for pest control (‘cultural controls’) are employed by farmers for this purpose, other considerations usually being more important in determining whether they are used. Pesticide use on food crops depends on the availability of the chemicals and application equipment, farmers’ familiarity with pesticides, their assessments of the pest risks, and the availability of land for planting larger amounts of the crops. Pesticides are essential for cotton and coffee. Farmers’ usage is mainly determined by their own economic assessments, and they usually use less than recommended amounts, either in terms of frequency or dosage of spraying. Timing is based on their own pest scouting rather that calendar-scheduling. Economic returns to pesticide use on cotton and coffee are usually positive, and in some cases greater usage appears economically justifiable. Farmers are generally aware of pesticide hazards, and they take various measures to try to manage them, but some control measures are not feasible. |
| 1986 | HAILU, ALEM | GROWTH CENTERS AND URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA: AN APPRAISAL OF TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT (AFRICA) | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 381 | Kenya set out to address the problems of wide spatial discrepancies through the growth center strategy. Five year plans and government documents aimed at rectifying the wide urban and regional gaps. Efforts are hence made in this study to gauge the effectiveness of public policy in realizing the goals of decentralized development. Such factors as the distribution of population, employment, earnings, and public services in the medium and smaller urban areas relative to the major cities, and the impact of public policy on the overall extent of economic, political and institutional decentralization are examined to determine the effectiveness of the policy. The conclusion that emerges from the study is mixed: on the one hand modest gains are indicated in terms of the slowing high growth rates of the Nairobi area. The smaller urban areas showed greater rates of growth in population, employment and earnings. Changes in provision of social services also took place at wider geographical spreads. Yet the high growth rates in employment, population and earnings in smaller urban areas and their surrounding regions mainly failed to drastically alter the high dominance of the core Nairobi area. Also, while some peripheral areas showed growth, others lagged behind as a result of the patterns of economic growth inherited at independence and the post-independence government sectoral policies that reinforced the trend. Against the background of the various controversial spatial development theories and the experience of several countries, the study attempts to show that allowing the problem to continue could have grave consequences while the adoption and implementation of a modified form of spatial strategy still holds hope for the attainment of a decentralized and effective pattern of development. |
| 1986 | HARRIS, MICHAEL T. | OUTSIDERS AND INSIDERS: PERSPECTIVES OF THIRD WORLD CULTURE IN BRITISH AND POST-COLONIAL FICTION (KIPLING, HAGGARD, CARY) | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 344 | Writers who came to the Third World during the wave of British colonialism, such as H. Rider Haggard in South Africa, Rudyard Kipling in India, and Joyce Cary in Nigeria, describe the colonized country, culture, and people from a detached outsider’s perspective. But recent native, post-independence fiction, conceived as a response to the British portrayal, offers a contrasting, insider’s view. My study pairs a British and an indigenous writer describing a particular region to see the differing perspectives of the colonial outsider and native insider. I focus on five disparate regions to examine whether the colonial experience from both British and indigenous viewpoints is one that has meaning globally or is country-specific. The five regions with which my study deals are India, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, and the West Indies. My study concludes that these disparate regions indeed share a common past as well as a common future agenda: to recover the cultural traditions and identity all but lost during the colonial era. The indigenous writers of these widespread regions, furthermore, share a similar function in this process of recovery: to re-tell the story of their nations during and after the colonial interval as perceived by the indigenous people. In doing so, these writers respond to the Anglocentric portrait of their countries in British fiction by attempting to convey the inherent dignity and purpose of the colonized people and culture. As a result, through post-colonial fiction, the reader hears the other side of the story concerning the British Empire, a story long understood only from the colonizers’ perspective. |
| 1986 | HAYES, JANE JEDD | NOT ENOUGH WOOD FOR THE WOMEN: HOW MODERNIZATION LIMITS ACCESS TO RESOURCES IN THE DOMESTIC ECONOMY OF RURAL KENYA | CLARK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 387 | This study examines the social, historical, and geographic issues that affect rural Kenyan women’s access to fuelwood. Quantifiable questions of available bio-mass and the introduction of appropriate technology have received scholarly attention. However, the intricate network of social connections and barriers that dictate precisely what wood women gather in a given area has not thus far been given the consideration it deserves. Historical consequences of colonization, modernization, and traditional patriarchal attitudes combine to make women’s domestic labor in rural Kenya, especially the collection of wood, increasingly more difficult. Primary data for this study were collected during two three month periods of fieldwork in Masii sub-location, Machakos District, Kenya. The fieldwork included: (1) fuel survey of eighty-seven rural households, (2) in-depth questionnaires administered to six women representing different relative income levels, (3) extended interviews with these women and their families, (4) interviews with community and government officals, and (5) participant observation. In rural Kenya, collection of domestic fuelwood is done almost exclusively by women, and wood collection methods remain rudimentary and arduous. Most women report that privatization of land has diminished their access to available wood. For some women the difficulty has been exacerbated by competition with male family members who use wood for making charcoal and bricks, or sell it by the cartload. In some cases, women who formerly collected wood on their own or community lands must ‘borrow’ the wood they use for cooking. Such ‘borrowing’ often increases women’s work since some recompense (usually labor) is required. Finally, the growing number of men who work outside the household for wages has increased women’s share of necessary domestic work. Two aspects of modernization–the privatization of land and the introduction of the wage economy–are particularly pertinent. These forces have been reinforced by patriarchal traditions that dictate control of household resources, while simultaneously undervaluing women’s work. Further, this study questions the basic assumption of many researchers and government officials who consider the household a single unit of analysis. This approach does not sufficiently emphasize the gender-structured access to and use of ‘family’ resources, and thus overlooks some fundamental effects of modernization in developing countries. |
| 1986 | HEATH, CARLA WILSON | BROADCASTING IN KENYA: POLICY AND POLITICS, 1928-1984 (AFRICA, RADIO, TELEVISION) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 447 | This is an historical study of broadcasting in Kenya from the establishment of a regular service in 1928 to the twentieth anniversary of the Voice of Kenya in 1984. The focus of the study is on broadcasting policies and their relationship to changing social and economic structures, political struggles, and external pressures. The primary data for the study were interviews with policy makers and media professionals, archival deposits, National Assembly debates, and observations of Kenyan radio and television. A dual system of broadcasting was established in the colonial period, a privately owned commercial system for European and Asian settlers and a non-commercial, government operation for Africans. The structures and policies of these systems are outlined and assumptions about the role of communications in society which lay behind those systems are discussed. The formation of a single national system, which paralleled the transition of Kenya from a colony to an independent republic, is examined. Policies regarding services, technology, organization, and financing and the implications of these for radio and television programming are explored, and the role of broadcasting in the political process is analyzed. Broadcasting in Africa has typically been regarded as an administrative tool. This analysis suggests that broadcasting in Kenya is more than an instrument for progagating administrative policies and extending the personal power of national leaders. It is also an important national institution which has significantly contributed to stability in the country. Through the broadcasting institution, the government has been able to broaden its base of support and gain the cooperation of powerful individuals and groups necessary for it to remain in power and to carry out its development projects without excessive recourse to force. |
| 1986 | HOWARD-MATTHEWS, JACQUELINE A. | DOMESTIC POLITICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN FOUR AFRICAN COUNTRIES (TANZANIA, IVORY COAST, GHANA, KENYA) | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 707 | This study’s purpose is to show how internal political dynamics in the colonial and neo-colonial period can be used as an explanation of development policy and performance in African countries. In the study rural development goals and performance variation in four African countries–Tanzania, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Kenya–have been explained on the basis of domestic politics. The three dimensions of rural development are: agricultural production and productivity, consumption of capital inputs, and rural welfare. Performance between 1960 and 1980 is compared on two levels. On one level, each country’s degree of success in meeting its specific developmental goals was determined. On another level, countries were compared in terms of their achievements in each dimension. Historical analysis of nationalism and what is described as a coalition for development are used to show the basis on which rural development objectives are made and to explain performance variation. The nationalist movement represents the merger of two distinct movements–the rural and urban anti-colonial struggles–opposed to colonial rule. If the urban movement and its leadership assumed control of nationalism and the coalition once independence was achieved, the agenda and rural develoment goals in the country are determined by their vision of modernization and concerns. This was the case in Tanzania, Ghana, and Kenya. In Ivory Coast, on the other hand, planter-politicians gained control of the rural and urban movements and made their interests the core of the agenda. The Ivorian planters, mostly export farmers, merged with urban associations only after building a rural united front and only after the farmers and those closely associated with them began to assume positions of prominence in urban centers. In terms of performance variation, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Kenya met their rural development goals. In Kenya, however, there were additional unintended outcomes. Variation depended on the presence or absence of rural politics operating outside the structures controlled by the development coalition. In Kenya and Ghana historical conditions centered on the political relationships among export farmers, and the coalition supported the formation of a rural lobby influential enough to offset (Kenya) and undermine (Ghana) the rural development objectives of the coalition. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) |
| 1986 | HUGHES, ROBERT REES | AN EXAMINATION OF SOME EQUITY AND EFFICIENCY IMPLICATIONS OF THE POST-GRADUATION EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCES OF A SAMPLE OF GRADUATES FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, KENYA (MANPOWER PLANNING, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, HUMAN CAPITAL, TRACER STUDY METHODOLOGY) | UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON | PHD | 252 | The expansion of education opportunity in sub-Saharan Africa has been predicated on the assumption that graduates would provide the human capital vital for any modernizing effort and that education would provide an avenue for the powerless to gain power. This study examined this relationship in one country, Kenya, focusing on two questions: (1) To what extent has family background differentially influenced the post-graduation experiences of University of Nairobi graduates? (2) To what extent has the vastly expanded supply of graduates and the changing needs of the Kenyan labor market impacted the efficient absorption of University of Nairobi graduates into the economy? Based upon the conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the relationship between socio-economic background, educational attainment, and occupational placement, it was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in the post-graduation experiences of graduates from less and more advantaged family backgrounds. It was also hypothesized that earlier (1970) graduates would benefit from the relative dearth of competition in the labor market by securing higher-level, permanent employment more rapidly than later (1975, 1979, 1983) graduates. Conclusions are based on the findings of a tracer study of a sample of 464 randomly-selected chemistry, mathematics, commerce, and sociology graduates from the University of Nairobi, who completed their work in 1970, 1975, 1979, and 1983. Of those located, 76.4 percent responded to a mailed survey asking them to provide information on family background, post-graduation employment, and educational histories. Data pointed to limited influence of family background. Graduates with diverse family backgrounds were generally found to have similar post-graduation experiences. However, this may be changing as the competition for desirable employment intensifies. Data highlighted a growing saturation of the labor market. This dramatically impacted the experience of the 1983 cohort, which differed significantly from the earlier cohorts in terms of first job level, length of unemployment, tendency to accept temporary employment, and utilization of training. Other factors that play a role in the pattern of employment, e.g., ethnicity, field of study, academic performance, secondary school attended, and sex, were also examined. |
| 1986 | KARIUKI, MWANGI WA | DETERMINANTS OF LANGUAGE CHOICE BY MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGERS IN THE KENYAN PUBLIC SECTOR (KENYA, EAST AFRICA) | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | MA | 123 | Abstract |
| 1986 | KILONZO, GIDEON KIMUYU | AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF UNIVERSITY COUNSELING CENTER MODELS ADAPTABLE TO EDUCATION IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA | EDD | 167 | Problem Statement. The purpose of the study was to identify a university counseling model that is most appropriate for adaptation at the university and college levels in Kenya and to propose a model for implementation in Kenya. Procedures. The study was a library research. The information collected was of a descriptive nature. The data and information on the topic wasfound in the Library of The University of South Dakota, the Library of Congress, The University of Kansas, the University of North Dakota, the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, the Bureau of Education Research at Kenyatta University and the Institute of Development Studies of the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The major thrust of the study focused on the educational system in Kenya including traditional, and formal education, major counseling center models found in universities and colleges in the United States of America, counseling and guidance in Kenya, identification of a model for adaptation in Kenya, model implementation procedures and design elements of the physical structure of the center. Findings. The findings for this study indicated that criteria for choosing the model are best guided by the perceived needs of the university students at Kenyatta University, as well as those of the entire nation, and how these needs are matched by the strengths of each of the models; that traditional African education was utilitarian, that guidance and counseling in Kenya is still in the infancy stage, that several university counseling center models exist in American Universities and colleges, that not one of these models was found to be adaptable for use in Kenya, that the physical structure of a counseling center is important to its success, and that program implementation requires a process with definite steps. Recommendations were made for a multifaceted counseling model and its implementation at Kenyatta University in Kenya; and recommendations were also made for further research. |
| 1986 | LUCAS, KIMBERLEY | DIFFERENTIAL INNOVATION ADOPTION PATTERNS OF FEMALE AND MALE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE TAITA HILLS OF KENYA (AGRICULTURE, WOMEN, DEVELOPMENT, LABOR) | THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY | MA | 134 | Abstract |
| 1986 | MACKIE, CYNTHIA | DISTURBANCE AND SUCCESSION RESULTING FROM SHIFTING CULTIVATION IN AN UPLAND RAINFOREST IN INDONESIAN BORNEO (DEFORESTATION, KENYAH DAYAK, KALIMANTAN) | RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY – NEW BRUNSWICK | PHD | 251 | The objective of this study was to characterize the spatial pattern, frequency, predictability and severity of disturbances generated by anthropogenic activities and compare them to other gap-forming disturbances in a tropical rainforest. The effects of disturbances were assessed in terms of plant community composition and structure, successional dynamics and vegetation heterogeneity. Shifting cultivation practices of the Kenyah Dayak were used as a case study in the Apo Kayan, a remote upland plateau in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data collection included mapping agricultural fields, plot and line-intercept sampling, surveys of household labor and rice production, and open-ended interviews. Results showed this anthropogenic disturbance generates clusters of patches up to 30 ha consisting of rice fields and successional vegetation. The size of fields, their location and the age of fallow vegetation cut varied and were determined partially by household circumstances. Forest canopy cover rapidly returned during plant succession in fallow fields. In one secondary forest, coppicing trees dominated and accounted for 25% of total basal area. A site cultivated for many consecutive years contained few forest species and was dominated by pantropical weeds. The most severe disturbance was from erosional landslides, although shifting cultivation affected more area per year. Alternatively, the concentration of agriculture to certain locations allowed large tracts of primary forest to remain uncut. These results demonstrate the difficulty of assessing disturbance impact based on a single variable such as frequency or average size of gap. Further, the variability of land uses and factors affecting agricultural decision-making need to be carefully documented in order to accurately extrapolate previous patterns of anthropogenic disturbances and to anticipate future changes. Long-fallow shifting cultivation may generate secondary forests containing trees able to recolonize fields more rapidly than forest only recently felled for agriculture and may also result in greater spatial and resource heterogeneity at the landscape scale. |
| 1986 | MARSHALL, FIONA BRIGID | ASPECTS OF THE ADVENT OF PASTORAL ECONOMIES IN EAST AFRICA (NEOLITHIC, FAUNA, KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 329 | This study was conducted in the Loita-Mara area of southwestern Kenya and addresses questions regarding the inception of food production in the region. Goals of the project included documentation of the persistence and character of hunting, and the timing and nature of early stock keeping in the Loita-Mara area. Survey and excavation were conducted in conjunction with Peter Robertshaw of the British Institute in Eastern Africa. Faunal assemblages from one Later Stone Age and four Neolithic sites were studied. Taxonomic representation, age structures, element representation and bone modification characteristics for these assemblages are summarised. Fully established Elmenteitan and Narosuran settlement sites dating to 2,000 B.P. were found in the Loita-Mara region. The faunal samples from the Loita-Mara sites were comprised almost entirely of domesticates. The presence of zebu cattle is documented some 1,500 years earlier than previously known in East Africa. The subsistence economy of these groups has been reconstructed as that of specialised pastoralists keeping relatively large herds of cattle. Studies of offtake patterns from these sites show culling of young adult and adult animals. This is thought to indicate a relatively unstressed situation where young males could be left to attain maximum weight before culling. Thus both culling patterns and estimations of herd size are similar to modern pastoral strategies in an unstressed situation. It is hypothesised that specialised pastoralism in East Africa arose as a result of opportunities for pastoral production offered by the advent of a two rainfall system about 2,500 years ago, which enabled cattle to be kept in milk year round. Variation in Elmenteitan subsistence strategy is documented at Gogo Falls in South Nyanza, where large amounts of wild taxa are present. As a result of a survey of the East African zoological literature on competition between wild and domestic animals, and selected African hunter-gatherer literature, it is suggested that hunter-gatherer/pastoral transitions in East Africa resulted at least in part from social and cultural pressures, rather than population or environmental factors alone. |
| 1986 | MASIMBA, LABAN O. | SELF-SUFFICIENCY VERSUS EXPORT CROP STRATEGIES: A COMPARATIVE FOOD POLICY ANALYSIS IN KENYA AND TRINIDAD | BOSTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 450 | The study is a comparative food policy analysis in Kenya and Trinidad. The purpose of the study is to investigate the possibility of eliminating frequent food shortages which lead to malnutrition and hunger in both countries. The general assumption is that self-sufficiency in domestic production of basic food items is the best strategy for making and implementing an agricultural policy. Currently agricultural policy in both countries is based on the production of export crops. The study then focuses on self-sufficiency versus export crops strategies in formulating and implementing an agricultural policy whose output is adequate basic food items for the current populations. The discussion about the strategies explores the following hypotheses: (1) Self-sufficiency in domestic food production is less likely to be possible as long as both Kenya and Trinidad base their food policies on agricultural development strategies perpetuated by the colonialists prior to political independence. (2) There is a shortage in the supply of arable land which is essential for self-sufficiency in food production. (3) Shortages of energy inputs especially, artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides is a major constraint to producing adequate food. (4) The current activities characterized by Research and Development (R and D) act as constraints to increasing domestic food production. To explore the hypotheses, field research was done in two districts: Kakamega in Kenya and St. George County in Trinidad. Data was collected through a questionnaire submitted to a sample of population engaged in agriculture in each district. In addition, personal interviews and conversations were conducted among samples of policy-makers, farmers, faculty and university students who play major roles in agricultural development. Data was analysed at Boston University using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Results of the study confirm that Kenya or Trinidad can produce adequate calories and protein to feed its current population. A strategy of self-sufficiency leads to more efficient utilization of available arable land. The more efficient the utilization becomes, the less arable land is required to produce adequate basic food items for the current population in either country. Discussion of results and limitations of the study are presented in detail. |
| 1986 | MCBREARTY, SALLY ANN | THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MUGURUK SITE, WESTERN KENYA (EAST AFRICA, PALEOLITHIC, PLEISTOCENE, STONE TOOLS, LITHIC TECHNOLOGY) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 437 | At the end of the middle Pleistocene period in subsaharan Africa Homo erectus populations were replaced by archaic members of our own species, Homo sapiens. This work examines stone artifact manufacturing techniques from a stratified East African locality of this period, the Muguruk site. Deposits at Muguruk consist of 12 meters of fluvial sediments which are broken by nine stratigraphic gaps and three episodes of soil development. Three major levels of artifact accumulation occur at Muguruk, one Sangoan-Lupemban and two Middle Stone Age. Bifaces, inlcuding large heavy handaxes and finely made lanceolate points, are present in the Sangoan-Lupemban assemblage, while these are absent from the Middle Stone Age samples. Over 98% of the artifacts at Muguruk are manufactured in Miocene Ombo phonolite which crops out at the site. A radial technique of flake production remained essentially unchanged throughout the site’s occupation, and a significant proportion of all three Muguruk assemblages contain a Levallois component. Differences between the Sangoan-Lupemban and Middle Stone Age are found in the kinds of retouch applied in tool manufacture, although retouched pieces make up only 1.9% of the total of 14,817 artifacts recovered at Muguruk. Scrapers and retouched flakes in the Sangoan-Lupemban also feature bifacial and alternate retouch, while artifacts in these categories from the Middle Stone Age samples rarely exhibit this feature. Whether the makers of the Muguruk industries were late members of the species Homo erectus or early members of our own species is unknown. Their behavior indicates a deep conservatism in the retention of the radial flake production technique throughout the sequence, combined with innovativeness in the acceptance of new methods of formal artifact retouch. |
| 1986 | MCELWAIN, TERRY F. | IMMUNIZATION OF CATTLE AGAINST BABESIA BIGEMINA WITH PURIFIED SURFACE PROTEINS | WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 89 | Babesiosis caused by Babesia bigemina is a hemoprotozoan disease of cattle that poses severe constraints to livestock production in tropical and subtropical countries. Current immunization techniques have technical and biological limitations. My hypothesis is that immunization with an isolated surface protein from the intraerythrocytic merozoite stage of B. bigemina can induce an immune response that prevents parasitemia in cattle. Viable and infectious merozoites were separated from contaminating host cells by density gradient centrifugation. Monoclonal antibodies were developed against gradient separated merozoites. Nineteen monoclonal antibodies reacted with the surface of live merozoites in an immunofluorescence assay. The monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated five different biosynthetically radiolabeled proteins that contained surface exposed epitopes (72, 58, 55, 45, and 36 kd apparent molecular weights). Immune sera from cattle that had been infected with either a Mexico or a Kenya isolate of B. bigemina immunoprecipitated the same five radiolabeled proteins from the Mexico isolate, demonstrating epitope conservation between surface proteins of geographically different isolates. Four of the B. bigemina proteins (Bp 58, Bp 55, Bp 45, and Bp 36) were purified by monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography and used to immunize groups of calves. Control calves were immunized with ovalbumin. All calves were challenged with 3 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ parasitized erythrocytes from freshly harvested blood. Calves immunized with Bp 45, Bp 55, and Bp 58 were able to significantly reduce the peak parasitemia after challenge when compared to ovalbumin immunized calves. Bp 45 immunized calves were also able to significantly reduce the temperature rise associated with acute babesiosis, but in none of the surface protein immunized calves was there a statistically significant decrease in the loss of erythrocytes following challenge. The results demonstrate that immunization with merozoite surface proteins can significantly reduce the parasitemia and temperature rise of acute babesiosis, but under these challenge conditions, cannot completely prevent parasitemia and clinical disease. |
| 1986 | MERRYFIELD, MERRY M. | SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED AFRICAN NATIONS. (VOLUMES I AND II) (NIGERIA, MALAWI, KENYA) | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | EDD | 643 | This study examined the development of social studies education in Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi in order to document the relationship between social studies and national development. Guided by the paradigm of naturalistic inquiry, field work explored the conceptualization and implementation of social studies within each national context. Case studies of Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi were constructed from observations of social studies instruction, interviews with teachers, administrators, inspectors and curriculum developers, and analysis of social studies syllabuses, instructional materials and related documents. These case studies portray the historical background, contextual factors and multiple realities of social studies education in each nation. The study found that, first, social studies education is shaped by such factors as a nation’s history, its political leadership and stability, its economic resources and priorities, its societal values and norms. Second, these contextual factors directly affect the relationship between social studies and national development. Third, as each nation has its own unique combination of contextual factors, the relationship between social studies and national development differs across nations. Within nations, social studies is shaped not only by the national context but also by local circumstances. While national syllabuses may mirror the central government’s priorities, implementation in the nation’s classrooms reflects allocation of resources, teacher education and local values. In comparing social studies across the three countries, the study examined rationale and conceptualization, implementation, concerns and issues and the significance of contextual factors. Findings demonstrate that Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi lie on a continuum in their application of social studies to national development. Since independence, Nigeria has made the most progress in using the social studies curriculum to address constraints on national development. Malawi has done the least to use social studies as a development tool. Kenya lies between the two extremes as it has only recently (1986) implemented social studies as a curriculum innovation to address development goals. |
| 1986 | MUSYOKI, AGNES KOKI | THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF INTERNAL TRADE IN STAPLE FOODSTUFFS IN MACHAKOS DISTRICT, KENYA (EAST AFRICA, PERIODIC MARKETS) | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 241 | The purpose of the study is to analyze and describe the staple-food marketing system in Machakos District, Kenya, and to show how the system affects the rural population. Questionnaires, interviews and secondary sources are used to collect data on (a) the spatial and functional system of markets, (b) the bulking and bulk-breaking of maize, beans, pigeon peas, bananas and tomatoes, and (c) farmer’s expenditure and income. The analysis involves the formulation of market hierarchies, using z-score transformations. A market ring is identified by examining the market days at various markets. Population and market distribution is examined cartographically. Bulking and bulk-breaking is documented by recording trader activities. Lastly, farmers’ terms of trade are determined by comparing farmers’ expenditure with incomes. The results show an incomplete system dominated by Machakos market. A ring system exists but favors the Machakos town area. The rest of the district is poorly served by small markets and poor transportation network. The bulking and bulk-breaking processes reveal a system that favors the large scale traders and farmers over the majority of the small scale rural farmers. These conditions create an inequitable system. In order to reduce these inequalities and to encourage trade and rural-urban linkages the following strategies are suggested (a) restructuring of the periodic market hierarchy, (b) improved agricultural production, and (c) improved marketing conditions. |
| 1986 | MWANIKI, NYAGA | SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TENURE REFORM IN MBEERE (KENYA) | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 316 | This dissertation examines the changes that occurred in the economic system and social organization of the Mbeere as the result of change in their communal land tenure system to one of private proprietorship. In Kenya, individual tenure has been strongly encouraged as a means of promoting land conservation, ensuring security to tenure, and transforming the family farm into a productive enterprise that would stimulate further economic development in the rural areas. Despite this rationale, the study shows that the program to individualize land tenure was, at first, widely opposed in Mbeere since people preferred a lineage based group title. However, individual tenure eventually became widely adopted because of the increasing potential for monetary gain through land sales as well as administrative persuasion. This adoption generated a series of events, the most immediate being efforts by individuals and lineage groups to lay claims to as much land as possible for speculation as well as security for the expected future land shortage. The various means employed to establish claims generated numerous land disputes and various social conflicts. These, and the emergence of an intense individualistic attitude toward property, led to land-use restrictions and a general transformation of traditional, lineage-based social and economic relations. Landlessness and land use restrictions in concert with labor shortage, and a skewed agricultural policy, influenced the shift in emphasis from the agro-pastoral mode of production to cropping. This shift, characterized by increased adoption of crops and farming methods unsuitable to Mbeere semi-arid conditions, as well as the decline in traditional drought-resistant crops and livestock, further increased the vulnerability of the Mbeere to droughts and famines. The study makes a number of conclusions, among them, that the security of tenure achieved through the reform is likely to be temporary since the question of land inheritance remains unresolved; the continuing land accumulation by a few individuals for nonagricultural purposes amidst a growing number of landless and unemployed peasants is economically and politically unsound; and that many of the reform’s promises remain largely unrealized and, therefore, the program, when implemented, becomes an end in itself. The study suggests a reevaluation of the land policy in Kenya aimed at improving the vibility of individual tenure as a strategy for rural development. |
| 1986 | NYANGANI, DANIEL OGWENO | BOSTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 413 | This research is an analysis of Tanzania’s foreign policy on Southern Africa and the quest for African unity. The basic concept is how idiosyncratic factors manifested in Nyerere’s ideas of liberation of Africaand African unity determines both Tanzania’s domestic and foreign policy. Chapter 1 traces the consolidation of power in Tanganyika and evolution of Tanzania’s foreign policy and the confrontation with the Cold War politics as Tanganyika (now Tanzania) united with Zanzibar–a first step towards Pan African unity. In Chapters 2 and 3, I analyze the motivation of Tanzania’s support for the liberation of Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia. Here the principles of majority rule, human equality, freedom, and justice determined Tanzania’s policies towards these minority regimes. Chapter 4 describes the economic cooperation between Tanzania and its East African neighbours of Kenya and Uganda. In this chapter, I argue that during the independence period, Tanzania was more interested in political unity than economic cooperation among the East African states. However, incompatibility of economic policies between Kenya and Tanzania, and political conflict between Tanzania and Uganda led to the breakdown of East African Community. Chapter 5 analyzes Tanzania’s foreign policy relating to the crises in the Congo and Nigeria. I state that Tanzania’s lack of power (capabilities) was the major reason why she was unable to influence the behaviour of the forces involved in the conflict. In Chapter 6, I state that the diplomatic crises between Tanzania and the major powers not only accelerated Tanzania’s nonaligned posture, but influenced the Republic to urge the nonaligned nations to unite and form economic ventures among themselves as the surest way of preserving their independence and sovereignty. Finally in the conclusion, I mention that Tanzania’s national ethics of equality, justice, and human dignity play an important role in the determination of Tanzania’s domestic and foreign policy. The pursuit of these international ethical standards not only affected its relations with major powers but also its relations with other African countries such as Nigeria and Uganda. Here again, idiosyncratic and moral factors as personified by Julius K. Nyerere determined Tanzania’s foreign relations. The application of moral principles was implemented with more vigor in Southern Africa than elsewhere. Thus international morality took precedence over the narrow view of national interest. | |
| 1986 | KANYIKE, LAWRENCE KIBUUKA | IDEOLOGY AND SCHOOLING IN KENYA, 1965-78 | UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY (CANADA) | PHD | ||
| 1986 | KIM, CHANG HWAN | AFRICANIZATION AND THE RISE OF MANAGERIAL CLASS IN KENYA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY | UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 381 | Available from UMI in association with The British Library. Requires signed TDF. This thesis describes and analyses the rise of an African managerial class in Kenya. It concentrates mainly on the role of that class in the post-colonial period and in present-day Kenya (Chapters 4-6), but it also analyses its historical roots in the pre-colonial and colonial periods (Chapters 1-3). A central theme of the thesis is the symbiotic relationship between economics and politics in the process of class formation in Kenya. In both the colonial and post-colonial periods, political power and influence has been used to gain economic wealth, and economic wealth has in turn been used to secure political power and influence. This theme is illustrated in the colonial period by analysis of the role of African Local Native Councils in class formation and of the part played by the colonial state in assisting African trade and business during and after the Mau Mau Emergency. In the post-colonial period, it is pursued through analysis of the role of state institutions (like the Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation and the Kenya National Trading Corporation) in expanding the managerial class and increasing its wealth and through an analysis of the role of economic wealth and patronage in Kenyan electoral politics. The thesis also provides a new level of empirical detail on these processes through focusing on the histories, business interests and political activities of three leading members of the Kenyan managerial class. Using material not previously made available to researchers these three biographical case studies throw new light on issues such as the functioning of the ICDC and KNTC, the relationship between the Kenyan managerial class and foreign capital, and the politics of state power in Kenya. The thesis concludes by assessing the economic and political benefits and disbenefits of the activities of the African managerial class for the Kenyan people and political economy as a whole. |
| 1986 | MOREAU, A. SCOTT | DEVELOPMENT OF A MISSIONS CURRICULUM FOR THE NAIROBI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY IN NAIROBI, KENYA. | TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL | DMISS | ||
| 1986 | OWOMERO, BASIL OTHUKE | CRIME TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF THREE AFRICAN COUNTRIES, 1960-1979 | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | This study analyzes crime trends and patterns of three African countries–Nigeria, Kenya and Tanzania–for a period of twenty years (1960-1979) within the context of their development performance. Crime rate trends in the three countries reflect economic and political performance. Certain similarities in fluctuations in crime rates and in national economic and socio-political developments were observed. Nigeria’s crime rate increased over the twenty year period. The rates were generally higher in the 1970s than in the 1960s. The 1970 decade was a period of affluence as a result of increased revenue from oil export. The affluence which encouraged both conspicuous consumption and high inflation, exerted pressure toward accumulation that was expressed in crime by the well-off and the marginalized. Kenya’s crime trend shows a general decline in the 1960s followed by an increase in the first half of the 1970s and a further decline in the later half of the decade. This trend mirrors trends in economic and political developments in Kenya. The first decade of independence was marked by political stability, impressive economic growth and development programs that appealed to aspirations of Kenyans. The decline in crime rates in the 1960s is interpreted in this context. The increase in crime rate in early 1970s is placed in the context of socio-political instability that emerged in this period. Tanzania’s crime rate trend over the period shows an erratic oscillation that is somewhat inconsistent with trends in economic and political developments. Barring data inaccuracies, the erratic trend reflect the peculiar problems of a country trying to establish a socialist order. Limited resources and socialist ideology have constrained the government to enunciate certain policies that put the population in a position encouraging potential criminality. Comparatively, Tanzania’s crime rates are generally higher than those of Nigeria and Kenya; its higher crime rate is a manifestation of social contradictions inherent in the socialist experiment. | |
| 1986 | HAYES, JANE JEDD | NOT ENOUGH WOOD FOR THE WOMEN: HOW MODERNIZATION LIMITS ACCESS TO RESOURCES IN THE DOMESTIC ECONOMY OF RURAL KENYA | CLARK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 387 | This study examines the social, historical, and geographic issues that affect rural Kenyan women’s access to fuelwood. Quantifiable questions of available bio-mass and the introduction of appropriate technology have received scholarly attention. However, the intricate network of social connections and barriers that dictate precisely what wood women gather in a given area has not thus far been given the consideration it deserves. Historical consequences of colonization, modernization, and traditional patriarchal attitudes combine to make women’s domestic labor in rural Kenya, especially the collection of wood, increasingly more difficult. Primary data for this study were collected during two three month periods of fieldwork in Masii sub-location, Machakos District, Kenya. The fieldwork included: (1) fuel survey of eighty-seven rural households, (2) in-depth questionnaires administered to six women representing different relative income levels, (3) extended interviews with these women and their families, (4) interviews with community and government officals, and (5) participant observation. In rural Kenya, collection of domestic fuelwood is done almost exclusively by women, and wood collection methods remain rudimentary and arduous. Most women report that privatization of land has diminished their access to available wood. For some women the difficulty has been exacerbated by competition with male family members who use wood for making charcoal and bricks, or sell it by the cartload. In some cases, women who formerly collected wood on their own or community lands must ‘borrow’ the wood they use for cooking. Such ‘borrowing’ often increases women’s work since some recompense (usually labor) is required. Finally, the growing number of men who work outside the household for wages has increased women’s share of necessary domestic work. Two aspects of modernization–the privatization of land and the introduction of the wage economy–are particularly pertinent. These forces have been reinforced by patriarchal traditions that dictate control of household resources, while simultaneously undervaluing women’s work. Further, this study questions the basic assumption of many researchers and government officials who consider the household a single unit of analysis. This approach does not sufficiently emphasize the gender-structured access to and use of ‘family’ resources, and thus overlooks some fundamental effects of modernization in developing countries. |
| 1986 | HEATH, CARLA WILSON | BROADCASTING IN KENYA: POLICY AND POLITICS, 1928-1984 (AFRICA, RADIO, TELEVISION) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 447 | This is an historical study of broadcasting in Kenya from the establishment of a regular service in 1928 to the twentieth anniversary of the Voice of Kenya in 1984. The focus of the study is on broadcasting policies and their relationship to changing social and economic structures, political struggles, and external pressures. The primary data for the study were interviews with policy makers and media professionals, archival deposits, National Assembly debates, and observations of Kenyan radio and television. A dual system of broadcasting was established in the colonial period, a privately owned commercial system for European and Asian settlers and a non-commercial, government operation for Africans. The structures and policies of these systems are outlined and assumptions about the role of communications in society which lay behind those systems are discussed. The formation of a single national system, which paralleled the transition of Kenya from a colony to an independent republic, is examined. Policies regarding services, technology, organization, and financing and the implications of these for radio and television programming are explored, and the role of broadcasting in the political process is analyzed. Broadcasting in Africa has typically been regarded as an administrative tool. This analysis suggests that broadcasting in Kenya is more than an instrument for progagating administrative policies and extending the personal power of national leaders. It is also an important national institution which has significantly contributed to stability in the ountry. Through the broadcasting institution, the government has been able to broaden its base of support and gain the cooperation of powerful individuals and groups necessary for it to remain in power and to carry out its development projects without excessive recourse to force. |
| 1986 | HOWARD-MATTHEWS, JACQUELINE A. | DOMESTIC POLITICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN FOUR AFRICAN COUNTRIES (TANZANIA, IVORY COAST, GHANA, KENYA) | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 707 | This study’s purpose is to show how internal political dynamics in the colonial and neo-colonial period can be used as an explanation of development policy and performance in African countries. In the study rural development goals and performance variation in four African countries–Tanzania, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Kenya–have been explained on the basis of domestic politics. The three dimensions of rural development are: agricultural production and productivity, consumption of capital inputs, and rural welfare. Performance between 1960 and 1980 is compared on two levels. On one level, each country’s degree of success in meeting its specific developmental goals was determined. On another level, countries were compared in terms of their achievements in each dimension. Historical analysis of nationalism and what is described as a coalition for development are used to show the basis on which rural development objectives are made and to explain performance variation. The nationalist movement represents the merger of two distinct movements–the rural and urban anti-colonial struggles–opposed to colonial rule. If the urban movement and its leadership assumed control of ationalism and the coalition once independence was achieved, the agenda and rural develoment goals in the country are determined by their vision of modernization and concerns. This was the case in Tanzania, Ghana, and Kenya. In Ivory Coast, on the other hand, planter-politicians gained control of the rural and urban movements and made their interests the core of the agenda. The Ivorian planters, mostly export farmers, merged with urban associations only after building a rural united front and only after the farmers and those closely associated with them began to assume positions of prominence in urban centers. In terms of performance variation, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Kenya met their rural development goals. In Kenya, however, there were additional unintended outcomes. Variation depended on the presence or absence of rural politics operating outside the structures controlled by the development coalition. In Kenya and Ghana historical conditions centered on the political relationships among export farmers, and the coalition supported the formation of a rural lobby influential enough to offset (Kenya) and undermine (Ghana) the rural development objectives of the coalition. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) |
| 1986 | HUGHES, ROBERT REES | AN EXAMINATION OF SOME EQUITY AND EFFICIENCY IMPLICATIONS OF THE POST-GRADUATION EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCES OF A SAMPLE OF GRADUATES FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, KENYA (MANPOWER PLANNING, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, HUMAN CAPITAL, TRACER STUDY METHODOLOGY) | UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON | PHD | 252 | The expansion of education opportunity in sub-Saharan Africa has been predicated on the assumption that graduates would provide the human capital vital for any modernizing effort and that education would provide an avenue for the powerless to gain power. This study examined this relationship in one country, Kenya, focusing on two questions: (1) To what extent has family background differentially influenced the post-graduation experiences of University of Nairobi graduates? (2) To what extent has the vastly expanded supply of graduates and the changing needs of the Kenyan labor market impacted the efficient absorption of University of Nairobi graduates into the economy? Based upon the conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the relationship between socio-economic background, educational attainment, and occupational placement, it was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in the post-graduation experiences of graduates from less and more advantaged family backgrounds. It was also hypothesized that earlier (1970) graduates would benefit from the relative dearth of competition in the labor market by securing higher-level, permanent employment more rapidly than later (1975, 1979, 1983) graduates. Conclusions are based on the findings of a tracer study of a sample of 464 randomly-selected chemistry, mathematics, commerce, and sociology graduates from the University of Nairobi, who completed their work in 1970, 1975, 1979, and 1983. Of those located, 76.4 percent responded to a mailed survey asking them to provide information on family background, post-graduation employment, and educational histories. Data pointed to limited influence of family background. Graduates with diverse family backgrounds were generally found to have similar post-graduation experiences. However, this may be changing as the competition for desirable employment intensifies. Data highlighted a growing saturation of the labor market. This dramatically impacted the experience of the 1983 cohort, which differed significantly from the earlier cohorts in terms of first job level, length of unemployment, tendency to accept temporary employment, and utilization of training. Other factors that play a role in the pattern of employment, e.g., ethnicity, field of study, academic performance, secondary school attended, and sex, were also examined. |
| 1986 | KARIUKI, MWANGI WA | DETERMINANTS OF LANGUAGE CHOICE BY MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGERS IN THE KENYAN PUBLIC SECTOR (KENYA, EAST AFRICA) | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | MA | 123 | Abstract |
| 1986 | KILONZO, GIDEON KIMUYU | AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF UNIVERSITY COUNSELING CENTER MODELS ADAPTABLE TO EDUCATION IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA | EDD | 167 | Problem Statement. The purpose of the study was to identify a university counseling model that is most appropriate for adaptation at the university and college levels in Kenya and to propose a model for implementation in Kenya. Procedures. The study was a library research. The information collected was of a descriptive nature. The data and information on the topic was found in the Library of The University of South Dakota, the Library of Congress, The University of Kansas, the University of North Dakota, the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, the Bureau of Education Research at Kenyatta University and the Institute of Development Studies of the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The major thrust of the study focused on the educational system in Kenya including traditional, and formal education, major counseling center models found in universities and colleges in the United States of America, counseling and guidance in Kenya, identification of a model for adaptation in Kenya, model implementation procedures and design elements of the physical structure of the center. Findings. The findings for this study indicated that criteria for choosing the model are best guided by the perceived needs of the university students at Kenyatta University, as well as those of the entire nation, and how these needs are matched by the strengths of each of the models; that traditional African education was utilitarian, that guidance and counseling in Kenya is still in the infancy stage, that several university counseling center models exist in American Universities and colleges, that not one of these models was found to be adaptable for use in Kenya, that the physical structure of a counseling center is important to its success, and that program implementation requires a process with definite steps. Recommendations were made for a multifaceted counseling model and its implementation at Kenyatta University in Kenya; and recommendations were also made for further research. |
| 1986 | LUCAS, KIMBERLEY | DIFFERENTIAL INNOVATION ADOPTION PATTERNS OF FEMALE AND MALE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE TAITA HILLS OF KENYA (AGRICULTURE, WOMEN, DEVELOPMENT, LABOR) | THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY | MA | 134 | Abstract |
| 1986 | MACKIE, CYNTHIA | DISTURBANCE AND SUCCESSION RESULTING FROM SHIFTING CULTIVATION IN AN UPLAND RAINFOREST IN INDONESIAN BORNEO (DEFORESTATION, KENYAH DAYAK, KALIMANTAN) | RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY – NEW BRUNSWICK | PHD | 251 | The objective of this study was to characterize the spatial pattern, frequency, predictability and severity of disturbances generated by anthropogenic activities and compare them to other gap-forming disturbances in a tropical rainforest. The effects of disturbances were assessed in terms of plant community composition and structure, successional dynamics and vegetation heterogeneity. Shifting cultivation practices of the Kenyah Dayak were used as a case study in the Apo Kayan, a remote upland plateau in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data collection included mapping agricultural fields, plot and line-intercept sampling, surveys of household labor and rice production, and open-ended interviews. Results showed this anthropogenic disturbance generates clusters of patches up to 30 ha consisting of rice fields and successional vegetation. The size of fields, their location and the age of fallow vegetation cut varied and were determined partially by household circumstances. Forest canopy cover rapidly returned during plant succession in fallow fields. In one secondary forest, coppicing trees dominated and accounted for 25% of total basal area. A site cultivated for many consecutive years contained few forest species and was dominated by pantropical weeds. The most severe disturbance was from erosional landslides, although shifting cultivation affected more area per year. Alternatively, the concentration of agriculture to certain locations allowed large tracts of primary forest to remain uncut. These results demonstrate the difficulty of assessing disturbance impact based on a single variable such as frequency or average size of gap. Further, the variability of land uses and factors affecting agricultural decision-making need to be carefully documented in order to accurately extrapolate previous patterns of anthropogenic disturbances and to anticipate future changes. Long-fallow shifting cultivation may generate secondary forests containing trees able to recolonize fields more rapidly than forest only recently felled for agriculture and may also result in greater spatial and resource heterogeneity at the landscape scale. |
| 1986 | MARSHALL, FIONA BRIGID | ASPECTS OF THE ADVENT OF PASTORAL ECONOMIES IN EAST AFRICA (NEOLITHIC, FAUNA, KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | PHD | 329 | This study was conducted in the Loita-Mara area of southwestern Kenya and addresses questions regarding the inception of food production in the region. Goals of the project included documentation of the persistence and character of hunting, and the timing and nature of early stock keeping in the Loita-Mara area. Survey and excavation were conducted in conjunction with Peter Robertshaw of the British Institute in Eastern Africa. Faunal assemblages from one Later Stone Age and four Neolithic sites were studied. Taxonomic representation, age structures, element representation and bone modification characteristics for these assemblages are summarised. Fully established Elmenteitan and Narosuran settlement sites dating to 2,000 B.P. were found in the Loita-Mara region. The faunal samples from the Loita-Mara sites were comprised almost entirely of domesticates. The presence of zebu cattle is documented some 1,500 years earlier than previously known in East Africa. The subsistence economy of these groups has been reconstructed as that of specialised pastoralists keeping relatively large herds of cattle. Studies of offtake patterns from these sites show culling of young adult and adult animals. This is thought to indicate a relatively unstressed situation where young males could be left to attain maximum weight before culling. Thus both culling patterns and estimations of herd size are similar to modern pastoral strategies in an unstressed situation. It is hypothesised that specialised pastoralism in East Africa arose as a result of opportunities for pastoral production offered by the advent of a two rainfall system about 2,500 years ago, which enabled cattle to be kept in milk year round. Variation in Elmenteitan subsistence strategy is documented at Gogo Falls in South Nyanza, where large amounts of wild taxa are present. As a result of a survey of the East African zoological literature on competition between wild and domestic animals, and selected African hunter-gatherer literature, it is suggested that hunter-gatherer/pastoral transitions in East Africa resulted at least in part from social and cultural pressures, rather than population or environmental factors alone. |
| 1986 | MASIMBA, LABAN O. | SELF-SUFFICIENCY VERSUS EXPORT CROP STRATEGIES: A COMPARATIVE FOOD POLICY ANALYSIS IN KENYA AND TRINIDAD | BOSTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 450 | The study is a comparative food policy analysis in Kenya and Trinidad. The purpose of the study is to investigate the possibility of eliminating frequent food shortages which lead to malnutrition and hunger in both countries. The general assumption is that self-sufficiency in domestic production of basic food items is the best strategy for making and implementing an agricultural policy. Currently agricultural policy in both countries is based on the production of export crops. The study then focuses on self-sufficiency versus export crops strategies in formulating and implementing an agricultural policy whose output is adequate basic food items for the current populations. The discussion about the strategies explores the following hypotheses: (1) Self-sufficiency in domestic food production is less likely to be possible as long as both Kenya and Trinidad base their food policies on agricultural development strategies perpetuated by the colonialists prior to political independence. (2) There is a shortage in the supply of arable land which is essential for self-sufficiency in food production. (3) Shortages of energy inputs especially, artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides is a major constraint to producing adequate food. (4) The current activities characterized by Research and Development (R and D) act as constraints to increasing domestic food production. To explore the hypotheses, field research was done in two districts: Kakamega in Kenya and St. George County in Trinidad. Data was collected through a questionnaire submitted to a sample of population engaged in agriculture in each district. In addition, personal interviews and conversations were conducted among samples of policy-makers, farmers, faculty and university students who play major roles in agricultural development. Data was analysed at Boston University using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Results of the study confirm that Kenya or Trinidad can produce adequate calories and protein to feed its current population. A strategy of self-sufficiency leads to more efficient utilization of available arable land. The more efficient the utilization becomes, the less arable land is required to produce adequate basic food items for the current population in either country. Discussion of results and limitations of the study are presented in detail. |
| 1986 | MCBREARTY, SALLY ANN | THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MUGURUK SITE, WESTERN KENYA (EAST AFRICA, PALEOLITHIC, PLEISTOCENE, STONE TOOLS, LITHIC TECHNOLOGY) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 437 | At the end of the middle Pleistocene period in subsaharan Africa Homo erectus populations were replaced by archaic members of our own species, Homo sapiens. This work examines stone artifact manufacturing techniques from a stratified East African locality of this period, the Muguruk site. Deposits at Muguruk consist of 12 meters of fluvial sediments which are broken by nine stratigraphic gaps and three episodes of soil development. Three major levels of artifact accumulation occur at Muguruk, one Sangoan-Lupemban and two Middle Stone Age. Bifaces, inlcuding large heavy handaxes and finely made lanceolate points, are present in the Sangoan-Lupemban assemblage, while these are absent from the Middle Stone Age samples. Over 98% of the artifacts at Muguruk are manufactured in Miocene Ombo phonolite which crops out at the site. A radial technique of flake production remained essentially unchanged throughout the site’s occupation, and a significant proportion of all three Muguruk assemblages contain a Levallois component. Differences between the Sangoan-Lupemban and Middle Stone Age are found in the kinds of retouch applied in tool manufacture, although retouched pieces make up only 1.9% of the total of 14,817 artifacts recovered at Muguruk. Scrapers and retouched flakes in the Sangoan-Lupemban also feature bifacial and alternate retouch, while artifacts in these categories from the Middle Stone Age samples rarely exhibit this feature.Whether the makers of the Muguruk industries were late members of the species Homo erectus or early members of our own species is unknown. Their behavior indicates a deep conservatism in the retention of the radial flake production technique throughout the sequence, combined with innovativeness in the acceptance of new methods of formal artifact retouch. |
| 1986 | MCELWAIN, TERRY F. | IMMUNIZATION OF CATTLE AGAINST BABESIA BIGEMINA WITH PURIFIED SURFACE PROTEINS | WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 89 | Babesiosis caused by Babesia bigemina is a hemoprotozoan disease of cattle that poses severe constraints to livestock production in tropical and subtropical countries. Current immunization techniques have technical and biological limitations. My hypothesis is that immunization with an isolated surface protein from the intraerythrocytic merozoite stage of B. bigemina can induce an immune response that prevents parasitemia in cattle. Viable and infectious merozoites were separated from contaminating host cells by density gradient centrifugation. Monoclonal antibodies were developed against gradient separated merozoites. Nineteen monoclonal antibodies reacted with the surface of live merozoites in an immunofluorescence assay. The monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated five different biosynthetically radiolabeled proteins that contained surface exposed epitopes (72, 58, 55, 45, and 36 kd apparent molecular weights). Immune sera from cattle that had been infected with either a Mexico or a Kenya isolate of B. bigemina immunoprecipitated the same five radiolabeled proteins from the Mexico isolate, demonstrating epitope conservation between surface proteins of geographically different isolates. Four of the B. bigemina proteins (Bp 58, Bp 55, Bp 45, and Bp 36) were purified by monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography and used to immunize groups of calves. Control calves were immunized with ovalbumin. All calves were challenged with 3 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ parasitized erythrocytes from freshly harvested blood. Calves immunized with Bp 45, Bp 55, and Bp 58 were able to significantly reduce the peak parasitemia after challenge when compared to ovalbumin immunized calves. Bp 45 immunized calves were also able to significantly reduce the temperature rise associated with acute babesiosis, but in none of the surface protein immunized calves was there a statistically significant decrease in the loss of erythrocytes following challenge. The results demonstrate that immunization with merozoite surface proteins can significantly reduce the parasitemia and temperature rise of acute babesiosis, but under these challenge conditions, cannot completely prevent parasitemia and clinical disease. |
| 1986 | MERRYFIELD, MERRY M. | SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED AFRICAN NATIONS. (VOLUMES I AND II) (NIGERIA, MALAWI, KENYA) | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | EDD | 643 | This study examined the development of social studies education in Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi in order to document the relationship between social studies and national development. Guided by the paradigm of naturalistic inquiry, field work explored the conceptualization and implementation of social studies within each national context. Case studies of Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi were constructed from observations of social studies instruction, interviews with teachers, administrators, inspectors and curriculum developers, and analysis of social studies syllabuses, instructional materials and related documents. These case studies portray the historical background, contextual factors and multiple realities of social studies education in each nation. The study found that, first, social studies education is shaped by such factors as a nation’s history, its political leadership and stability, its economic resources and priorities, its societal values and norms. Second, these contextual factors directly affect the relationship between social studies and national development. Third, as each nation has its own unique combination of contextual factors, the relationship between social studies and national development differs across nations. Within nations, social studies is shaped not only by the national context but also by local circumstances. While national syllabuses may mirror the central government’s priorities, implementation in the nation’s classrooms reflects allocation of resources, teacher education and local values. In comparing social studies across the three countries, the study examined rationale and conceptualization, implementation, concerns and issues and the significance of contextual factors. Findings demonstrate that Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi lie on a continuum in their application of social studies to national development. Since independence, Nigeria has made the most progress in using the social studies curriculum to address constraints on national development. Malawi has done the least to use social studies as a development tool. Kenya lies between the two extremes as it has only recently (1986) implemented social studies as a curriculum innovation to address development goals. |
| 1986 | MUSYOKI, AGNES KOKI | THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF INTERNAL TRADE IN STAPLE FOODSTUFFS IN MACHAKOS DISTRICT, KENYA (EAST AFRICA, PERIODIC MARKETS) | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 241 | The purpose of the study is to analyze and describe the staple-food marketing system in Machakos District, Kenya, and to show how the system affects the rural population. Questionnaires, interviews and secondary sources are used to collect data on (a) the spatial and functional system of markets, (b) the bulking and bulk-breaking of maize, beans, pigeon peas, bananas and tomatoes, and (c) farmer’s expenditure and income. The analysis involves the formulation of market hierarchies, using z-score transformations. A market ring is identified by examining the market days at various markets. Population and market distribution is examined cartographically. Bulking and bulk-breaking is documented by recording trader activities. Lastly, farmers’ terms of trade are determined by comparing farmers’ expenditure with incomes. The results show an incomplete system dominated by Machakos market. A ring system exists but favors the Machakos town area. The rest of the district is poorly served by small markets and poor transportation network. The bulking and bulk-breaking processes reveal a system that favors the large scale traders and farmers over the majority of the small scale rural farmers. These conditions create an inequitable system. In order to reduce these inequalities and to encourage trade and rural-urban linkages the following strategies are suggested (a) restructuring of the periodic market hierarchy, (b) improved agricultural production, and (c) improved marketing conditions. |
| 1986 | MWANIKI, NYAGA | SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TENURE REFORM IN MBEERE (KENYA) | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 316 | This dissertation examines the changes that occurred in the economic system and social organization of the Mbeere as the result of change in their communal land tenure system to one of private proprietorship. In Kenya, individual tenure has been strongly encouraged as a means of promoting land conservation, ensuring security to tenure, and transforming the family farm into a productive enterprise that would stimulate further economic development in the rural areas. Despite this rationale, the study shows that the program to individualize land tenure was, at first, widely opposed in Mbeere since people preferred a lineage based group title. However, individual tenure eventually became widely adopted because of the increasing potential for monetary gain through land sales as well as administrative persuasion. This adoption generated a series of events, the most immediate being efforts by individuals and lineage groups to lay claims to as much land as possible for speculation as well as security for the expected future land shortage. The various means employed to establish claims generated numerous land disputes and various social conflicts. These, and the emergence of an intense individualistic attitude toward property, led to land-use restrictions and a general transformation of traditional, lineage-based social and economic relations. Landlessness and land use restrictions in concert with labor shortage, and a skewed agricultural policy, influenced the shift in emphasis from the agro-pastoral mode of production to cropping. This shift, characterized by increased adoption of crops and farming methods unsuitable to Mbeere semi-arid conditions, as well as the decline in traditional drought-resistant crops and livestock, further increased the vulnerability of the Mbeere to droughts and famines. The study makes a number of conclusions, among them, that the security of tenure achieved through the reform is likely to be temporary since the question of land inheritance remains unresolved; the continuing land accumulation by a few individuals for nonagricultural purposes amidst a growing number of landless and unemployed peasants is economically and politically unsound; and that many of the reform’s promises remain largely unrealized and, therefore, the program, when implemented, becomes an end in itself. The study suggests a reevaluation of the land policy in Kenya aimed at improving the viability of individual tenure as a strategy for rural development. |
| 1986 | NYANGANI, DANIEL OGWENO | TANZANIA’S FOREIGN POLICY: THE SUPPORT FOR THE LIBERATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA AND THE QUEST FOR AFRICAN UNITY | BOSTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 413 | This research is an analysis of Tanzania’s foreign policy on Southern Africa and the quest for African unity. The basic concept is how idiosyncratic factors manifested in Nyerere’s ideas of liberation of Africa and African unity determines both Tanzania’s domestic and foreign policy. Chapter 1 traces the consolidation of power in Tanganyika and evolution of Tanzania’s foreign policy and the confrontation with the Cold War politics as Tanganyika (now Tanzania) united with Zanzibar–a first step towards Pan African unity. In Chapters 2 and 3, I analyze the motivation of Tanzania’s support for the liberation of Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia. Here the principles of majority rule, human equality, freedom, and justice determined Tanzania’s policies towards these minority regimes. Chapter 4 describes the economic cooperation between Tanzania and its East African neighbours of Kenya and Uganda. In this chapter, I argue that during the independence period, Tanzania was more interested in political unity than economic cooperation among the East African states. However, incompatibility of economic policies between Kenya and Tanzania, and political conflict between Tanzania and Uganda led to the breakdown of East African Community. Chapter 5 analyzes Tanzania’s foreign policy relating to the crises in the Congo and Nigeria. I state that Tanzania’s lack of power (capabilities) was the major reason why she was unable to influence the behaviour of the forces involved in the conflict. In Chapter 6, I state that the diplomatic crises between Tanzania and the major powers not only accelerated Tanzania’s nonaligned posture, but influenced the Republic to urge the nonaligned nations to unite and form economic ventures among themselves as the surest way of preserving their independence and sovereignty. Finally in the conclusion, I mention that Tanzania’s national ethics of equality, justice, and human dignity play an important role in the determination of Tanzania’s domestic and foreign policy. The pursuit of these international ethical standards not only affected its relations with major powers but also its relations with other African countries such as Nigeria and Uganda. Here again, idiosyncratic and moral factors as personified by Julius K. Nyerere determined Tanzania’s foreign relations. The application of moral principles was implemented with more vigor in Southern Africa than elsewhere. Thus international morality took precedence over the narrow view of national interest. |
| 1986 | PINCKNEY, THOMAS COTESWORTH, III | PRODUCTION INSTABILITY AND FOOD SECURITY IN KENYA: MEASURING TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN GOVERNMENT OBJECTIVES (DYNAMIC, PROGRAMMING, STOCHASTIC, SIMULATION, MAIZE) | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 204 | Kenya must deal with weather-induced fluctuations in the production of its staple crop, maize. The government has at least three objectives in this area: (1) to minimize (real) price fluctuations from year to year; (2) to minimize imports; and (3) to minimize financial costs to the government. This study attempts to measure the trade-offs between these conflicting objectives, and to identify the types of trade, stock and price policies that will be most efficient at meeting the objectives. Previous studies by other analysts and government officials have proposed that the government marketing agency become a buffer stock manager that enforces a price band for maize. The allowed variability of prices and the allowed variability of closing stocks are the key parameters of such a policy. In this study, those two parameters are varied in order to measure the effectiveness of different policies of this type at meeting the objectives. An optimization approach, dynamic programming, is also employed to identify the best policies for different combinations of weights on the government objectives. Trade-offs between the different objectives are calculated by varying the parameters of the price band/buffer stock policies and comparing the resulting values of the three objectives. Similar calculations are done for the optimal policies by varying the objective function weights on the objectives. In all cases, small increases in price instability lead to relatively large decreases in imports and fiscal cost. In addition, it is found that the trade-offs as measured by the price band/buffer stock policies are biased. Although the optimal policies are considerably more efficient at meeting the government objectives than the price band/buffer stock policies, they would be difficult to implement. There is thus another type of trade-off: complexity of a policy versus its cost. Consequently, differences between the optimal and price band policies are examined, and elements of the optimal policy are introduced into the price band policy. The result is a relatively simple policy which approaches the efficiency of the optimal policy. |
| 1986 | PRESLEY, CORA ANN | THE TRANSFORMATION OF KIKUYU WOMEN AND THEIR NATIONALISM (MAU MAU, KENYA, AFRICAN, CIRCUMCISION, LABOR) | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 324 | Despite women’s participation in the nationalist movement in Kenya, their contributions have been ignored in Kenyan historiography. This dissertation contributes to the literature on social change in Kenya through examining women’s economic and political roles from the precolonial period to the independence period in Kiambu district. British colonialism introduced changes in land ownership, labor, political organization and cultural practices. These new conditions meant changes in women’s roles. This study analyzes the process through which women roles were changed; it also examines women’s reaction to the destructive stimuli of colonialism. The two main areas of change were in the organization of labor and politics. Women were forced to become wage laborers for the settler estates under harsh conditions. Women of Kiambu district initiated independent political and labor actions from the 1930s. They focused on labor conditions and staged ‘strikes’ to try to redress their labor grievances. The second focus of women’s activism was nationalism. Though women’s nationalism was connected to men’s and addressed the same issues, it had an independent base. For 20 years, cadres of rural women organized other women and men in demonstrations for the return of land and political empowerment. This led to an extensive network of women in the district and a growth of political consciousness which produced a high level of women’s participation in the ‘Mau Mau’ rebellion. ‘Mau Mau’ is still portrayed in African historiography as a male revolt against colonialism. This study chronicles the growth of women’s political leadership and their contributions to this important aspect of Kenya’s history. Because of their prominence in ‘Mau Mau’ and nationalism, changes occurred in gender roles in Kikuyu and Kenyan society. Women gained entry into the formal political processes and a base for the definition women’s place in society in independent Kenya was created. This dissertation posits the social change for women occurred because of their leadership and initiative in the politics of nationalism. In independent Kenya, women gained rights that had been denied them in precolonial Kikuyu society. |
| 1986 | RAFFERTY, ANN PATRICIA | ASSESSMENT OF LENGTH DATA FROM PRESCHOOL CHILDREN FOR USE IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (GROWTH, ANTHROPOMETRY, RELIABILITY, HEIGHT) | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 243 | The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of the length data from a large national nutrition survey for use in an investigation into the relationship between indicators of macro level food availability and child stature. The lengths and weights of children from a 5% subsample of clusters from the Third Kenyan Child Nutrition Survey were remeasured between two and five months after the initial survey. A comparison of the Z-scores of length from the two measurements on the same children revealed a positive bias overall of .10 Z-score units (or approximately .5 cm) in the original length measurements in comparison to the resurvey measurements. Bias in length also showed a curvilinear relationship with age, with three year olds showing the largest bias at +.31 Z-score units (or approximately 3.0 cm). The results of the investigation into random errors in length data were less clear due in part to the incorporation of growth related variation. However, a comparison of the standard deviations from the Kenyan length data with the standard deviations from the WHO growth standards indicated a much higher non-nutritional variation in Kenyan length data. Stature data combined from the First (1977), Second (1978/79), and Third (1982) Nutrition Surveys in Kenya were used to investigate the relationship between macro food indicators and attained growth in children. Annual district level maize production per capita was used as a proxy for food availability over the period 1973 through 1981, the period covered by the lifetimes of the children in the three Kenyan Nutrition Surveys. Regression analyses indicated a positive relationship between the Z-scores of length and maize production per capita the year prior to the survey measurements. Recommendations are made for future national nutrition surveys conducted within the framework of large multi-purpose household surveys. |
| 1986 | SCHULER, MARGARET ANN | WOMEN, LAW, AND DEVELOPMENT: AN EXPLORATION OF LEGAL, EDUCATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES TO RAISE THE STATUS OF LOW-INCOME THIRD WORLD WOMEN (KENYA, NEPAL, PERU) | THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY | EDD | 253 | This qualitative, comparative study of educational, legal, and organizational strategies used by Third World, nongovernmental organizations to improve the status of low-income women identifies differences and similarities in three areas: program components, structures, and processes. Case studies from Nepal, Kenya, and Peru are compared. A framework for identifying and comparing the programs was established on the basis of (1) a review of relevant literature of women, law, and development and (2) an analytical and diagnostic model of anticipated program components and processes. The programs selected for field study had similar goals and target populations but represented different locations, sociopolitical contexts, and cultures. A set of open-ended questions guided the collection and analysis of data, which was obtained primarily from interviews and documents. Separate case studies describe and analyze each program, its socioeconomic and political context, and the factors that appear to have influenced its design. A cross-case analysis compares and contrasts the three programs. The study found similarities in the design of all three programs: all included legal literacy, law reform, and legal services as the principal means of improving the status of low-income women. The programs varied, however, in the processes they used, especially with regard to educational methodologies and staff roles. The study also identified a series of external variables that influence program structure, content, and methodology. These variables provide the basis for the following propositions that are to be tested in future research: (1) The political context of a program delimits the possibilities of program action; (2) leadership and organizational sponsorship affect program process; and (3) the ideological framework of program designers and implementers affects program structures and methods. The study pointed up the dynamic and political nature of women, law, and development programs. |
| 1986 | SINDIGA, ISAAC | POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN MAASAILAND, KENYA (AFRICA) | SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 332 | Population pressure is an imbalance between population and resources. This imbalance worsens when population grows faster than the economy can be developed. In the semi-arid and arid areas of Kenya population pressure has reached a crisis level. Recurrent food shortages, escalating undernutrition and malnutrition especially among infants and children, and chronic poverty are divesting residents’ hope of ever leading a secure life. On the landscape, severe soil erosion and general vegetation and water abuse all are signs of the overexploitation of resources. This study investigates the magnitude and spatial variation of population pressure in Maasailand. Another purpose is to assess government response to population pressure. It is argued that population is a critical component in regional development especially in the short term. An historical analysis is used to trace the emergence of population pressure. Contemporary population pressure is investigated through the computation of carrying capacities and the analysis of its consequences in various ecological zones. Both documentary and field research provide data for the study. The findings are that modern population pressure began during the colonial era. Exogenous factors (the colonial and postcolonial economic system and immigration) and internal societal dynamics (population growth) led the Maasai to lose control of their production system and to their inability to respond to changed circumstances. The Maasai were ‘conquered’ and incorporated into colonial rule, and then isolated and ignored. A mix of insensitive government policies and failure of the Maasai economic system to adjust, and increase productivity led not only to the impoverishment of the resource base, but to impoverishment of the people themselves. The empirical results show that within Maasailand, population pressure is greatest in the drier parts (zones IV to VI). Food insufficiency is characteristic and incomes are depressed. Overgrazing and soil erosion are severe. The same areas are also the most remote in terms of access to basic development infrastructure such as roads, markets, health facilities, and water. |
| 1986 | SUDA, COLLETTE A. | HOUSEHOLD LABOUR ORGANIZATION AND UTILIZATION PATTERNS ON SMALL FARMS IN WESTERN KENYA: IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA | 287 | A salient feature of smallholder production in Western Kenya is the use of family labour. Wage labour is the least dominant form of organizing subsistence production. The small farm households have been integrated into the larger market economy. The penetration of capitalist influence into the indigenous economy is reflected by the emergence of labour and land markets and a growing involvement in the migration process, off-farm employment and schooling. This study examined the impact of these processes on family labour supply to determine the extent to which they withdraw labour from the household. In view of the differences between the two communities and the complexity of the factors at play, the determination of cause and effect is necessarily problematic. The issues that have been dealt with in this study are a product of a dialectical interplay between the internal processes at the household level and the external forces emanating from the larger market system. The withdrawal of household labour through male labour migration, off-farm employment and school participation of children have led to major changes in the structure of the division of labour. One of the consequences of these processes is the expansion of women’s roles in reproduction and production. The data showed that women in Western Kenya make a significant contribution to agricultural production. They are very heavily involved in crop production and household activities. Their involvement in livestock production is culturally defined and structurally circumscribed even though when the children and male heads of household are away, women combine livestock activities with their traditional responsibilities. The study found that availability of family labour is vital to farm production especially in terms of the amount of land that can be brought under cultivation. But labour alone is not a sufficient factor. Equitable access to land and other productive resources is critical. | |
| 1986 | WACHER, TIMOTHY JOHN | THE ECOLOGY AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF FRINGE EARED ORYX, ON THE GALANA RANCH, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 474 | Available from UMI in association with The British Library. Requires signed TDF. Fringe eared oryx were studied on the Galana Ranch in S.E. Kenya, from June 1980 to December 1983. The study was designed to describe aspects of the ecology and behaviour of wild oryx and compare them with a group of domestic oryx kept at Galana. The domestic oryx are the result of a ten year experimental trial exploring the feasibility of using oryx for meat production. They show advantageous physiological adaptations under domestication, but retain behavioural disadvantages. Individual wild oryx were studied by radio tracking. Wild oryx were classed into age categories calibrated by comparison with known age domestic oryx. Data were collected in coded form on data sheets in the field and transferred to computer for analysis in Oxford. The study animals were selected to provide information on female ranging and reproductive behaviour and to compare between herd living and solitary males. Females used 2-300km$/sp2$ areas over a year; using small local areas in the short term. Female movements were related to grass growth condition; they showed a preference for areas of diverse habitat in all seasons, with a tendency to move into open grassland in the wet season. Herd living males showed similar movement patterns to females. Solitary males lived in small areas of 5-8km$/sp2$, typically located in mixed habitat areas. Male and female wild oryx were found to drink at 4-5 day intervals in the dry season, making 20km round trips in the course of a day to do so. Radio collared females showed that they live in groups that undergo continual change in membership; group size shows wet season aggregation and dry season fragmentation. Non-territorial male group size was similar to female group size, but territorial males were most often seen alone. Females and non-territorial males lived in mixed sex groups; the adult sex ratio in groups varied; males tended to be proportionately more abundant in groups where young oryx were absent. Territorial males were most often seen consorting with single females if not alone. Female oryx showed preferences for different types of group according to time elapsed since calving. Female oryx calve every 9-10 months; conceiving post-partum. Births occur in all months; calves lie out and females may leave herds to give birth or tend to the hiding calf. Territorial males obtain several consortships through a year, and also preferentially obtain matings when groups of oryx are on the territory. Behaviours regarded as disadvantageous traits in the domestic herd, were seen as adaptive in wild oryx. Manipulating these traits is possible, but is bound to require relatively intensive management, and incur costs that defray the small gains from physiological adaptation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1986 | WANJAMA, JOSEPH KIMANI | STUDIES ON GREENBUG, SCHIZAPHIS GRAMINUM (RONDANI) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN KENYA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | PHD | A total of 50 wheat entries were tested for host-plant resistance against the greenbug, S. graminum in 1982. The capacity for increase (r(,c)) was used to determine the antibiosis of the host-plants. Although there were no significant differences among the entries tested, retesting with six entries (four highest and two lowest in r(,c)) in 1983, and 1985 showed significant differences. Tolerance in 1982 was determined by the ability of the greenbug-damaged plants to recover and produce grain. Grain yield and seedling dry weight were used to assess the impact of greenbug feeding in 1983 and 1985. Antixenosis was determined by the number of greenbugs that settled on the various wheat entries. Both alatae and apterae were used in the greenhouse. In the field, antixenosis was determined by the number of immigrants that landed on the wheat entries. Most entries were susceptible but Kenya Fahari ranked high in all the mechanisms. Yellow water traps were found to be completely ineffective in catching S. graminum while clear sticky traps caught this aphid species at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 m above ground. Two flight periods were distinguished each year following rainfall pattern; June to September and October to February. No greenbugs were caught from March to May. Paedogenesis occurred among alate and apterous greenbugs in the fourth instar and was influenced by temperature; the incidence of paedogenesis was 0, 0.46, and 3.93% at 15, 21, and 25(DEGREES)C respectively among alatae and occurred only at 25(DEGREES)C among apterae with 0.93% reproducing paedogenetically. Twelve percent of alate greenbugs produced alate offspring when crowded as fourth instars followed by a second crowding soon after the last moult. The amount of heterogeneity in greenbug populations varies from one year to another, and is probably reduced by selection during the dry years. It is suggested that factors increasing heterogeneity are genetic mutation and immigration of individuals from areas where sexual reproduction may take place. | |
| 1986 | WORTHAM, ROBERT ALEXANDER | SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT AND RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION IN KENYA | EMORY UNIVERSITY | PHD | 411 | Kenya is a developing nation. Independence was obtained from Britian in 1963, and economic growth has been experienced. National level studies of development are misleading because they ignore spatial differences in development. This study is a replication of Edward Soja’s The Geography of Modernization in Kenya (1968). Soja’s work addressed district level differences in development at the close of the colonial period. This study traces district level differences in socioeconomic development from 1962 – 1979. The primary religious orientation of each district (Christian, African Traditional Religion, Islam) functions as an indicator of the population’s response to development. Twenty-six indicators of socioeconomic development are utilized in the construction of general development scales, and development scores are calculated for each district for 1962, 1969 and 1979. Socioeconomic development is restricted to the areas of education, health, family structure, modern agriculture and industry. Major historical developments in each area from the colonial through the independent periods are identified. The rise of political consciousness and changes within the major religious communities are addressed also. Several significant findings emerge from the analysis of the three data sets. First, the 1962 data confirm Soja’s finding that distinct spatial inequalities were present at the close of the colonial period. The more developed areas were Nairobi, Mombasa and the ‘White Highlands’, whereas, the coastal and semi-arid and arid regions were less developed. Second, all three data sets indicate that a district’s level of development varies with its primary religious orientation. The more developed districts are predominately Christian, and the less developed districts are primarily Traditional and Islamic. Finally, the 1969 and 1979 data sets indicate that spatial inequalities in development have persisted in independent Kenya. The continued dominance of Nairobi/Central province, Mombasa and the eastern section of the former ‘White Highlands’ is discernible. However, the development gap between western Kenya and the Rift Valley appears to be closing, and there is evidence of improvement in development in some of the semi-arid and arid areas. These factors point to a slight reduction in the spatial inequalities in development over time. |
| 1986 | BLIGHT, STEPHEN WARNER | PASTORAL PRODUCTION AND CHANGE: PASTORALISTS, DEVELOPMENT AND THE STATE IN KENYA | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | Abstract | |
| 1987 | WA-GACHANJA, MUIGAI | THE GIKUYU FOLK STORY: ITS STRUCTURE AND AESTHETICS (KENYA) | EMORY UNIVERSITY | PHD | 240 | This dissertation presents for analysis and study twelve Gikuyu folktales. The twelve stories were selected on the basis of their popularity among the narrators who helped me to collect and record more than fifty Gikuyu folk stories in Kariara location, Muranga, Kenya. For the most part, the twelve stories represent some of the most memorable stories that I listened to during my field-study. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the Western structuralist theories, and in particular the principles laid down by Propp and Alan Dundes in their various studies of folktales, can help us to articulate the Gikuyu folktale, its structure and meaning. Our objective is to find out the structural patterns of the Gikuyu folktale, and to discuss the twelve selected tales, their social, ethical, and psychological implications to those who tell and listen to them and also to those interested in cultural studies. As the title of the study suggests, we are also interested in the aesthetics of the Gikuyu folktale, the performance of the tales themselves, and the devices that the performer uses as she moves a story from conflict to resolution in the presence of an expectant audience. Chapter one presents a review of folkloristic scholarship in Africa, with particular attention to the state of cultural studies in Kenya. Chapter two discusses our methodological approaches, while the next three chapters present a discussion of the twelve stories. The last chapter presents a summary of the dominant structural characteristics identified in the twelve stories. |
| 1987 | WANAMBISI, MONICA NALYAKA | EIGHT MAJOR EXEMPLARS OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY AMERICAN NOVEL, 1900-1959 (DREISER, FITZGERALD, HEMINGWAY, FAULKNER, SALINGER, ELLISON, BALDWIN,MARSHALL) | ATLANTA UNIVERSITY | DA | 416 | This dissertation is a study of twentieth-century American novels which can be used in a course by Kenyan and other East African students and teachers. The selected novels can be studied as models for exemplification of the most significant developments and trends in longer American narrative fiction in the period covered by the study. Because of time limits and for purposes of presenting quality fictional works to be covered in one semester, eight novels were analyzed in this study. These are: Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway, Intruder in the Dust by William Faulkner, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger, Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, Go Tell It On The Mountain by James Baldwin and Brown Girl, Brownstones by Paule Marshall. Each of the selected novels represents a component of significance in American literature during the era designated. Sister Carrie’s strengths lie in its reflection of American life as affected by industrialization and consequent urbanization. The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises vividly present significant themes of the First World War’s ill effects on some Americans and others. Intruder in the Dust examines tensions created by racial discrimination in the Southern United States. The Catcher in the Rye treats the theme of adolescence eloquently. Go Tell It on the Mountain vividly presents Baldwin’s view of the damage that racial prejudice inflicts on both blacks and whites. Invisible Man is a powerful presentation of the black experience in the United States. Brown Girl, Brownstones vividly treats a range of subjects such as the crisis of adolescence, religion, poverty and the importance of tradition for the black American. In addition to those fundamental themes, which provide the focuses in analyzing each of the novels, the dissertation assembles specific types of information that teachers would find essential to furnish their students by way of introduction to and as the basis for study of the novels. Some of this material is for teacher-development, providing instructors kinds of information that would give shape to their teaching of the course. (Abstract shortened with permission of author). |
| 1987 | WAWERU, SAMUEL NDUNGU | LEADER BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH HEADMASTERS OF SUCCESSFUL RURAL PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | EDD | 121 | Given that over 80 percent of the Kenyan population lives in the rural areas, this study was undertaken to investigate leader behavior characteristics associated with headmasters of successful rural primary schools in Kenya. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used for data collection. Six headmasters of successful and six headmasters of less successful rural schools were randomly selected from 291 schools in the Kiambu District of central Kenya. The Leader Behavior Descriptive Questionnaire-XII (LBDQ-XII) was administered to 181 teachers from these 12 schools to rate their headmasters on 12 leader behavior dimensions. Data were also gathered using non-participant observer and unstructured interview techniques. The results were obtained by testing 13 hypotheses which were based on the 12 dimensions of the LBDQ-XII and the analysis of data obtained by qualitative techniques. The results indicate that: (1) headmasters of successful schools were rated significantly higher than headmasters of less successful schools in 11 of the 12 leader behavior characteristics; (2) compared to headmasters of less successful schools, headmasters of successful schools were able to maintain their schools in an atmosphere conducive to learning. It is hoped that these findings will have special implications in the training and recruitment of headmasters. |
| 1987 | WIDNER, JENNIFER ANNE | ORDER AND ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION: THE POLITICS OF STATE FORMATION IN A PLURAL SOCIETY | YALE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 445 | The research inquires, ‘Under what conditions is it possible to secure the agreement of ethnic and regional spokesmen to short-term losses or gains in the distribution of government resources?’ It is especially concerned with the ways in which single-party parliamentary systems manage the relationship between political order and economic distribution. To begin to probe these questions, the research examines a case that is important because, until recently, it has deviated from other, comparable African cases. It asks why Kenya, during the 1970s, experienced relative political stability in spite of sharp and salient ethnic and regional divisions. It then considers the sources of recent instability and of perceived changes in the character of state-society relationships. The thesis advanced is that during the 1970s Kenya had in place institutions that facilitated a bargained exchange of interests among group spokesmen. A key component of that system was the practice of trading financial support for group leaders’ harambee, or local self-help development, obligations in return for participation in coalitions to back particular candidates, senior officials, or policies. The change in the character of state-society relationships during the early 1980s occurred when a new president and new governing elite for a variety of reasons found themselves unable to participate and compete effectively in this system and sought to contain the growth of potential opposition coalitions by using harambee contributions to fragment the political bases of group leaders and by restricting political association. The analysis concludes with a discussion of the ways in which political institutions structure incentives to barter interests within the framework of the state and the problems of maintaining these structures within a single-party parliamentary system. The study is based on research carried out in the United States and in the Republic of Kenya between 1984 and 1986. |
| 1987 | WOLDEGABRIEL, GIDAY | VOLCANOTECTONIC HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL SECTOR OF THE MAIN ETHIOPIAN RIFT: A GEOCHRONOLOGICAL, GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROLOGICAL APPROACH | CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 433 | Systematic field relations, K/Ar geochronology, petrology and geochemistry of rift wall and river canyon sections establish the stratigraphic framework and volcanotectonic history of the central sector of the MER. Six volcanic episodes of Cenozoic volcanism have culminated in activity now largely confined to the present rift floor. The first episode (32-26 m.y.a.) in the Oligocene is characterized by thick (500 m) widespread basalts. The second episode (17-12 m.y.a.) was dominated by intermediate and felsic rocks. Volcanism during the third episode (11-8 m.y.a.), was bimodal and confined close to the present-day rift and its margins. At Guraghe along the western rift margin more than 1.5 km of flood basalts are exposed. These rocks are blanketed by widespread crystal-rich ignimbrites of episode 4 (4.2-3 m.y.a.). Episode 5 (3-1.6 m.y.a.) is represented by trachytic shield volcanoes and ranges confined to the rift shoulders. During episode 6 (younger than 1.6 m.y.) bimodal volcanism has become virtually rift-bound. Present activity focussed along each edge of the rift floor. At Guraghe is a composite section of the complete Ethiopian geologic column from Precambrian to Quaternary. Thickness distribution of the Mesozoic strata suggests uplift of the Ethiopian dome commenced in the Mesozoic. Each volcanic episode was accompanied by faulting and downwarping. Fluvial sediments of the first and second episodes imply embryonic downwarping preceded rifting. Banking of late Miocene lavas against the eastern rift scarp and an 8.3 m.y. ignimbrite against the western margin establish minimum ages for the rift escarpment. These margins were fully developed when a 250-300 m thick Pliocene crystal tuff erupted to be nearly contained within the rift walls. Each episode has been geochemically characterized. Most of the lavas are of transitional character with tholeiitic affinities. Rift shoulder activity in the mid-Miocene and Pliocene is trachytic. Rhyolite magmas have evolved with time from non-peralkaline to pantelleritic. Major and trace element patterns indicate fractional crystallization can explain petrologic diversity of intra-site samples. The central sector volcanotectonic history is compared to the rest of the MER, the Afar and the Kenya Rift. In contrast to the MER, rifting in the Gregory Rift was later and dominated by silica undersaturated volcanism. |
| 1987 | YEANG, FREDA SZI WAN | SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI: STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTI-SCHISTOSOMAL DRUGS | UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 318 |
| Year | Author’s Name | Title | Institution | Degree | Pages | Abstract |
| 1995 | GATHU, FAITH WARIARA | TELEVISION AND THE SHAPING OF CULTURE IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF NAIROBI HIGH SCHOOL YOUTHS’ USE OF FOREIGN TV PROGRAMMING | BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 296 | This study examined the social uses of media technologies, particularly foreign television programs, in the lives of Kenya’s urban youth. It provided baseline information about the types of media technologies available to the youth and the manner in which |
| 1995 | GITHIRA, PETER NJUGUNA | EXTRACTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES FROM SOILS USING DIFFERENT METHODS (LINDANE, DDT, DIELDRIN, SOXHLET EXTRACTION, SONICATION, HIGH TEMPERATURE DISTILLATION, SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION) | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 226 | The effectiveness of extraction of lindane, DDT and dieldrin from two soils was compared using Soxhlet extraction, Sonication, High Temperature Distillation (HTD) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). The work described in this thesis was carried out |
| 1995 | TOO, DANIEL KIPKOECH | INCREASING PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF KENYA RANGELANDS THROUGH BRUSH CONTROL AND GRASS SEEDING | COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 226 | Brush infestation of rangelands often results in drastic reductions in desirable perennial grasses. Brush control techniques and seeding have been used to improve the herbaceous biomass in these areas. Field studies were conducted in Kenya in 1992 and 1993 to investigate effects of brush clearing and subsequent management practices on aboveground herbaceous biomass and cover in three woodland communities. Grass seed was applied at the rate of 5 kg/ha, while manure was spread at the rate of 3 tons/ha. Herbaceous biomass, nitrogen content, soil moisture, plant water, and shrub regeneration from cut stems were monitored for three growing seasons. Economic analyses were performed to identify cost effective treatments which could be recommended to local farmers. Greatest aboveground herbaceous biomass occurred in the Acacia woodland (2,950 kg/ha) compared with Commiphora woodland (2,730 kg/ha) or mixed woodland (2,070 kg/ha). Lower rainfall and rapid decline in soil water in the mixed woodland community caused the lower aboveground herbaceous biomass. Complete (3,030 kg/ha) and selective clearing (2,930 kg/ha) significantly increased herbaceous biomass during the second and third growing seasons, while the non-cleared treatment (1,800 kg/ha) consistently gave lower aboveground herbaceous biomass. Partial clearing resulted in slightly less herbaceous biomass, since the plots had mature trees and shrubs that continued to transpire and reduced the radiant flux to understory species. Manure and seeding resulted in 2,800 kg/ha herbaceous biomass as compared with 2,570 kg/ha on seeded plots or 2,380 kg/ha on manure application plots. The general conclusions are that: (1) Both levels of clearing greatly increased aboveground herbaceous biomass and were cost effective irrespective of subsequent management practice. (2) Lower aboveground herbaceous biomass was consistently found for the uncleared treatment, and in a majority of cases, was either not cost effective with added management practices or marginally profitable. (3) Grewia similis generally had about twice the amount of crude protein as did the grass, Cenchrus ciliaris. (4) Shrub regeneration varied according to species and site. The estimated length of time for shrubs to reach pre-treatment levels of stem height would be: Acacia woodland (4-6 years), Commiphora woodland (7-9 years) and mixed woodland (16-22 years). |
| 1995 | BOYD, ROSALIND ELIZABETH | EMERGENT INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGES TO WESTERN CULTURAL HEGEMONY IN POST-COLONIAL SOCIETIES (SUSANTHA GOONATILAKE, NGUGI WA THIONG’O, YOWERI KAGUTA MUSEVENI, SRI LANKA, KENYA, UGANDA) | CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 250 | The main objective of this project is to trace the various intellectual challenges which have emerged in the post-independence era of former colonial societies of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, as responses to the imposed Western cultural hegemony, the acknowledged legacy of imperialist penetration over the last 500 years. My hypothesis is that the emergent intellectuals or new intellectual formations–incipient and fragmented though they may be in these societies–suggest a fundamental restructuring of world thought which is contributing to the lifting of a ‘hegemonic hold’ (Goonatilake) as a process towards authentic emancipation and a new social order. Although there is considerable evidence of Western cultural hegemony in various domains of these societies, I examine these emergent intellectuals as forums of resistance in three different discourses: educational institutions, especially universities in post-colonial societies; narrative art, with an emphasis on fiction writing; and political praxis, drawn from contemporary post-colonial movements. Each of the three discourses represents aspects of different tendencies in the global process towards the quest for ‘authentic liberation’. To further nuance and delineate these tendencies, I analyze in greater depth the work of three emergent intellectuals reflective of dominant alternative processes corresponding to each of the three discourses selected: first, the work of Susantha Goonatilake, a Sri Lankan engineer and sociologist; secondly, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, a Kenyan writer and former lecturer of English literature; and thirdly, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, President of Uganda and revolutionary leader of a national political movement in the post-independence period. As a global intellectual study, this work has a broad canvas. The conceptual notions and processes of analysis suggested in the work of Raymond Williams and Antonio Gramsci are used to circumscribe the boundaries of the broad framework. Imperialism resulted in an abrupt cutting off of cultural processes that have led to massive distortions, mutations, and ‘aborted discoveries’ within post-colonial societies. I am asserting as active process a new consciousness that is emerging in contemporary post-colonial societies and I tell that story, as much as possible, from the perspective of the liberating process. |
| 1995 | MOHAMED, MOHAMED AWER | COMMUNITY-BASED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS. A KENYAN CASE STUDY | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MES | 166 | This thesis evaluates the suitability of a Community-Based Resource Management (CBRM) strategy to resolve the resource use conflicts in Tana Delta, Kenya and proposes a model of CBRM which would protect the environment. The model proposed is one that empowers the local communities through localized resource control and broad based participation in decision making processes. It also defines a role for the state in providing both statutory and material support for reinforcing local capacities. Four major sources of conflicts at different levels are identified: local class struggles between state created elites and non-elites, asymmetrical power relations between the state and the local communities, inappropriate and contradictory state policies, and finally the international politico-economic framework in which western conservation principles are imposed on developing nations through international aid and international environmental law. Implementation of the wetland project will exacerbate existing pressures on the local communities and threaten their livelihoods. The reserve will alienate the people from their local resources including agricultural fields, grazing lands, forests and fishing grounds. On the other hand, the wetland reserve serves national interests as well as an international conservation agenda. In the final analysis, this thesis identifies serious impediments to the implementation of a CBRM strategy in the Tana Delta. However, there are overwhelming advantages in using a CBRM strategy, and therefore it is argued that a CBRM strategy will resolve the conflicts in a way that protects the local resources and meets the subsistence needs of the indigenous communities. |
| 1995 | MWANGI-CHEMNJOR, CHARITY | WOMEN IN POST SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN KENYA | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 133 | This study is an exploration of the issues which face women in post secondary education administration in Kenya. Women dominate the primary level administration and secondary level administration in the girls’ schools. At higher levels of administration and post secondary administration, the relative number of women administrators decline sharply. Various explanations are given for this scarcity of women in education administration. This study set out to examine how women responded to the barriers or impediments they face in the entry and advancement in education administration. It is a qualitative study drawing from interviews with ten women administrators in post secondary education in Kenya who describe their experiences of coping with their responsibilities at work and at home. These women are administrators in universities, teachers colleges, polytechnics, the inspectorate, the teachers service commission and Kenya Education Staff Institute. The chief argumentis that gender with all the assumptions and attitudes it carries of sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, and of family responsibilities is responsible to a great extent for the opportunities and experiences that women are allowed to gain. The findings show that there are various points at which women in education administration in Kenya face gendered biases, particularly at hiring transition and promotion. Some workplace policies and practices also act as barriers to women in administration. Away from the workplace, the double demands placed on women and the expectations influence a great deal the participation of women in educational administration in Kenya. |
| 1995 | MWANGI-CHEMNJOR, CHARITY | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 133 | This study is an exploration of the issues which face women in post secondary education administration in Kenya. Women dominate the primary level administration and secondary level administration in the girls’ schools. At higher levels of administration and post secondary administration, the relative number of women administrators decline sharply. Various explanations are given for this scarcity of women in education administration. This study set out to examine how women responded to the barriers or impediments they face in the entry and advancement in education administration. It is a qualitative study drawing from interviews with ten women administrators in post secondary education in Kenya who describe their experiences of coping with their responsibilities at work and at home. These women are administrators in universities, teachers colleges, polytechnics, the inspectorate, the teachers service commission and Kenya Education Staff Institute. The chief argument is that gender with all the assumptions and attitudes it carries of sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, and of family responsibilities is responsible to a great extent for the opportunities and experiences that women are allowed to gain. The findings show that there are various points at which women in education administration in Kenya face gendered biases, particularly at hiring transition and promotion. Some workplace policies and practices also act as barriers to women in administration. Away from the workplace, the double demands placed on women and the expectations influence a great deal the participation of women in educational administration in Kenya. | |
| 1995 | ODERO, LILIAN AKOTH | TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE EXTENT OF UTILIZATION OF CHILDREN’S LITERATURE TO TEACH ENGLISH IN KENYAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 163 | This is a study of teachers’ perceptions of the utilization of children’s literature in teaching English in primary schools in Kenya. A cluster random sampling procedure was employed to select 76 teachers from 10 primary schools within Siaya District in the Nyanza Province of the Republic of Kenya. The questionnaire explored teachers’ perceptions of the potential of literature to teach English in primary schools in Kenya, the frequency of utilization, and the environment surrounding utilization. Interviews were also conducted with eight head teachers and one Education Officer in charge of language education in the District. The results show that a significant majority of teachers in Kenya subscribe to a literature based approach to literacy. This positive response was exhibited be most of the teachers regardless of whether they had libraries or not. It was also evident that children’s literature is not widely used. Even teachers with libraries did not use literature on a regular basis. The limited extent of utilization was attributed to syllabus restrictions to the text book, lack of access to books, lack of government subsidies, poor home literacy backgrounds of the students, overcrowded classrooms, low socio-economic status of the parents, and lack of quality children’s books in the book market. The findings of this study led to recommendations to policy makers and curriculum planners regarding implementing a more active literature program in teacher training colleges and the schools, developing and improving library conditions in and around the schools, restructuring the syllabus, providing time for the literature program, supplying professional development for teachers, and educating parents. |
| 1995 | BENTLEY-CONDIT, VICKI KAY | INFANT-ADULT MALE INTERACTIONS AS ADULT FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN YELLOW BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS CYNOCEPHALUS) | EMORY UNIVERSITY | PHD | 334 | Previous studies of baboon infant-male relationships have focused on the adult male perspective. Lack of the mother’s viewpoint has left a serious gap in our understanding of these relationships. I focus on the role of the adult female/mother. Results are based on 11 months of focal animal samples on 23 adult female yellow baboons (including 11 mother/infant pairs), 2 years of focal samples on 5 adult males, and a 4$[1/over2]$ year data base from the Mchelelo Troop, Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya. Data analyses reveal that Mchelelo females are manipulating their social relationships to their personal reproductive advantage. Females demonstrate both competitive and cooperative relationships. Higher ranked females use interactions with others’ infants as part of their competitive strategy repertoire against lower ranked females; lower ranked females form cooperative relationships with higher ranked females as a strategy for preventing interactions with their infants by those same higher ranked females. Female-male relationships are also quite specific. Each focal female had 1 adult male classified as a preferred interaction partner and 1 classified as a preferred consort partner. These classifications do not necessarily correspond. Being a female’s preferred interaction/consort partner does not significantly increase a male’s chances of being the ‘most likely’ father of her offspring. Females ‘use’ their infants in female-infant-male relationships to gain access to previously unaccessible males. Infants are social tools which provide the female ‘safe passage’ in otherwise potentially dangerous territory. Befriending these adult males provides the mother/infant pair with both short-term (political) and long-term (evolutionary) benefits. Not only is she able to insure that these adult males will be ‘nice’ to her infant, but she is also able to gain access to that male’s circle of female ‘friends’. It is through access to these other females that a mother can reap the benefits of high rank and potentially affect her long-term reproductive success. Based on the potential reproductive benefits of these social manipulations, it appears these behaviors may have evolved through female-female competition. |
| 1995 | SITUMA, FRANCIS D. P. | LEGAL PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY WITH REFERENCE TO AGRICULTURAL AND MEDICINAL PLANTS | FLETCHER SCHOOL OF LAW AND DIPLOMACY (TUFTS UNIVERSITY) | PHD | 584 | This thesis analyses the international and municipal legal and institutional frameworks for the conservation and sustainable use of agricultural and medicinal plants as part of the wider concern of biodiversity conservation. Emphasis is placed on the international policy and legal instruments as well as the domestic legal and institutional frameworks in the East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Since individual States, rather than the international community, are the ones responsible for translating international legal obligations into national policies and programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, an analysis of the position with regard to this subject is made in respect of the East African countries. It is argued that the East African countries have not only failed to translate their international legal obligations into national policies and programmes, but that even their existing legal and institutional frameworks do not provide effective mechanisms for the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for the countries’ economic development. Several reasons are advanced for this failure, the most important one of which is the failure of the political leadership to internalize and incorporate plant genetic resources conservation in the countries’ administrative and development structures. Consequently, national policy and legal responses to the problems of biological diversity depletion are either inadequate or absent. Four themes are central to this analysis. First, although the international community has addressed the problem of loss of biodiversity in various ways, the international legal structure has not allowed the establishment of a policy and legal framework with the requisite authority to monitor conservation at the international level. Second, at the municipal level, the existing natural resource conservation policies and laws in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda are a constraint to the development of effective programmes for the protection of biodiversity, given their colonial origin whose basis was conservation of natural resources for colonial exploitation that did not take into account the interests of the native peoples. Third, successful conservation of biodiversity can be done at the local level through the restructuring of policy and legal frameworks to give legal recognition and protection to the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples. Lastly, the conservation of biodiversity in East Africa can be successfully done only when other competing land and natural resources uses, such as population settlement, energy use, alleviation of poverty and servicing of the international debt, are fully accounted for. Suggestions on how the agricultural and medicinal plants can be conserved and used sustainably in order to meet the developmental needs of the East African countries are made. The conclusion recapitulates some of the salient issues identified in the study for better protection and conservation of agricultural and medicinal plants. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1995 | GRANBERG, STANLEY EARL | CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT ISSUES FOR TYPES II AND III LEADERS FOR THE CHURCHES OF CHRIST, MERU, KENYA | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION | THM | 193 | Leadership development is recognized as one of the crucial issues of the mission endeavor. The future growth, health and continuation of churches depend on the presence of capable, contextualized leaders. Yet crucial issues for understanding contextualize |
| 1995 | NARMAN, ANDERS G. M. | EDUCATION AND NATION BUILDING IN KENYA: PERSPECTIVES ON MODERNISATION, GLOBAL DEPENDENCY AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES | GOTEBORGS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN) | FILDR | 299 | The starting point for this thesis is the various perspectives and different theoretical consideration in relation to the development discourse. A major theme is a crucial concept related to the rather diffuse understanding of what constitutes development–equality. Kenya and its nation-building process, as an independent state emerging after colonialism is used for the empirical investigation. Modernisation has been a leading approach for the Kenyan development strategy since the formal Independence in 1963. However, to carry this through the country as been under serious pressure from the forces of a global dependency structure. Equality, under modernisation, in Kenya has been measured from a more general economic perspective and by the distribution of educational facilities, as well. From this it is obvious that Kenya has been fairly successful to achieve economic prosperity and to expand the educational system. However, this has happened while a mounting inequality has emerged. This is dealt with primarily from a spatial and tribal angle. With the expansion of educational facilities has followed a regional/tribal stratification and a seriously deteriorating quality. A local community effort to redress the inequalities has been through the establishment of Harambee schools. However, they have turned into some kind of B-status schools, of an extremely low quality. The empirical elaboration is based on official statistics and two case studies–teacher training and diversified secondary education. In the final analysis local alternative development is brought in as a possibility to provide the equal development rejected so far under a dependent modernisation. This involves an attempt to mobilise the local resources and not only a provision of what is defined as needs from outside. |
| 1995 | TASSEW, ADMASSU | REPORTING A PANDEMIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AIDS NEWS COVERAGE IN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN PRESTIGE DAILIES (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY) | GOTEBORGS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN) | FILDR | 235 | News, especially of the health risk type is theubject of this doctoral study. The study examines the news media’s reporting of our day’s pandemic, AIDS. In so doing, it attempts to discern the attention the prestige papers of Britain, Kenya, Sweden, and Uganda have given to AIDS news coverage through the 1980s. The study also tries to find out if the news coverage of AIDS is commensurate with the real world prevalence of AIDS in the studied years and countries the prestige media came from. The media’s role in setting the agenda for the issue of AIDS is also investigated in one of the countries whose media is in the study. Furthermore, the study also probed at AIDS news to find out if it also performs a risk communication activity. While conducting this examination of AIDS news reporting by the prestige dailies of the two old continents; the study made use of the news value perspective to analyse the selection and then presentation of AIDS news. Theories from risk communication research traditions were also employed while examining the presentation of AIDS news in the news media. Finally, agenda-setting hypothesis was applied when trying to discern and analyse the media presentation of AIDS news and the public perception. Having conducted an empirical investigation of the AIDS news reporting by the four prestige dailies between 1983-1990, the study shows that AIDS news has been given more attention by the European prestige dailies as compared to the African ones. The early years, i.e. 1983-1987, also display a condition whereby AIDS news coverage attracted more attention from the news media. Its other finding is that the AIDS news coverage does not correspond to the real world prevalence of AIDS all the time; and this correspondence is only observed between 1983-1987. The findings of the empirical study for the media agenda-setting suggest that conditions that will be present when agenda-setting occurs are observed. Finally, this study has also found out that the studied AIDS news items do also contain a discussion of risk prevention and protection activities |
| 1995 | GITAU, WANGUI NYAKIOI | MODERNITY AND ITS DISCONTENTS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF KENYAN ELITE’S PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF MODERNIZATION ON INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY LIFE | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 172 | For this qualitative study, the author conducted ninety-minute open-ended interviews which were audio-taped. I interviewed members of the Kenyan elite as a way of getting first-person accounts of their experiences with modernization and social change. I i |
| 1995 | OLSON, JOHN DOUGLAS | A DIGITAL MODEL OF PATTERN AND PRODUCTIVITY IN AN AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE (KENYA) | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | DDES | 239 | Agroforestry, is an approach to land use which offers much promise in addressing many of the interrelated problems associated with rural development and land degradation. (Scherr, 1992, Nair, 1993). This research incorporates remotely sensed agroforestry landscape information within a computerized model that relates spatial structure at the field and landscape scale to maize production. Remote sensing, cartographic modeling as well as landscape ecological theory and methods of analysis figure prominently in the work. The study area is in the coffee zone on the southern footslopes of Mount Kenya. The research tests the hypotheses that: There is a correlation between landscape and field structure and crop production. Specifically, it is hypothesized that spatial configuration at the field scale, (e.g. patch size, shape and adjacency relationships etc.) as well as at the landscape scale, (density of trees and hedgerows) can be significantly correlated with productivity. The central hypothesis is that spatial variability across the landscape, at scales both at and beyond that of the field, can explain a significant amount of the variability in yields. In order to carry out the work, a recent innovation in remote sensing, the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI), has been used in the project. The CASI was used to acquire a detailed digital image of the site at a high spatial resolution (1.75 meter pixel size). Six spectrally narrow width bands were acquired with the purpose of determining chlorophyll density as well as crop type and vigor. Findings indicate that the spatial measures that were undertaken at the landscape scale do not explain enough crop variability to be statistically significant. Rather, it is far better explained at the individual field level. Here it was demonstrated that distance from shelter plantings is inversely and curvilinearly related to crop vigor as measured by the relationship between the Near Infra Red and Red wavelengths. Findings indicate that the positive effects of trees in the study landscape are limited to within 25 meters of the canopy. An optimum hedgerow interdistance of 40 meters is suggested in order to maximize crop vigor. The impact of both the existing conditions as well as two possible alternatives are evaluated for their total landscape wide impacts on maize yields and wood production. It was determined that removal of existing hedgerows (50% percent of all the trees in the area) by a disturbance such as a pest outbreak would cause a 5% reduction in maize production. A second alternative, which identified underutilized planting niches throughout the landscape, is predicted to result in a modest increase in maize production and a doubling a wood products. |
| 1995 | OKORO, ETHELBERT IHUARULAM | AFRICA’S REFUGEE PROBLEM: POLITICS AND SOMALI REFUGEES IN KENYA | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 424 | This study focuses on the politics surrounding the Somali refugees in Kenya. It examines whether politics, lack of resources, security related problems aggravated by the introduction of modern arms by fleeing refugees, and historical border dispute between Kenya and Somalia influenced the government’s policy toward the Somali refugees. Utilizing statistical techniques of Cross-tabulation, Cramer’s V, Frequency distribution, and Phi, the study examines both the attitudes of Kenyan respondents and the Somali refugees toward the Kenyan government’s policy toward the Somali refugees. The findings show that the Kenyan government’s response toward the Somali refugees is influenced by factors such as politics, lack of resources, historical border dispute, and concerns for security. Data also show that among the Kenyan respondents, that Province, Religion, language-speak English, Swahili, and Somali, Tribe or Ethnicity, ‘Area of Residence’, and City variables have direct significant effect on the attitudes of Kenyan respondents toward the government’s refugee policy. |
| 1995 | OSOTSI, RAMENGA MTAALI | A PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE TSING’ANO OF THE ABANYORE AND AVALOGOOLI OF WESTERN KENYA (OLUKANO) | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 437 | This study is based on field research carried out on the olukano (plu. tsing’ano), an oral narrative form performed mainly by women of the Abanyore and Avalogooli of Western Kenya. The performance of the olukano helps to draw attention to how women in these East African communities used and continue to use the narrative form to freely communicate their ideas about themselves and their society in the process of educating and entertaining especially the children. These tsing’ano reflect the central role the women have assumed, not just as artists and educators, but as reflexive members of their communities fundamentally concerned with the socio-political organization of the communities to which they belong. This study demonstrates that women as artists were and continue to be at the center of dynamic change within these communities. |
| 1995 | MANGALE, NESBERT | CORN RESPONSES TO NITROGEN FORMS, AMMONIUM/NITRATE RATIOS AND POTASSIUM IN IOWA AND KENYA | IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 135 | Nitrogen in soils occurs in both the organic and inorganic forms; but a crop absorbs and utilizes mainly the inorganic forms. Of these inorganic N forms only the nitrate (NO$/sb3)$ and ammonium (NH$/sb4)$ forms are absorbed. In humid and sub-humid regions, NO$/sb3$-N is lost from crop rooting zones by leaching and/or denitrification. Preserving fertilizer N in the NH$/sb4$ form may significantly decrease leaching and denitrification losses of applied N because NH$/sb4$-N is not easily leached and is not denitrified. However, ammonium nutrition may be harmful to a crop, especially when high amounts are used. There are, however, some indications that potassium (K) addition may prevent the injurious effect of NH$/sb4$ nutrition. There are also indications that utilization of mixtures of NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3$ forms of N compared to either form alone, results in an improvement in plant growth and higher yields. This study, therefore, was undertaken to determine whether NH$/sb4$-N supplied at a rate that is within economic reach of farmers is toxic or not and if it is, whether or not potassium addition could reduce the injurious effect of NH$/sb4$-N. Also evaluated were the effects of mixtures of NH$/sb4$-N and NO$/sb3$-N and various levels of NH$/sb4$-N with or without K addition on the yield and element composition of field grown corn. The study was in three parts. The first part evaluated the effect of the two forms of N (NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3)$ with or without K addition on corn yield. In the second part, the effects of mixtures of NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3$ N in various NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ combination ratios with or without K addition on corn yield were evaluated. The N rate used was 100 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ and the K rate was 50 kg ha$/sp[-1].$ In the third part, the effect of various levels of NH$/sb4$-N with or without K addition on corn yield was investigated. Rates used ranged from 0 to 150 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for N and 0 to 50 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for K for all soils except the Clarion series which received higher rates that ranged from 0 to 336 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for both N and K. Experiments were conducted on: Typic Hapludolls (Clarion and Marshall series), Oxic Paleustalfs and Typic Paleudults soils. Corn yield was not negatively affected by NH$/sb4$-N or NO$/sb3$-N. In both Iowa and Kenya corn grown with NH$/sb4$-N produced higher grain yield than that grown with NO$/sb3$-N. Potassium addition appeared not to be needed. There was no specific NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ combination ratio that was applicable to all the four soils used for high corn yield. Each soil type required a different NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ ratio for higher corn yield. Corn yields increased with increasing levels of NH$/sb4$-N and a yield plateau was observed about 100 kg N ha$/sp[-1].$ Potassium addition did not change the corn yield plateau. |
| 1995 | MUGENDA, ABEL GITAU | FACTORS RELATED TO EARLY INTEREST IN VASECTOMY AS A FAMILY PLANNING METHOD IN KENYA: INSTRUMENT DESIGN, VALIDATION, AND CAUSAL MODELING | IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 140 | The purposes of the study were to: (1) describe male students awareness of family planning methods, (2) describe their sources of family planning information, (3) describe their knowledge of, attitude towards, and interest in vasectomy, and (4) use factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test a statistical model of factors that influence interest in vasectomy as a family planning method. The study was based on the theory of diffusion of innovations in which awareness and knowledge of an innovation influence attitude towards the innovation, and attitude influences intentions to use the innovation. A random sample of 430 undergraduate students from three universities in Kenya completed a survey in group settings. The average age of the respondents, most of whom were single, was 22.69 years. Students were predominantly Catholics, Protestants, or Muslims. Newspapers, radio, and peers were students leading sources of family planning information. Respondents contraceptive awareness was high, but their knowledge of and interest in vasectomy as a family planning method were low. Students had neither strong feelings about the method (emotional attitude) nor strong rationales for using it in the future (intellectual attitude). Interest in vasectomy had two dimensions: surface interest and deep interest. Both surface and deep interest in vasectomy increased as students emotional attitude toward vasectomy decreased. Low emotional attitude towards vasectomy was associated with the tendency to be Protestant, rather than Catholic or Muslim; with the desire to have fewer children; with low masculine identity; and with increased family planning information and knowledge about vasectomy. Knowledge of vasectomy increased as age decreased, as masculine identity decreased, and as family planning information increased. Surface and deep interest increased as intellectual attitude towards vasectomy increased. High intellectual attitude towards vasectomy was associated with the desire to have fewer children and with increased family planning information and knowledge about vasectomy. The desire to have fewer children was associated with the tendency to be Protestant, rather than Catholic or Muslim; with low masculine identity; and with more family planning information. |
| 1995 | NORDBERG, ERIK MAGNUS | HEALTH CARE PLANNING UNDER SEVERE RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS: DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS APPLICABLE AT DISTRICT LEVEL IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFRICA) | KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET (SWEDEN) | FILDR | 136 | Health care in East Africa is provided by a wide range of public non-government and private facilities and by modern and traditional practitioners. Planning and managing this fragmented system at district level and coordinating intersectoral health development are complex tasks, complicated by rapid population growth and in recent years by severe public sector resource constraints affecting particularly health and other social sectors. This has prompted decentralization of decision-making, management training and a need of locally generated and analysed information for use in district health planning. The seven studies forming the basis for this thesis tested low-cost methods to generate, at district level and below in Kenya, health information in support of local planning and management: household interview surveys, descriptive health system analysis, Delphi-type panel study, service output analysis and referral system investigation. In a sub-district cluster sample of 390 households we conducted one cross-sectional interview survey and found 26% of households headed by females, 3% and 11% of men and women respectively had no school education, poor access to water sources and a disease pattern largely similar to but partly different from that of care-seeking patients at clinics. A 12-month interview survey with biweekly visits to the same households documented 9,393 illness episodes, of which 40% were subject to self-medication and 32% led to contact with a modern service provider. The most commonly stated reasons for not seeking care at clinics were that it was perceived as unnecessary or ineffective, that the closest clinic was too far away, or that charges were too high. The Delphi study of local villager perceptions of health problems and prospects confirmed the feasibility of this method and generated findings largely consistent with the household surveys. Referral rates from first to second level of care were very low, self-referral was relatively common and feedback information rare. Service output in the form of major operations in one district over twelve months were used for construction of output indicators comparing facilities and districts. The results support the assumption that the descriptive health system analysis, the cross-sectional household survey, and the Delphi study are feasible and affordable if conducted once every three to five years in any given district. Referral system studies can be integrated into the routine information system. Longitudinal surveys conducted under severe constraints over a full year is at risk of becoming affected by respondent fatigue after a few months to such a degree that reliability suffers. Service output analyses with standardized quantitative indicators can be developed within the routine reporting system and conducted annually for presentation in regular facility and district reports. |
| 1995 | OCHIEL, GERALD SYARRA | BIOLOGY AND BIO-CONTROL POTENTIAL OF CORDYCEPIOIDEUS BISPORUS STIFLER AND PAECILOMYCES FUMOSOROSEUS (WIZE) BROWN & SMITH ON THE HIGHER TERMITE MACROTERMES SUBHYALINUS RAMBUR IN KENYA | KONGELIGE VETERINAER- OG LANDBOHOJSKOLE (DENMARK) | PHD | 210 | The thesis focuses on naturally occurring insect pathogenic fungi (Cordycepioideus and Paecilomyces) on termites in Kenya. Data is basic in nature, with emphasis on development of methodology and understanding natural interactions. A general introduction to termite biology, global pest status and distribution, damage and economic importance with particular reference to Africa, is presented. A review of non-chemical termite control methods with focus of botanicals and naturally occurring antagonists is presented. Results of an exploratory survey for termite fungal pathogens and a sampling programme for occurrence of Cordycepioideus bisporus (anamorph) on M. subhyalinus alates, using original sampling methods, at a specific field site are presented. C. bisporus teleomorph and anamorph forms were found on fungus-killed alates. A correlation between alate flights, C. bisporus occurrence and the short rains season (November-December) was established. The specific termite fungal pathogen Cordycepioideus bisporus (teleomorph) and its anamorph forms Hirsutella and Hymenostilbe were diagnosed. Several mycological media were recommended for routine in vitro culture of C. bisporus and a simple method for quantifying ascospores developed. Laboratory transmission of inocula from Paecilomyces fumosoroeus (isolated from alates naturally infected with C. bisporus) and C. bisporus to live termite castes, using several methods (sprays, treatment of cellulosic baits and soil with inoculum), was possible with both fungi but alate-specificity was noted in C. bisporus. A laboratory choice chamber method to study behavior towards different stimuli (fungus-killed alates (C. bisporus) and P. fumosoroseus in vitro) was developed and may be useful for further detailed investigations on termite behavior. |
| 1995 | AKESSON, KARIN SUSANNE | AVIAN MIGRATORY ORIENTATION: GEOGRAPHIC, TEMPORAL AND GEOMAGNETIC EFFECTS (SWEDEN, KENYA, RUSSIA) | LUNDS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN) | PHD | Passerine migrants can make use of both celestial and geomagnetic information for orientation. Theoretically limitations of the magnetic compass (i.e. an inclination compass is impossible to use in vertical and horizontal magnetic fields), topography and time of flight departure may affect the orientation of birds. In this thesis I have used different techniques to investigate how different environmental factors affect the orientation behaviour of migrating birds. Orientation cage experiments under natural sky conditions were used to study the relative importance of celestial and geomagnetic cues for orientation in nocturnal passerine migrants in Sweden, Kenya and during displacement experiments with young wheatears along the Arctic coast of Russia. The initiation of nocturnal migration flights was studied by radiotelemetry and tracking radar. The orientation behaviour of passerines in relation to topographical features was investigated by visual observations of free-flying migrants at night (ceilometer) and by analysis of ringing recoveries. It emerged that nocturnal passerines were highly dependent on visual information for their orientation under natural sky conditions in Sweden and Kenya, and that the scatter in mean orientation increased in a vertical magnetic field. The results suggest that a combination of magnetic and celestial cues are important for proper orientation. Displacement experiments with young wheatears towards west along the Russian north coast (Taymyr to Kola peninsula), demonstrated geographically northwesterly orientation at sites where only visual sunset cues were available in the beginning of the test period. A southerly orientation was found at the last test site when stars became visible. Orientation cage experiments with nocturnal migrants during a nocturnal flight period in Sweden resulted in directional shifts during the night, in agreement with the movements of the sun. A great variation in time of flight initiation in nocturnal passerine migrants, taking place from before the sunset and well into the night, indicate that birds have the capacity to establish flight directions in all different orientation conditions and that there may be differences between species in time of flight departure. In a ceilometer study of free-flying birds at night at the Falsterbo peninsula in southwest Sweden, I found that at least nocturnal passerine migrants at low altitudes fly along coastlines at night and that the birds use the coastlines to compensate for wind drift. Analyses of ringing recoveries of 20 bird species captured at a coastal ringing site at Falsterbo revealed that reoriented movements, within the first ten days after capture, occurred in all species and categories of migrants and that species with smaller average fat deposits showed return movements more often than species with larger fat reserves. | |
| 1995 | GATONGI, PETER MAINA | THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF SMALL RUMINANTS IN A SEMI-ARID AREA OF KENYA WITH EMPHASIS ON HYPOBIOSIS OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS (TRICHOSTRONGYLUS, OESOPHAGOSTOMUM, TRICHURIS, STRONGYLOIDES) | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 291 | A study on the epidemiological dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants was conducted in a semi-arid area of Kenya over a period of two years. Three major trichostrongylid species were identified; Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Oesophag |
| 1995 | MUKEBEZI, KAMBITES SARAH | NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AS PARTNERING AGENCIES: A CASE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CANADIAN NGOS WITH CIDA AND KENYAN LOCAL GROUPS | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | 331 | This study explores the notion of partnership as an approach to long-term sustainable development in Africa, by examining relationships Canadian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) forge with their donors and with counterpart NGOs in developing countries. A case study methodology was used to examine how Canadian NGOs in general, and CARE Canada in particular, work in partnership with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), and Kenyan local NGOs. The findings indicate that the development themes and agendas of the past three development decades are reflected in the activities and programs of Canadian NGOs. However, very little was learned about the contribution of partnership to African development. CARE Canada’s partnership relations seem to be guided by the development priorities of funding agencies such as CIDA, which dictate how CARE relates to its Kenyan partners. Partnership seems only to facilitate an environment for dialogue between organizations, concerning needs, constraints and fiscal accountability. The study proposes that further research on the concept of development partnerships needs to be carried out in-depth to determine how this model can be used in building capacities of African organizations. | |
| 1995 | OLUKO, DAVID OLEMBO | PERCEPTION OF SPORT APPROPRIATENESS AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND CULTURE | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 101 | According to Metheny (1965), people’s impressions of the acceptability of sport for women varies across several factors, including culture and gender. In this study, 206 prospective physical education teachers from Canada and Kenya were questioned about their perceptions of gender appropriateness of various sports. They completed Likert-type questionnaires related to sport/physical activities found in their respective university curricula. For those sports that appeared in both countries, responses were compared (2 x 2 ANOVA) for effects of culture and gender. Gender differences were also addressed within each culture. Results revealed that Canadian respondents perceived fewer sports to be on the extremes of the male-female continuum than did the Kenyan respondents. Females in both cultures considered more sports to be appropriate for both male and female participation Than did their male counterparts. However, Canadian and Kenyan respondents, both male and female, unanimously perceived some sports to be primarily appropriate for males and others primarily appropriate for females. The study supports Metheny’s contention of cultural variance in perceptions of the gender appropriateness of sports. Although many sports that had been considered inappropriate for females in 1964 are today considered to be androgynous, especially by Canadians, some gender stereotyping still remains to be overcome. Implications for physical education teachers are suggested. |
| 1995 | OMONDI, PAUL | WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONFLICT IN KENYA: INTEGRATING WILDLIFE CONSERVATION WITH HUMAN NEEDS IN THE MASAI MARA REGION | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 369 | Masai Mara, a large nature reserve in south-western Kenya, was created in the midst of semi-arid agro-pastoralist range lands to protect wildlife. Wildlife and indigenous people co-existed for many years, usually with limited conflict; but in recent years, the conflict has intensified, mainly due to increasing human population, changing land use patterns, and altered perceptions of wildlife. This study examines the causes and nature of wildlife-human conflict in the Masai range lands of Kenya, and considers how wildlife conservation and human development needs can best be integrated. Findings indicate that common conflicts are livestock depredation and crop damage, human deaths or injuries, transmission of diseases, and competition for resources. Land surrounding the reserve can be divided into two distinct topographic and agroclimatic regions. The degree of conflict is spatially varied within the region. Upland ranches have high land use potential, high human and livestock population densities, and more development of agriculture. They experience limited conflict with wildlife. Lowland ranches are more arid, have lower human population density and little agriculture, but have high wildlife and livestock population densities and experience a high degree of conflict. These conflicts vary seasonally, and with distance from the protected area. Perceptions of wildlife and attitudes towards conservation are related to past experience with wildlife. The degree of loss effectiveness of damage control, fairness of government compensation, and involvement in wildlife tourism affect the degree of tolerance for wildlife conflict. Various socio-economic factors including level of education, knowledge of conservation priorities, and system of land ownership are related to attitudes towards wildlife. As human activity increases in the region, wildlife is more likely to be displaced. Because most animals are migratory, conflict in the land surrounding the reserve puts the viability of animal population in the protected area in question. A two-phase program for integrating wildlife conservation with human needs is proposed. The first phase involves designation of the region into four zones: Zone A–the protected area, Zone B–the peripheral area, Zone C–multiple use, and Zone D–agriculture. The second phase of the program is the integration of the wildlife conservation with human interests through: community wildlife-damage-control, compensation for loss, sharing of tourism benefits with local people, conservation education, and local participation in wildlife conservation policy. The program provides a framework within which operational decisions can be made, and serves broader natural resource management and community development objectives in the range lands. |
| 1995 | ROP, JAYNE CHEPTEPKENY | COST IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE GRAIN STORAGE PROGRAMS: THE CASE OF KENYA | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MSC | 148 | The main objective of this study was to estimate the costs associated with different storage levels of maize for the National Cereals and Produce Board (the NCPB), the grain marketing agency of the Kenyan government. Four storage level scenarios were considered. The first involved a zero-supply security scenario, where the model was required to simply satisfy the demand in each period. The second, third and fourth respectively, involved two, three and four months supply security scenarios, where the model was required to purchase grain equivalent to the demand for those periods. Scenario two, providing two months supply security was not discussed because it posted results similar to scenario one. The hypothesis that a stocks management model can be developed to be used by the NCPB in order to determine the optimal quantities of maize that it handles every year, while minimizing costs, was partly supported under scenarios one and three. However, despite the reduction in costs under scenario one, the lack of inventory and foreign trade was seen to increase the risks and uncertainties associated with variations in production, especially under cases of short supply. Similarly, the lack of foreign trade under scenario three was postulated to increase risks and uncertainties in periods of low production. Under scenario four, the results involved foreign trade, and inventory was positive for most years. However, these results were suboptimal and thus unreliable for policy decisions. Nevertheless, results under this scenario were very similar to the actual performance of NCPB for the period 1980 to 1990. The results of this study show that external trade may not be the solution to a strategy of cost minimization. It was concluded, therefore, that the present strategy of self-sufficiency may be the better alternative. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1995 | HAFIDH, MOHAMED AHMED | THE SWAHILI PERCEPTION OF MIRAA (CATHA EDULIS) AND ALCOHOL USAGE (KENYA) | MIAMI INST. OF PSYCHOLOGY OF THE CARIBBEAN CTR. FOR ADVANCED STUDIES | PSYD | 384 | This study investigated the perceptions of the Swahili people of Kenya regarding miraa and alcohol use. The miraa perceptual questionnaire (MPQ) in Swahili language with four Likert scales was used during the investigation. The MPQ measured the Swahili cu |
| 1995 | HOFMAN, THOMAS DALE | THE CHURCH AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS: BRAZIL, THE PHILIPPINES, AND KENYA COMPARED | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 453 | |
| 1995 | PARKER, JOAN CHAMBERLIN | PATTERNS OF BUSINESS GROWTH: MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN KENYA (MICROENTERPRISES, EMPLOYMENT CREATION) | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 189 | While it is clear that micro and small enterprises in developing countries provide an important source of employment and income, two questions remain unanswered: once opened, to what extent and under what conditions are enterprises able to absorb additional employment; and what is the nature of this employment creation process? This thesis explores both the characteristics and process of micro and small enterprise growth, based on the case of Kenya. It first examines the determinants of employment growth based on cross-sectional national data, then analyzes the process of enterprise growth, by transforming a small-sample retrospective survey into a time-series data set. The thesis is based on data collected by the author in two sets of surveys. The first surveys, undertaken in a low-income settlement in Nairobi, Kenya in 1990-1991, included rapid appraisal subsector studies and intensive retrospective interviews with a random sample of subsector participants. The second survey was a national baseline of all micro and small enterprises in 1993, based on a stratified cluster sampling method. The analyses use multiple regression techniques, both for the cross-sectional analysis of extent of growth and for the analysis of the panel data developed from the retrospective survey. Analysis of the extent of growth shows the influence of business starting size, sector, location, and proprietor gender and skills on business growth. Examining the process of growth, the effect of business age on growth is discovered to be highly variable, a finding which contradicts previous research. The process of enterprise expansion is smoother if undertaken in small increments and if the proprietor has more formal education. Enterprises show positive, but small, growth in employment accruing to expanding national incomes or improved community services. Larger growth effects are related to type of industry, human capital endowments, and level of mechanization. In addition, negative external shocks affecting the enterprises cause significant declines in employment, pointing to the high level of risk facing enterprises in the sector. |
| 1995 | OTIENO, TABITHA NYABOKE | A STUDY OF KENYAN UNIVERSITY AND POST-SECONDARY WOMEN STUDENTS: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES TO THEIR EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT | OHIO UNIVERSITY | PHD | 173 | The purpose of this study was to examine challenges faced by female students at the universities and training colleges in Kenya. Specifically, the study investigated these challenges which included: socio-economic status, cultural attitudes, institutional barriers, area of specialization, and influence of women role models. Additionally, strategies used by these women were investigated. Precise research questions were: (1) Are there differences in the demographic data of the women in the two educational levels? (2) Are there significance differences between university and college women students in the way they perceive challenges to their educational advancement? (3) Which factor(s) played a major role in separating the two groups of women? The subjects were 105 university and 149 college women students, the study’s n = 254. All were selected from 10 different institutions in Nairobi area. The instruments used in this study were both quantitative by the use of self-administered questionnaire, and qualitative by the use of both open-ended questions and interview discussions. A MANOVA, univariate F-tests, logistic regression, correlations were used to analyze the data (P $>$.05). Analysis of data revealed significant differences on the impact of cultural attitudes on university and college students. The university group seemed to be more affected in their attitudes than the college group. Results of both open-ended responses and interview discussions also supported statistical findings. Based on the literature review, statistical findings, open-ended responses, and interview discussions concerning challenges women face in pursuit of higher education, it is recommended that, programs be undertaken to eliminate persistent negative images, stereotypes, attitudes and prejudices against women through changes in socialization patterns, the media, advertising, and formal, non-formal education. Suggestions for further research include performing a replication of the present study but with an improvement on the existing instruments and by changing the subjects to widen educational levels. |
| 1995 | EELES, CHARLES WILLIAM OWEN | PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION OF CONCEPTUAL HYDROLOGICAL MODELS (RAINFALL, RUNOFF, CATCHMENT) | OPEN UNIVERSITY (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | The form of modelling used in this research for the simulation of the rainfall/runoff regime of catchment areas by mathematical models is of particular importance to civil engineers in the building of dams, river bridges and other works affected by high and low flows in rivers and streams. The parametric conceptual models can also be used in the management of water resources and as a basis for the assessment of long term risks associated with water storage and transmission of supplies. The objectives of this research are to examine the problems arising from the conceptual modelling of catchment areas with large data sets, and the effective determination of model parameters using gradient and non-gradient optimization techniques in the field of hydrology. A simple model package was developed from the application and modification of ideas current at the time which allowed a good fit to observed hydrographs to the achieved with the input of rainfall data and data for an evaporation loss function. Nine parameters were available for optimization in this model. The practical demand for the assessment of land use and its variations on catchment water yield led to the development of a more complex model with thirty-five parameters based on the latest vegetation process studies. One of the first modifications was to the criterion for convergence where it was changed from the rate of change of parameter values to that of the model coefficient of determination or efficiency of fit. The least squares objective function was investigated, and retained for model explained variance. However, for parameters involved in the simulation of base flows it was found to be more effective to use a proportional function, whilst for intense storm events an eighth power function exaggerated the information available in the data for determination of surface runoff parameters. The models employ an input data ‘overlay’ technique which allowed the use of large data sets running over many years. The simulation results from land use changes with large data sets from the highlands of Scotland, a clay catchment in Buckinghamshire and montane rain forest in Kenya are compared and contrasted for both models. The results for these catchments using gradient and non-gradient optimization algorithms are also examined, including the use of a genetic algorithm, and recommendations made for the values of algorithm parameters. Hybridized algorithms are developed and tested. A combination of the Rosenbrock and Nelder and Mead Simplex techniques was found to be an efficient hybrid; particularly with the land use model. | |
| 1995 | QUINN, MICHAEL JOSEPH | ESSAYS ON EDUCATION AND LABOR MARKET FAILURE IN RURAL EAST AFRICA (KENYA, TANZANIA) | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 125 | This dissertation examines the labor and time allocation behavior of small-holding farm households in Kenya and Tanzania. Chapter 1 uses an agricultural household model to test for separation of a farm household’s labor usage from the labor supply of its resident household. Applying this test to a data set of 700 Kenyan households, I find that both household size and household composition are strong determinants of family farm labor usage. Both findings are robust to a variety of empirical specifications. This rejection of separation implies that modelling the consumption side of a peasant household’s behavior and assuming the production side to be perfectly competitive may be improper and lead to erroneous conclusions. Cha pter 2 posits a two period model of educational investment decision-making by farm households. I test whether the ability of households to freely hire in and hire out labor affects the amount of schooling children receive. Using a Kenyan survey of rural households (the same survey as in Chapter 1), I find that the amount of land a household farms is negatively correlated with the level of schooling obtained by the household’s children. This finding implies that human capital investment decisions are not independent from farm production decisions, and is contrary to the theory of producer-consumer separation. Chapter 3 analyzes the labor allocation behavior of ‘mostly-autarkic’ farm households throughout Tanzania. I find that, in general, farm labor markets are not well-functioning, but that the presence of communal farming and efforts by Village Councils to allocate landholdings among households does have some positive effect upon the workings of private labor markets. |
| 1995 | IMBO, SAMUEL OLUOCH | INADEQUACY OF INDIVIDUALISTIC CONCEPTIONS OF MORAL RESPONSIBILITY (COMMUNITY) | PURDUE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 156 | Individualistic theories of responsibility rely on an atomistic account of human nature. Their point of departure is the disentangled first-person-singular, the individual who is a rights-holder, autonomous, self-regarding and self-fulfilling. The world, |
| 1995 | MPUTUBWELE, MAKIM MPUT-A-NKAH | NGUGI WA THIONG’O AND SEMBENE OUSMANE: THE AFRICAN WRITER’S COMMITMENT TO SOCIETY (KENYA, SENEGAL) | PURDUE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 211 | Is the writer’s role simply to create art for art’s sake or do writers have to utilize their talents for the good of society. Ngugi wa Thiongo of Kenya and Ousmane Sembene of Senegal, like many other African writers, are of the opinion that in a society such as the one in which they live, their role, besides and because of its artistic aspect, should be to participate in the daily struggleof the masses and to help ameliorate their living conditions. My study examines this debate from African writers’ perspective, and focuses specifically on these two artists’ viewpoints, and in particular how their creative works become the platform by which they engage their art to carry out the people’s struggle, and submit the latter to a self-examination in order to change their society from destructive traditions and habits of neocolonialist Africa. |
| 1995 | OLUMWULLAH, OSSAK AMUKAMBWA | DISEASE, MEDICINE, AND SOCIAL CHANGE AMONG THE ABANYOLE OF WESTERN KENYA, 1900-1963 | RICE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 327 | Bunyore, like the rest of present-day Western Province of Kenya, came under British administration as part of the Eastern Province of the Uganda Protectorate between 1890 and 1895. The argument of this thesis is that if this development drew the AbaNyole into the world capitalist nexus, it also created conditions within which an expanding nineteenth-century social field of action was Confronted with new diseases and ideas about these diseases that were extremely important in the transformation of the ‘Nyole medical landscape during colonialism. This transformation took place within the framework of a British colonial medical science that defined itself within and above ‘Nyole cosmology, and a British racial temperament that defined Bunyore as an epidemiological landscape. Both were normal requirements for colonial self-definition, cultural positioning, and boundary-marking between ‘science’ and ‘tradition’, ‘culture’ and ‘nature’. This is why discourses on disease and medicine during the first two decades of colonialism Revolved around the idea of nature, an idea that was a rendering of not just the physical, natural characteristics, of the colony, but also of the colony’s inhabitants. Based on a bifocal address and the prevalence of argument by negative contrast, the image of the ‘natural’ was used to not only constitute the intellectual domain within which knowledge, strategies, policies, and justifications for domination were fashioned, but also expropriate AbaNyole’s capacity to narrate their own bodily experiences. This was a dual process that created fertile grounds in which ideas about Western biomedicine and its technologies were nurtured and debated by the AbaNyole. The outcome of these debates, together with contradictions within colonial medical policies, led, from the mid 1930s onwards, to the systematization of the Health Center as an arena in which a new object of knowledge, Bora Afya (Good Health), and field of intervention, the African home, were constituted. This was a transition from preventive to curative medicine, political to social medicine. |
| 1995 | OMAMO, STEVEN WERE | SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE UNDER MARKET REFORM: THE CASE OF SOUTHERN SIAYA DISTRICT, KENYA | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 151 | Smallholders in southern Siaya District in western Kenya regularly devote larger shares of their farms to food-crops than they do to more profitable cash-crops. This dissertation uses a computable household model to explore the determinants of these cropping patterns and to trace the impacts of agricultural marketing reforms that lower food prices and improve incentives to cash-cropping. The essential interdependence of smallholder production and consumption decisions is captured in a deterministic setting. The model is less complicated but more detailed and flexible than models that incorporate uncertainty. Including uncertainty would reinforce the central results of the study, which hinge on transactions costs in markets that separate buying and selling prices and introduce the possibility of optimal self-sufficiency in key items. With plausible assumptions about household characteristics and external conditions, the model reproduces the central features of farming in southern Siaya. Given the large share of maize in household expenditures (25 percent), transport costs equivalent to 2 percent of the market price of cotton and 3 percent of the price of maize induce maize import substitution, which is reinforced by poor access to credit and seasonality in labor income that, together, tighten seasonal liquidity constraints. Cropping patterns on small farms are optimal adjustments to adverse external conditions. Most households stand to gain from the lower food costs and higher farming incomes implied by reform. However, households with large land holdings, good access to credit, and residing close to market centers realize larger benefits than do those with smaller holdings, poorer access to credit, and situated far from markets. Shifts into cash-cropping could result in large increases in regional maize import requirements in maize deficit areas like southern Siaya. National food self-sufficiency and expanded cash-cropping are contradictory policy objectives under market reform. Aggregate income increases under market reform, but with possible Negative distributional effects. The impact of reform on aggregate employment is ambiguous. This study explicitly considers structural impediments to exchange and thus identifies interventions–such as investment in rural infrastructure–that mitigate their effects and reinforce the positive impacts of market reform. |
| 1995 | GACHENE, CHARLES K. K. | EFFECT OF SOIL EROSION ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND CROP RESPONSE IN CENTRAL KENYA | SVERIGES LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET (SWEDEN) | FILDR | 158 | |
| 1995 | ANYUMBA, GODFREY | KISUMU TOWN: HISTORY OF THE BUILT FORM, PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENT: 1890-1990 (KENYA) | TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT TE DELFT (THE NETHERLANDS) | DR | 390 | This study of Kisumu, Kenya’s third largest town (190.000 inhabitants in 1990) examines issues related to the structure and the environment of the town in a developing country. The theoretical basis of this investigation are the concepts of ‘culture’, ‘social power’ and the ‘environment’, which have been developed by Professor Anthony D. King in his universal theoretical model of British colonial urbanisation. The history of Kisumu town reflects the changing structure of the political and economic power, culture, society and technology in the pre-British, colonial and post-colonial periods. How did this changing structure affect the physical structure, environmental health and the aesthetic characteristics of the whole town, with its race specific neighbourhoods and its architecture? The study tests several hypotheses. The first hypothesis is the link between the architecture and environmental infrastructure of ‘pre-railway’ Luo society with that of the pioneer colonial town. Secondly, it examines the development of Kisumu’s Asian community with its realisation of culture-specific built forms and environments. Thirdly, it verifies the connections between the colonial development of Kisumu to changing metropolitan models of local government, environmental controls, town planning, engineering and architecture. Last but not least, it examines the new post-colonial interpretations and functioning of the city to explain the transformed urban structure and environment of Kisumu. |
| 1995 | WALSH, MARKUS G. | INFLUENCE DIAGRAMS FOR MODELING IMPACT OF LAND-USE INTENSITY IN PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMS IN NORTHERN KENYA | TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY | PHD | 67 | Changes in traditionally mobile pastoral societies in East Africa associated with pressures promoting sedentarization have prompted concern over the sustainability of these production systems. Past rangeland research and development programs in Africa have proven inadequate to alleviate these concerns, largely because of difficulties in translating knowledge about land degradation processes into terms which may be used in design of appropriate and economically justifiable land management interventions. Environmental complexity, lack of reliable data and multiple, frequently conflicting, management goals all contribute to this problem. To resolve questions about the sustainability of pastoral production systems, specialized tools consisting of simple spatial models for estimating landuse intensity and its impact on rangeland degradation risk were developed. The models are based on influence diagram methodology and may be parameterized using remotely-sensed and ancillary data. They provide a probabilistic impact assessment about alternative landuse intensities, on portions of pastoral home ranges, in relation to predefined management goals. Analyses for sensitivity and expected value of information were used to highlight information gaps. The various methods were demonstrated using a long-term dataset from a pastoral ecosystem in Northern Kenya. |
| 1995 | AUBREY, LISA MARIE | THE POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION: AFRICAN NGOS AND THEIR RELATIONAL ENVIRONMENT. A STUDY OF MAENDELEO YA WANAWAKE IN KENYA | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 349 | This study examines the politics of interorganizational development cooperation in Kenya. It focuses on the relationships between Maendeleo Ya Wanawake (MYWO) and foreign donors, and the Kenyan government. MYWO is Kenya’s largest women’s organization which claims to be a non-governmental organization (NGO). It is also the oldest women’s organization of its type in Africa. This study attempts to determine the degree of autonomy MYWO maintains in its development partnerships with the Kenyan government and foreign donors, which provide the lion’s share of its financial and technical resources. It further attempts to determine whether or not ‘autonomy’ necessarily leads to more successful development programs. This study is also concerned with whether or not gender is a factor which makes women’s organizations more vulnerable to resource dependencies in male-dominated relationships. Archival research was conducted in England in 1989 and 1992, and fieldwork was conducted in Kenya in 1991-1992 utilizing participant observation and interviews with grassroots women’s groups, MYWO staff and elected officials, Kenyan government Ministry personnel, foreign donors and other relevant persons. This study found that MYWO was not a genuine NGO. It falsified its reputation to secure foreign donor funding. In 1987, MYWO was captured by the Kenyan Africa National Union (KANU) party and government which effectively made it an appendage of the state. KANU controlled its finances, and undermined the power of women. MYWO national elected leaders allowed this to happen as they did not believe in women’s solidarity. They were concerned with individual enrichment and recognition by KANU. Foreign donors in partnership with MYWO were a diverse lot. Some of them provided assistance with relatively few strings attached. Others, however, made programmatic and policy mandates. The conclusion of this study is that the partnerships of foreign donors and the Kenyan government and MYWO offer little hope for the development of Africa. For most of these groups, development is more about satiating their political and economic appetites rather than providing a supportive environment for the maximization of human potential. This study further raises questions about the authenticity of NGOs–Northern and Southern, the indigenousness of women’s groups, and the untenable definitions of organizational autonomy and dependence. |
| 1995 | BOOTON, GREGORY CHARLES | MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF LAKE VICTORIA CICHLID FISH (HAPLOCHROMIS, UGANDA, KENYA, TANZANIA) | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 177 | The Great Lakes of Africa contain a striking diversity of freshwater fish, most endemic to a particular lake. Lake Victoria, the youngest of the major lakes, contains hundreds of endemic fish taxa from the family Cichlidae, most historically placed in the genus Haplochromis. Recent revision of this genus has resulted in numerous new genera. While the former Haplochromis taxa of Lake Victoria are known to be closely related, exact phylogenetic relationships among these taxa has not been determined. The explosive speciation of a large number of taxa in a short evolutionary period have made these species interesting to biologists studying evolutionary processes. However, because of the introduction of exotic fish species, and environmental decline, the large number of species previously found in the lake is rapidly disappearing. In the studies presented in this dissertation, the phylogenetic relationship of the Lake Victoria cichlid fish taxa is examined using molecular data. Determination of the phyletic relationship of these taxa to other fish species was studied by sequence determination of the 18S rRNA molecule, widely used in phylogenetic studies. Results determined the relationship of Cichlidae taxa to other teleosts, as well as other fish taxa. Next, to examine the phylogenetic relationships among Lake Victoria taxa, a more rapidly evolving nuclear DNA region was studied, the Internal Transcribed Spacer One (ITS 1), of the ribosomal gene operon. This provided higher resolution among these taxa, but was not completely sufficient to distinguish among all taxa studied. Finally, examination of a nascent method, Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, which screens the entire genome to find phylogenetically informative markers was examined. Phylogenetic trees produced in this analysis were compared to a high resolution morphological tree which has recently been presented. Results indicated areas of concordance, as well as areas of non-concordance between the methodologies. Also, an apparent split between taxa depending upon the geographical origin of the fish was observed. Results also indicated that this method may be useful in unknown species identification in the species conservation program which is currently underway. In summary, results expanded the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among these species |
| 1995 | MAKOKHA, ADAVA JOY | AN ANALYSIS OF SMALL RURAL WOMEN’S GROUPS IN POST-INDEPENDENT KENYA (RURAL COMMUNITY) | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | 296 | Women in developing countries have been very instrumental in the development of their nations, greater portions of which are rural. In Kenya, where this research was conducted, most men live in urban areas where employment is available to them. These men return to their rural homes to reunite with their families during holidays and, occasionally, weekends. Due to men’s migration to urban centers, women remaining in the rural areas assumed male traditional roles, in addition to their own responsibilities leading to recognition as heads of households. In order to cope with these challenges, women have resourcefully formed their own organized groups for self-sufficiency and contribution to the development of their rural communities where employment opportunities are minimal. It is believed that group activities have helped women regain their identity and become involved in decision making matters at local and national levels. Therefore, the researcher studied women’s groups in rural Kenya to determine the reasons for women joining and participating in groups; what caused success or failure of the groups; contributions made by the groups to individual members, families and communities; and the impact of home economics on the development and functioning of women’s groups. The six groups studied were from Maragoli, Bunyore and Idakho sub-ethnic groups of the Luyia ethnic group in Vihiga and Kakamega districts, of Western Province of Kenya. To identify the groups, three women leaders from these areas were contacted by the researcher to provide names of groups in their locations according to the specified criteria. It was from these names groups were stratified by the three sub-ethnic groups of the Luyia ethnic group. Two groups were selected from each sub-ethnic group to make the six groups that were used for the study. Data were collected in this descriptive qualitative study through group face-to-face interviews. Both open-ended and closed-ended questions were used. Analysis consisted of frequencies and ratios and qualitative content analysis. Findings of the study included: Women joined and participated in groups to facilitate literacy for them and education for their children as well as meet their economic needs and strengthen their religious faiths. Groups failed or succeeded because of their leadership quality and initiatives of project management. Home Economists as members of groups impacted their groups with knowledge and skills in sewing, foods and nutrition knowledge, cooking, budgeting, and general hygiene. The net result was that women’s skills and leadership potential were revitalized. | |
| 1995 | FULFROST, BRIAN | FOUR HECTARES AND A HOE: MARAGOLI SMALLHOLDERS AND LAND TENURE LAW IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA | MA | 76 | The paper outlines the historical development of Kenyan land tenure reform in relation to a group of smallholders in Maragoli. The transformation of common property into private property has not completely destroyed the authority of local institutions in matters of land tenure and land use. Customary social obligations have continued to play a role in the decision-making process of smallholders in Maragoli. The government in Kenya continues to be uninformed by the socioeconomic realities that affect smallholders. Agrarian law and administration should be built on the kinds of agricultural systems that are being practiced by the majority of the population in Kenya. |
| 1995 | NDUNDA, MUTINDI MUMBUA | WOMEN’S AGENCY AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY: THE EXPERIENCES OF THE WOMEN OF KILOME, KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA) | PHD | 263 | This study examines women’s experiences of formal education in Kenya. The study aims at making visible the cultural, historical, economic and political factors that shaped, and continue to shape, women’s educational and employment opportunities. It also highlights women’s agency exemplified in their struggle to provide their children, and particularly their daughters, with educational opportunities. The study draws attention to the gender and power issues that limit women’s participation in the public sphere. These are issues that policy makers, politicians, and development agents have not and still do not adequately address. The study employs post-positivist research methodologies, particularly feminist methodologies informed by post-colonial critiques. The women in this study are treated as social agents not as victims of men, and of economic and political trends. The women formulate strategies aimed at influencing or shaping the social system in which they are a part. The women’s agency resides in their individual and communal endeavours and is constantly reinvented in the context of political and social change. This research is an analysis of the experiences of 38 women born, raised and partly schooled in Kilome division, Makueni district. It focuses on the educational experiences of rural women living in two villages and a small town in Kilome division, Kenya. I use the women’s discourse to critique the public discourse on education articulated in policy documents produced in the last 30 years since independence in 1963. This study illustrates how women in Kenya have been largely absent at the national level where educational policies are formulated. Policy making has remained male dominated. Policy makers, charged with structuring and restructuring education to meet the country’s development needs, continue to limit women’s agency to the private sphere. The formulation of policies from the male perspective has intensified the public and private dichotomy. Absent in the public discourse on education has been the discussion of how gender, a social construction, has influenced opportunities available to men and women in colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Colonial gender constructions of femininity have continued to limit educational opportunities made available to women in post-colonial Kenya. The Kenyan women in this study are cognizant of how these gendered assumptions shaped, and continue to shape, women’s educational and employment opportunities. They re-negotiate and resist these gendered assumptions and they have become intervention agents for their children’s education. The women’s agency, however, is limited by their lack of economic power. The interplay between gendered cultural assumptions about femininity and the increased costs of schooling imposed by policy makers continue to have a negative impact on women’s education. |
| 1995 | SCHOSS, JOHANNA H. | BEACH TOURS AND SAFARI VISIONS: RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION AND THE PRODUCTION OF ‘CULTURE’ IN MALINDI, KENYA (TOURISM) | THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO | PHD | 411 | The dissertation offers an alternative approach to conventional economic and sociological analyses of tourism, through an exploration of the relationship between economic practice in an internationalized tourist industry and local socio-cultural orders. Focusing on ‘tourism entrepreneurs’-Malindi residents working in tourism–the study reveals local notions of the political-economy of tourism, which taken together with socio-cultural conceptions of work, personhood, and agency, provide the logic for local engagement with tourism. From this vantage point, the dissertation argues that rather than being ‘captured’ by the global progress of tourism, locals effectively produce the current arrangement of the tourist economy in Malindi. The dissertation also explores the processes of social and cultural production occurring in the tourist encounter. The dissertation examines how tour guides act as cultural mediators, further investigating the cosmopolitan styles through which these guides deploy the new Western commodities and leisure practices tourism has introduced. These styles, however, do not mark the ‘Westernization’ of Malindi tour guides, but rather articulate distinct strategies through which the guides negotiate their relationship to the global tourist economy, and to their own community. Analyzing the production of images of Kenyan culture created through guided tours, the dissertation explores the historical construction of the safari as the premier touristic representation of Kenya, and how this image is contested by local guides, offering tourists guided tours of Malindi and its surrounding villages. Examining tourist performances of traditional Mijikenda dance, the dissertation addresses the questions of ‘commodification of culture,’ and cultural ‘authenticity.’ The dissertation argues that, for members of the Mijikenda community, the ‘authenticity’ of these dances is linked to the social relations of their production. Arguing against theories that presume tourism and Western tourists have the power to commoditize local culture, the thesis proposes that these socio-cultural and symbolic transactions between locals and foreign tourists can only be understood in terms the indigenous cultures of work, and the local relations of production, which structure these encounters. |
| 1995 | CHEROGONY, MIRIAM JEROTICH | THE IMPLICATIONS OF GRAIN MARKET LIBERALIZATION ON ON-FARM MAIZE STORAGE IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | MSC | 215 | This thesis presents a financial analysis of on-farm grain storage from a farmers perspective in Kenya using storage investment and farm budget data from Nandi district. The study emphasizes the implications of the agricultural market liberalization process being undertaken by the government. To reduce operating subsidies to the National Cereals and Produce Board, the government has encouraged improved on-farm storage structures. The results show that improved storage structures significantly increases income. However, the traditional store show a marginally profitable benefit/cost ratio equal to one possibly explaining the low adoption of improved structures by farmers. The small returns from the traditional stores could be a trade-off for the risk involved. Risk averse farmers might continue to use the traditional store. Although the post-harvest losses for individual farmer are small, the country aggregate involves large losses. One recommendation would be to pursue extension programmes which will reduce the on-farm post-harvest losses for high quality grain could provide an incentive to use improved practices. Finally, the farmers could be encouraged to start cost-efficient cereal banks which will spread out storage costs amongst many farmers. The success of the market reform process depends on the government providing a favourable environment for private traders, for example improved infrastructure, market information systems, credit and reduced trade barriers. This could lead to more integrated local markets and the dampening of seasonal price differentials within the country hence the less likelihood of non-competitive market situations arising. |
| 1995 | FOWKE, KEITH RAYMOND | RESISTANCE TO HIV-1 INFECTION AMONG A GROUP OF CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED WOMEN (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY, STD’S, KENYA, NAIROBI, PROSTITUTE) | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | PHD | 221 | Despite intense sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) a small group of women within the Nairobi Prostitute Cohort Study have remained persistently HIV-1 seronegative for at least 3 years. The goal of this project was to determine if these women are resistant to HIV-1 infection and if so, by what mechanism(s). HIV-1 gene amplification confirmed that the majority (91%) of those women were truly uninfected. Survival analysis modelling of the time to seroconversion of all initially seronegative prostitutes suggested that statistically these women should be infected. Multivariate analysis suggested that HIV-1 exposure factors (condom use and the number of sex partners) and acquisition co-factors (sexually transmitted diseases) could not account for the inverse relationship between exposure to HIV-1 and risk of infection. Considering that statistically these women should have been infected but were not, and that differences in HIV-1 exposure or acquisition co-factors could not account for this lack of infection, it was concluded that these women were resistant to HIV-1 infection. What was the mechanism of resistance? Analysis of the cDNA for the cellular receptor for HIV-1, CD4, and in vitro HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells suggested that the resistance to infection was not at the level of the susceptible cell. HLA class I analysis showed that two alleles in particular, A69 and B18, and the general rarity of the HLA haplotype were significantly associated with remaining seronegative. Cellular immune responses to HIV-1 (cytokine production in response to HIV-1 antigens and HIV-1 specific cytotoxic response) were present in resistant women but not low risk seronegative controls. A small group of women within the Nairobi Prostitute Cohort may be resistant to HIV-1 infection. Evidence from this study suggests resistance is not at the level of the susceptible cell but may involve cellular immune responses. |
| 1995 | KULCZYCKI, ANDRZEJ JERZY | ABORTION, RELIGION, AND POLITICS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ABORTION DEBATE IN KENYA, MEXICO AND POLAND | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 265 | This dissertation examines abortion practice, policy and debate in Kenya, Mexico and Poland, where the author conducted extensive fieldwork. It sets out to compare, contrast, and to link the abortion controversy globally by using multiple sources of evide |
| 1995 | PASLICK, CASSI RENEE | A GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF VOLCANISM ASSOCIATED WITH THE EARLY STAGES OF CONTINENTAL RIFTING IN NORTHERN TANZANIA (EAST AFRICAN RIFT) | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 155 | The volcanic province of northern Tanzania lies at the southern end of the eastern branch of the East African Rift. In Kenya the underlying lithosphere is Proterozoic in age, while in northern Tanzania the rift intersects the Archean Tanzanian Craton. A petrological, isotopic and chronological study was undertaken to determine the source of the volcanic rocks and the relationship between rifting and volcanism. The isotopic compositions of the volcanic rocks indicate that the source is located in the chemically heterogeneous continental lithospheric mantle. Trace element concentrations in the northern Tanzanian lavas suggest that the continental lithospheric mantle in this area has been metasomatized by small degree partial melts from the asthenospheric mantle. Many of the mineral grains present in the samples were not in isotopic or chemical equilibrium with the magma represented by the whole rock chemical and isotopic compositions. This complex petrogenetic history is consistent with the small volume of lava produced in northern Tanzania. It is probable that many mantle-derived melts freeze before they reach the surface and these solidified magmas are the source of the xenocrysts in the erupted lavas. If the volcanic rocks in northern Tanzania are being generated in a rising mantle plume, the direction of the initiation of volcanism should be consistent with the movement of the African plate over this time. Ages obtained for the volcanoes in northern Tanzania show no consistent geographic trend; there is no evidence of a plume track. If the lavas are being generated in the continental lithospheric mantle, the heat source may be a mantle plume but geographic location of volcanism may be controlled by the location of low melting temperature material in the lithospheric mantle. Mantle xenoliths from the Labait cone display a range of isotopic compositions similar to those measured in the northern Tanzanian lavas. While melt from an individual xenolith has isotopic compositions that match those of the lavas, the xenoliths represent a potential Heterogeneous source for the northern Tanzanian lavas. |
| 1995 | MACHYO, CATHERINE NASWA | SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE CAREER AND EDUCATIONAL PLANS OF YOUNG KENYAN WOMEN | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) | 106 | This study examines the influences of socioeconomic status, religion, role models, location, sex-role ideology and students’ perceptions of parental expectations on the educational and career aspirations of Form 4 (Grade 12) woman business education students in Kenya. A questionnaire was completed by 235 students from eight secondary schools. The data were analyzed using Cross-tables and Chi-square procedures of the SPSS/PC statistical package. The study indicates that these business education students had high career and educational aspirations and expectations. For example, even though the majority of the students held traditional views on the roles of women and men, the majority of them aspired for a university education and expected high status careers. The study also indicates a significant relationship (at the 0.05 level), between socioeconomic status, location, role models, and students’ perceptions of parental expectations, and these young women’s career and educational aspirations. Although no significant relationship was found between socioeconomic status and educational aspirations, students from higher socioeconomic status exhibited higher career aspirations. Only religion had no significant influence on students’ plans. The thesis includes recommendations for business education curricula, career guidance and educational policy to further the development of women in Kenya. | |
| 1995 | MACHYO, CATHERINE NASWA | SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE CAREER AND EDUCATIONAL PLANS OF YOUNG KENYAN WOMEN | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) | MED | 106 | This study examines the influences of socioeconomic status, religion, role models, location, sex-role ideology and students’ perceptions of parental expectations on the educational and career aspirations of Form 4 (Grade 12) woman business education students in Kenya. A questionnaire was completed by 235 students from eight secondary schools. The data were analyzed using Cross-tables and Chi-square procedures of the SPSS/PC statistical package. The study indicates that these business education students had high career and educational aspirations and expectations. For example, even though the majority of the students held traditional views on the roles of women and men, the majority of them aspired for a university education and expected high status careers. The study also indicates a significant relationship (at the 0.05 level), between socioeconomic status, location, role models, and students’ perceptions of parental expectations, and these young women’s career and educational aspirations. Although no significant relationship was found between socioeconomic status and educational aspirations, students from higher socioeconomic status exhibited higher career aspirations. Only religion had no significant influence on students’ plans. The thesis includes recommendations for business education curricula, career guidance and educational policy to further the development of women in Kenya. |
| 1995 | MULAKU, GALCANO CANNY | CONCEPTS FOR PID ROVEMENT (REMOTE SENSING, PHOTOGRAMMETRY, MAPPING, SURVEYING) | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) | PHD | 177 | Preliminary index diagrams (PIDs) are land parcel index maps traced off unrectified aerial photographs, often enlarged. They have been used in a number of developing countries for urgent land titling, but especially so in Kenya. There have been growing indications that users are dissatisfied with the boundary information obtainable from these maps, such as areas and boundary positions, for the other aspects of land administration, such as land planning and land valuation; yet the only solution suggested has been the re-surveying of the registered parcels, at a cost most developing countries can ill afford. This study aimed at determining the accuracy needs of PID users, developing an affordable technique to improve PIDs to user need standards, and formulating a plan for implementing the technique in Kenya. A user needs study was carried out and shows that, considering achievable accuracies, users would have to be satisfied with discrepancies of $/pm$2 m and $/pm$10% in parcel boundary position and area respectively. An accuracy assessment indicates that PIDs generally fall short of this standard. A relatively fast and cheap digital transformation technique has been developed and demonstrated to improve ‘ideal case’ PIDs (those whose boundaries appear on the corresponding photography) to within user need standards both in flat and variable terrain. Issues in implementing a PID improvement programme in Kenya are discussed, and an implementation plan set out. The developed technique could provide developing countries with an affordable land titling method that is also satisfactory for other land administration functions, and other potential applications. |
| 1995 | HAILEAB, BEREKET | GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOCHRONOLOGY AND TEPHROSTRATIGRAPHY OF TEPHRA FROM THE TURKANA BASIN, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA AND NORTHERN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH | PHD | 384 | |
| 1995 | BOOTH, KAREN MARIE | TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: EXPERTS, WOMEN AND THE STATE IN KENYA’S AIDS CRISIS (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY) | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 470 | This project examines the global politics of ‘technical assistance’ as they shape and are reflected in struggles over solutions to the AIDS crisis in Kenya. Drawing on and refining feminist Nancy Fraser’s analysis of the role of welfare experts in securing state control of women’s bodies through the elaboration of ‘needs talk’ and contextualizing the process in class-centered theories of African underdevelopment, the dissertation focuses on the implications of debates among international health experts at the World Health Organization (WHO) and struggles over donor money among Kenyan bureaucrats, researchers, and consultants for local efforts to help low-income Kenyan women avoid HIV infection. I argue that in Kenya the relationship of scientific knowledge to the making of policies guiding how the national government defines its needy population, decides what is needed, and delivers public services is determined by the actions of groups of ideological and financial brokers within the network linking international, national, and local sites of interventions in crisis. I examine the emergence in Kenya of a post-colonial discourse identifying low-income women as the culprits in the transmission of sexual disease prior to the appearance of AIDS. I then analyze the depoliticization of AIDS from a problem of sexual inequality into a problem of inequality of technical know-how. At the local level, these historical processes have translated into hegemonic control of problem-definition by Canadian, American, and European doctors enforcing a notion of masculine sexuality as promiscuous and fixed and feminine sexuality as subject to control and containment. I conclude by arguing that such a deployment of a supposedly gender and nationality neutral science results in policies for the control of AIDS that are ineffective at best and potentially dangerous for women and men alike. |
| 1995 | MAINA, FAITH WAIYESO | A STUDY OF CURRICULUM IN NATIVE BAND-CONTROLLED SCHOOLS IN CANADA: A LESSON FOR KENYAN SCHOOLS | TRENT UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 241 | The purpose of this study is to gather information on the success and development of education curriculum for Native band-controlled schools in Canada and determine whether the same would be appropriate for the Kenyan schools. The information was obtained through a survey with principals of band-controlled schools across Canada. A case study was developed through observations and unstructured conversations with a principal, teachers, tudents and community members in a Native band-controlled school in southern Ontario. The results indicated that education curriculum developed for Native band-controlled schools in Canada provides valuable lessons that could be adapted and modified for the Kenyan education curriculum. It is clear that students develop a strong identity when their cultural values are reflected in the curriculum. This cultural identity is strengthened by relevant curriculum in community schools because elders and resource people are involved in the development of appropriate teaching materials. Students also develop a positive attitude towards school so that they stay longer to graduate. The study also indicated that when parents, teachers community members directly participate in the education process through the curriculum programs, effective and relevant education is provided. However, the results also indicated that though the Native bands have embarked on a well publicised alternative education process for the last two decades, the change has been slow and has not provided instant results. There is still some concerns about specific areas of local control of education as well as parental role in the educational process. |
| 1995 | MAINA, FAITH WAIYESO | A STUDY OF CURRICULUM IN NATIVE BAND-CONTROLLED SCHOOLS IN CANADA: A LESSON FOR KENYAN SCHOOLS | TRENT UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 241 | The purpose of this study is to gather information on the success and development of education curriculum for Native band-controlled schools in Canada and determine whether the same would be appropriate for the Kenyan schools. The information was obtained through a survey with principals of band-controlled schools across Canada. A case study was developed through observations and unstructured conversations with a principal, teachers, students and community members in a Native band-controlled school in southern Ontario. The results indicated that education curriculum developed for Native band-controlled schools in Canada provides valuable lessons that could be adapted and modified for the Kenyan education curriculum. It is clear that students develop a strong identity when their cultural values are reflected in the curriculum. This cultural identity is strengthened by relevant curriculum in community schools because elders and resource people are involved in the development of appropriate teaching materials. Students also develop a positive attitude towards school so that they stay longer to graduate. The study also indicated that when parents, teachers community members directly participate in the education process through the curriculum programs, effective and relevant education is provided. However, the results also indicated that though the Native bands have embarked on a well publicised alternative education process for the last two decades, the change has been slow and has not provided instant results. There is still some concerns about specific areas of local control of education as well as parental role in the educational process. |
| 1995 | KANG, SUNG SAM | DEVELOPMENT OF NON-WESTERN MISSIONARIES: CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR CONTRASTING PROGRAMS (TRAINING) | TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL | PHD | 252 | |
| 1995 | MUTUA, HENRY NDOLO | ADAPTATION TO THE QUESTION OF IDENTITY,SUPPORT AND ENCULTURATION AMONG THE AKAMBA CHRISTIAN FAMILIES IN NAIROBI, KENYA | TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL | PHD | 173 | The purpose of this dissertation was to assess the impact of African organization on the role of the traditional family as perceived among the Akamba immigrants in Nairobi, Kenya. A further purpose was to assess how the Akamba immigrants, and in particular the Christian families in Nairobi cope with the resulting changes. Content analysis were made of field data to discover the way in which these families have adjusted to cope with the impact on the part played by the family in traditional society. Data analyzed showed in traditional society, the family was responsible for the individual’s need for identity, economic support and enculturation of the children. However, due to organization and its forces of change, the traditional family was described as weak and fragmented. Hence, playing no part in ones need for identity, support and enculturation of the young generation. But with these changes, data analyzed showed that the Akamba families and that the individual’s need for identity, support and enculturation were met through urban based institutions. Data analyzed showed that in these, ethnic- ased associations, comm gatherings and rural visitations, the Akamba families to have their key needs met. In this quest for survival in the city, the study showed that the church for which the above mentioned families are members has not been helpful in meeting hese. These findings, though related to one ethnic society in, should have value for the church in the African city and particular Africa Inland Church in Nairobi. The findings are also in general sense of value to other Christian Churches involved in and Church planting in the African cities and perhaps in of developing nations. |
| 1995 | WAMAE, NJERI CLAIRE | AN IMMUNOEPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI IN MUHAKA, KWALE DISTRICT, SOUTH COASTAL KENYA (FILARIASIS) | TULANE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 204 | This study was designed to determine the relationship between Wuchereria bancrofti infection status, levels of circulating microfilarial, parasite antigenemia and antifilarial antibody responses. The effects of transmission season and concurrent helminth infections on filarial infection and antifilarial antibody responsiveness were also examined. The study was conducted in a population of 328 life-long residents aged $/geq$1 yr, in Muhaka, Kwale District, south coastal Kenya, an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis. Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia and circulating antigenemia were determined before the long rains, a time coinciding with a low transmission season. Acute and chronic manifestations of filariasis were also assessed. The prevalence of microfilaremia increased gradually with age and was significantly higher, p $<$.001 in Kilore (24%) than in Mvumoni (6.3%). The prevalence of antigenemia increased with age and also was significantly higher in Kilore (48.9%) than in Mvumoni (20.5%), p $<$.001. Hydrocele and acute manifestations of filariasis were also significantly more common in Kilore than in Mvumoni. Baseline antifilarial antibody levels at a time coinciding with a low transmission season, were dependent on W. bancrofti infection status, locality, age and clinical status of the participants. Levels of IgG4 were higher in the antigen-positive than antigen-negative persons (p $<$.001) in both communities. In contrast, the levels of IgG3 were lower in microfilaria-positive than microfilaria-negative persons in Mvumoni (p =.053) and in Kilore, levels of IgG2 antifilarial antibody responsiveness were lower in antigen-positive than antigen-negative persons (p =.014). In antigen-negative persons, all four isotypes were significantly higher in Kilore than Mvumoni (p $<$.001, for IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 and p =.055 for IgG3). Follow up serum samples were available from a subset of 123 participants after the transmission season. Comparing antifilarial antibody responsiveness in all pre- and post-transmission samples in Mvumoni, the low prevalence community, there were no significant changes in IgG1, IgG2 or IgG3 levels but IgG4 antibody responses increased significantly (p =.023). Qualitative analyses of seasonal shifts in stage-specific anti-Brugia pahangi IgG1 and IgG4 isotypes in paired sera by immunoblot showed similar antigen recognition profiles. Despite increased exposure to infective larvae following the onset of the rainy season, very few individuals showed new reactivity with previously unrecognized filarial antigens. Antifilarial IgG responses were dependent upon filarial infection status but were not significantly influenced by the presence or absence of infection with either S. haematobium or intestinal helminths. |
| 1995 | AGAK, JOHN ODWAR | READING LITERACY IN RELATION TO PATTERNS OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN KENYA (IEA READING LITERACY TEST) | UMEA UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN) | FILDR | 228 | How is reading literacy related to academic achievement among 14 year old students in Kenya? This was the main issue of the present study. The IEA Reading Literacy Test was used for measuring reading literacy and the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) was used for measuring academic achievement. It was hypothesized that there are degrees of variation in correlation between reading literacy and each subject area a student opts for at KCPE. It was also hypothesized that there is a variation in performance on reading literacy due to influences caused by background factors (literacy interaction) and voluntary reading processes. Reading literacy was assumed to be broken into latent variables including: a general reading ability factor, a document reading factor and specific passage factors. However, such a measurement model was not successful. The selected measurement model constituted only two latent variables: a general reading ability factor which covers most of the items with very few exceptions, and a documentary factor which entails those items related to identification location and association of information in brief documents. There was postulated also clear evidence that the components of academic achievement, namely, general reasoning and verbal abilities, were present in this study. General reasoning ability proved to be the main factor across most of the subjects at KCPE while verbal ability was connected to the subjects loaded mainly with connected texts to be comprehended. When voluntary reading was explored, a good measurement model was obtained. The measurement model for voluntary reading encompassed seven different types of voluntary reading topical readings from books, magazines and newspapers. Significant relationships between voluntary reading and both reading literacy and academic achievement were observed. An examination of the background factors in the study indicated that they have an impact on students’ performance on reading literacy and academic achievement. A strong relationship between reading literacy and academic achievement was noted especially when latent variables were used. This relationship remained even when the background factors were controlled. The measurement model for reading literacy and academic achievement turned out to be the same. However, there were some differences in terms of performance on reading literacy and academic achievement. |
| 1995 | MACHARIA, NJOROGE JAMES | THE CATHOLIC METHODS OF EVANGELIZATION IN EAST AFRICA: NINETEENTH TO TWENTIETH CENTURY (COLONIALISM, KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA) | UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA (SPAIN) | DRTH | 255 | All the Catholic Missionaries in East Africa: Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, used almost the same methods of evangelization but the difference were: (a) Missionaries’ background and foundation charism. (b) Colonial power for each of the Countries. (c) Particular local people to be evangelized. The evangelization was met with success through the missionaries’ building of schools, hospitals, dispensaries, trade and handicraft centers, translation of bible into local languages. In the 15th to 19th centuries the evangelization was hindered by: Trade, slavery, and slave trade, Portugese Royal Patronage, Colonialism, commerce and the trade, culture imperialism which destroyed traditional African cultural values, religious heritage and traditional institutions. |
| 1995 | MACHARIA, NJOROGE JAMES | THE CATHOLIC METHODS OF EVANGELIZATION IN EAST AFRICA: NINETEENTH TO TWENTIETH CENTURY (COLONIALISM, KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA) | UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA (SPAIN) | DRTH | 255 | |
| 1995 | MULINGE, WELLINGTON M. | EFFECTS PROPERTY RIGHTS ON ECONOMIC IN NORTHERN KENYA: ANALYSIS OF AND TE T FOR ‘RES NULLIUS’ VERSUS ‘RES COMMUNES’ | UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA) | The purpose of this study was to test for the type of rights regime pe ating in resource utilizationin Northern Kenya. African nomadic pastoralists have occasionally been ccused of following socioeconomic and resource-use strategies that are to the environment land resource base. problem was analysed by determining the optimization the pastoralists use in economic decision making through the discount and theory frational expectations. A nested model was developed to test for presence of res-nullius open property) versus res communes (true common prop rty). The data used consisted of ime series livestock numbers, livestock sales (off take), livestock prices, labour osts, low price indices, interest rates and ecological indices, all from the district, Northern Kenya. Results obtained for Marsabit from this study suggest that res nullius property rights apply in production of small ruminants (goat a). owevercamel and cattle production are res communes. This result suggests that is a need to destock smaruminants while increasing the number of camels and cattle. The problem of open access range seems to apply in resource management strategies of Marsabit district as regards harvesting of forage resources small ruminants (goats and sheep). Cattle an camel production seems to operate under res communes regime. (Abstrac shortened by UMI) | ||
| 1995 | ROTH, RICHARD MICHAEL | AN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CENTRE FOR KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY (CANADA) | MEDES | 172 | Environmental education in Kenya is not being adequately taught due to constraints within the formal education system. A nonformal environmental education alternative is developed which centres around an environmental field studies centre. Programming variations from one day to three or more weeks provides numerous educational options for local students. Programmes for foreign students can be used as a revenue generator, financially self-sustainability including the financing of programming for Kenyans. A strong multiplier effect and outreach programming in local communities provides an adult environmental education component. The incorporation of cultural subject matter into programming provides the local community with a focus around which to celebrate both natural and cultural heritages. Programming, participant selection, marketing, financing, safety concerns, environmental considerations, and staffing needs are addressed. The commitment such a centre will show to nature conservation, education and local community development should appeal to funding agencies or donors. |
| 1995 | BOSS, JOYCE ELAINE | THE POLITICS OF POSTCOLONIALISM: AFRICA, THE WEST, AND CRITICAL REPRESENTATION (JOSEPH CONRAD, EVELYN WAUGH, SALIM BIN ABAKARI, MEJA MWANGI, PENINA MUHANDO MLAMA) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 224 | This study addresses some of the problems within postcolonial studies, an important emergent theoretical field within cultural and literary studies in the academy. Specifically, it examines the way in which received theories of postcoloniality posit a monolithic colonized/postcolonial Other, and in so doing elide important historical and cultural specificities, particularly regarding Africa. This tendency can be seen in two ways: first, the particular Western trope of ‘Savageism,’ markedly different from ‘Orientalism,’ which is used in representing Africa and Africans; and second, the limited attention given to literary texts (as well as other types of texts, such as film) by African writers (and filmmakers), as well as to specific local conditions of textual production, reception, and circulation. The body of this study consists of four case studies which represent some of the types of critical interrogation which might enable the nascent field of postcolonial studies to transcend the terms of its so-called crisis. First, within English literature, it looks at the use of the cannibal motif in the construction of African alterity (in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Waugh’s Black Mischief), as well as the alternative mode of representing Otherness found in Salim bin Abakari’s Swahili travel narratives. Second, it examines the work of Kenyan writer Meja Mwangi as an example of English-language popular literature produced specifically for a non-Western (here, East African) audience. Third, it addresses issues raised by literatures in non-European languages, through a consideration of contemporary Tanzanian Kiswahili literature, particularly works by playwright Penina Muhando Mlama. Finally, it examines two recent African films, Ngangura Mweze/Bernard Lamy’s La vie est Belle and Idrissa Ouedraogo’s Yaaba, as representative of the connections between the issues found in African literature and film. The conclusion iterates the need for the ‘postcolonial house’ to be conceived of as inclusively as possible, in order to transcend the binaries through which the relationship between The West and its Others has historically been articulated. |
| 1995 | KADOHIRA, MUTSUYO | ASSESSING TROPICAL ANIMAL DISEASE RISK AT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF AGGREGATION (KENYA, SAMBURU, KIAMBU, KILIFI, BRUCELLOSIS, CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA, INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS, TRYPANOSOMIASES) | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | PHD | 228 | This research investigated the pattern of sero-prevalence for four infectious diseases, representing a broad range of pathogens–bacteria (brucellosis), mycoplasma (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia), viruses (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) and protoz |
| 1995 | KIMITI, JACINTA MALIA | INOCULATION OF SELECTED AGROFORESTRY TREE SPECIES WITH RHIZOBIUM AND SUBSEQUENT CROP AND SOIL NITROGEN RESPONSES (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, CALLIANDRA CALOTHYRSUS, SESBANIA SESBAN, ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA) | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | MSC | 105 | This study was conducted to test the effect of Rhizobium inoculation on 4 tree legumes: Leucaena leucocephala, Calliandra calothyrsus, Sesbania sesban (commonly used in intercropping systems in Kenya) and Robinia pseudoacacia (a temperate tree legume). Ea |
| 1995 | LANGAT, JACKSON KIPKIRUI | EFFECTS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND PHOSPHORUS ADDITIONS ON SOIL SOLUTION COMPOSITION AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY CORN ON TWO ACIDIC SOILS | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | MSC | 126 | The effects of CaCO$/sb3$ and P additions on the soil solution composition and growth and nutrient absorption by corn were studied in surface horizons of an Andosol from Kenya and a Podzol from Ontario. In both the laboratory and greenhouse experiments soil samples were amended with four rates of CaCO$/sb3$ and two rates of phosphorus in a factorial combination. The addition of CaCO$/sb3$ increased the solution concentration of Ca and SO$/sbsp[4][2-]$ in both soils, but decreased the solution concentrations of Mg, K, Na, Zn, and Mn in the Andosol and Mg, K, Zn, and Mn in the Podzol. Solution P concentration decreasedwith increased pH due to CaCO$/sb3$ additions in the Podzol but increased with the first addition of CaCO$/sb3$ in the Andosol followed by a decrease. The addition of CaCO$/sb3$ significantly increased the concentration and content of Mg and K, But decreased the concentration of P in the corn shoots in the Podzol. There were no significant effects of either CaCO$/sb3$ or P additions on plant nutrient concentrations or content in the Andosol. |
| 1995 | MWENDIA, CHARLES WAWERU | TANNINS IN TROPICAL LEGUMES: CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECTS ON RUMINAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY (PHENOLICS, SESBANIA SESBANIA, LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, LUPINUS, BACTERIA) | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | 180 | Ten leguminous forages and four browses were collected from four sites in Kenya and tested for polyphenolic content and in vitro degradability by rumen bacteria. Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala, Rhynchosia usamberensis and Desmodium spp. had the highest total phenolics, casein-precipitable and condensed tannins, Sesbania sesbania and Stylosanthes spp. were intermediate in polyphenolic content while Clitoria ternatea, Centrosema pubescens, Gliricidia sepium, Lupinus spp. and Psilitrichum elliottii were all low in polyphenols. Casein-precipitable tannins constituted 59.7% of total phenolics in stems, 77.1% in leaves and 79.6% in flowers and pods. In vitro dry matter degradability of high tannin C. calothyrus, R usamberensis and Desmodium spp. was between 45 and 55% compared to 72 and 80% for the lower tannin P. elliottii, Lupinus spp. and S. sesban. Digestibility was significantly (p $<$ 0.05) and negatively correlated with total phenolics, casein-precipitable and condensed tannins in leaves and flowers and significantly (p $<$ 0.05) and negatively with fibre fractions in stems and pods. Extracted condensed tannins from C. calothyrsus were the most toxic to Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Tannins from R. usamberensis and D. intortum were the least toxic and those from L. leucocephala were intermediate in toxicity. Precipitation of bovine serum albumin by C. calothyrsus, L. leucocephala and D. intortum tannins was similar (p $>$ 0.05) but C. calothyrsus tannins were more effective (p $<$ 0.05) than the other two in precipitating alfalfa leaf fraction-1-protein. Addition of fraction-1-protein to alfalfa NDF containing mixed rumen bacteria alleviated significantly (p $<$ 0.01) inhibition to digestibility occasioned by C. calothyrsus and L. leucocephala tannins but significantly (p $<$ 0.05) exacerbated the effects of D. intortum tannins. From this study, it was hypothesized that C. calothyrsus condensed tannins were largely bactericidal, L. leucocephala tannins bacteriostatic and D. intortum tannins non-bacteriostatic. From the silvopasture viewpoint, further studies are recommended to determine the in vivo nutritive value to ruminants of these plant materials. Although tannin molecular polymerization was considered important in tannin reactivities, it still remained to be determined how important other factors such as molecular orientation and constitution are. | |
| 1995 | NYACHOTI, CHARLES MARTIN | EVALUATION OF SORGHUM GRAIN IN BROILER STARTER DIETS | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | MSC | 115 | The feeding value of sorghum grain for broilers was investigated in three experiments. In experiment 1, a non-tannin sorghum (NTS) control and two diets containing a high tannin sorghum (HTS) treated or untreated with Magadi soda (MS) solution were fed from day 7-21. Experiment 2 examined the chemical composition and feeding value of six Kenyan sorghum cultivars fed at 40% of the diet in place of corn in a 5 days trial. Though composition varied, all had similar feeding value. In experiment 3, HTS replaced corn in two diets with or without MS. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WTG), feed efficiency (FE), metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen retention (NR) and digestive organ weights (DOW) were measured. NTS gave better performance than HTS. Generally, HTS birds had higher FI and poorer ME and NR as % of intake with or without MS. MS treatment improved FE and ME of HTS but WTG and DOW were not affected. Tannin content had only modest effects which declined with age. |
| 1995 | YASINDI, ANDREW WAMALWA | THE ECOLOGY OF CILIATED PROTOZOA IN AN ALKALINE-SALINE LAKE, LAKE NAKURU, KENYA (SPIRULINA PLATENSIS, CYCLIDIUM, FRONTONIA, PARAMECIUM, SPHAEROPHRYA) | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | MSC | 164 | Abundance, biomass and production of planktonic ciliates in Lake Nakuru were estimated between June, 1993 to January, 1994. Lake Nakuru had high abundances of a cyanobacterium (Spirulina platensis), flagellates, algae and bacteria (1.98 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ cells. ml$/sp[-1]$), which provided food for ciliates and other consumers. Small ciliates with $<$50 $/mu$m ESD (e.g., Cyclidium) accounted for 78% of total ciliate abundance and were bacterivores while large ones ($>$100 $/mu$m ESD) were omnivores (e.g., Frontonia) or fed on bacteria, flagellates and diatoms (e.g., Paramecium). Other ciliates were carnivores (e.g., Sphaerophrya). Rotifers were predators of ciliates, but some ciliates fed on rotifers. Ciliate abundances ranged from 1.04 $/times$ 10$/sp4$ to 1.42 $/times$ 10$/sp7$ cells.1$/sp[-1]$ (mean 1.15 $/times$ 10$/sp6$ cells.1$/sp[-1]$). Ciliate biomass ranged from 1.69 $/times$ 10$/sp7$ to 5.0 $/times$ 10$/sp[11]$ pgC.1$/sp[-1]$ (mean 1.82 $/times$ 10$/sp[10]$ pgC.1$/sp[-1]$) and mean production was 6.44 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ pgC.1$/rm/sp[-1].d/sp[-1].$ The variation of ciliate abundance, biomass and production with month, site, chlorophyll a, bacterial numbers, rotifer abundance, and physico-chemical variables is discussed. |
| 1995 | AYIEKO, MONICA AWUOR | HOUSEHOLD ALLOCATION OF LABOR TIME IN TWO TYPES OF SMALLHOLDER FARMING SYSTEMS IN RURAL KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 161 | The study analyzed the effects of gender and farming systems on time allocated to work by agricultural households in rural Kenya. A total of 289 participants were selected from Njoro and Kikuyu divisions. Spot observations, personal observations, questionnaires, and focus groups methods were used to collect data. Ecological zones influenced the amount of time allocated to work. Households in Njoro spent less time on work than households in Kikuyu. Females spent more time on household and agricultural work than males. Younger males spent more time in agriculture than females of the same ages. Female-heads were not different from other women on time they allocated to work. Respondents from female-headed households spent more time in agriculture and household production and less time in income generation than their counterparts from two-parent households. Presence of a husband in a household made members worked more hours doing household activities than when he was away. Age and educational attainment influenced the time females allocated to work. For males, the factors were age, educational attainment, type of family and the size of farm. For every additional year in age, females contributed increasing amounts of time to household and agricultural production while males’ time decreased. To cope with bad weather and economic hardships, livelihood strategies such as reducing consumers, shifting members’ maintenance responsibilities, increasing sources of income and depending on remittances were used. Men were conscious of their reduced time allocated to work in the home, acknowledged the role of women in agricultural production and allowed their spouses to make management and production decisions on their farms. Women were performing male designated chores, conscious of their roles in households subsistence, bias in traditional division of labor and its consequences and were seeking alternative solutions to manage the effects of emigration of men. Mothers were more liberal than fathers in allocating gender designated responsibilities to their children. Boys contributed more time to agriculture than male adults and even their counterpart females. Division of labor in the communities were based on relative power, social ideology, and moral economy. |
| 1995 | GAKURE, ROSELYN WANGUI | FACTORS AFFECTING JOB CREATING AND LOW JOB CREATING FIRMS OWNED BY WOMEN IN KENYA (ENTREPRENEURSHIP) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 172 | The purpose of this study was to identify: constraints which inhibit the expansion of employment in job creating (over 4 employees) and low job creating (4 or less employees) firms owned by women in Kenya, the characteristics of women owned businesses and |
| 1995 | K’AOL, GEORGE ONDEGO | PERCEPTIONS OF CRAFTSMEN AND APPRENTICES REGARDING SELF-EMPLOYMENT SKILL ACQUISITION IN THE KENYAN INFORMAL SECTOR | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 384 | The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which self-employment skills were taught by craftsmen to apprentices involved in informal apprenticeship activities. The results were obtained from structured interviews with 52 craftsmen and 52 app |
| 1995 | KIBAS, PETER BERACHESEBE | IMPACT OF CREDIT ON MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 167 | The purpose of this study was to determine the use and impact of non-governmental organization’s (NGOs) loans on microenterprises in Kenya. The study also identified barriers perceived to be hindering microenterprises from growing. This was an exploratory |
| 1995 | SIKES, NANCY E. | EARLY HOMINID HABITAT PREFERENCES IN EAST AFRICA: STABLE ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FROM PALEOSOLS (TANZANIA, KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 396 | In order to generate information on the site-specific context of hominid foraging behavior, and understand early hominid land-use patterns and habitat preference, the synchronic variation of hominid activity preserved in archaeological sites is examined in a diversity of floral microhabitats across two Early Pleistocene landscapes. In collaboration with landscape archaeology projects at Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) and Olorgesailie (Kenya), the stable carbon isotopic composition of paleosol (buried soil) organic matter and pedogenic carbonate is used in this thesis to estimate the original proportion of tropical grasses (C$/sb4$ plants) to woody vegetation (C$/sb3$ plants) across the ancient land surfaces. Interpretation of physiognomic types of tropical plant communities is based on a modern East African stable carbon isotopic soil and plant analog data set developed as part of this research. Floral microhabitat reconstructions are supported and supplemented by the stable oxygen isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonates, plus paleoenvironmental evidence obtained by more traditional means. The stable carbon isotopic values obtained from a basal Bed II paleosol a Olduvai Gorge indicate the 1 km$/sp2$ study area near the FLK and HWK localities in the eastern paleolake margin supported a relatively closed riparian forest to grassy woodland $/sim$1.74 Myr. Limited analyses suggest a similar floral context for the $/sim$1.77 Myr middle Bed I FLK Zinjanthropus site. At Olorgesailie, stable carbon isotopic values from a R$/sim$R0.99 Myr upper Member 1 paleosol, excavated along $/sim$3.5 km of outcrop, indicate the ancient land surface near the shore of a freshwater lake supported an open C$/sb4$ grassland, with some wooded grassland. Variability in the distribution and density of excavated archaeological traces over a paleolandscape may be related to hominid activities and resource use, and thus habitat preference. Ecologically and behaviorally based models of archaeological site location, as well as the ecological relationships indicated by studies of modern plant and animal resource abundance and distribution in subSaharan Africa, are integrated into behavioral hypotheses of hominid foraging and land-use patterns in analogous Early Pleistocene habitats. The hypotheses are tested with the paleosol carbon isotopic evidence generated on the floral microhabitat context of the excavated Oldowan and Acheulean assemblages at Olduvai Gorge and Olorgesailie, respectively. Although variation in floral microhabitat context is limited, it is suggested that Early Pleistocene hominids in East Africa may have preferred relatively closed woodland habitats that would have offered food resources, shade, and predator and sleeping refuge. |
| 1995 | WEST, JOLEE ANN | A TAPHONOMIC INVESTIGATION OF AQUATIC REPTILES (CROCODYLUS, TRIONYX, AND PELUSIOS) AT LAKE TURKANA, KENYA: SIGNIFICANCE FOR EARLY HOMINID ECOLOGY AT OLDUVAI GORGE, TANZANIA (REPTILES) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 477 | Crocodile and turtles are well represented at a number of the Olduvai archaeological sites, although the nature of their association with the lithic artifacts and the other faunal materials has never been investigated using taphonomic methodology. This thesis presents the results of an investigation of the taphonomic factors affecting the preservation and composition of aquatic reptile bone assemblages, particularly Crocodylus, Pelusios, and Trionyx, their potential contribution to early hominid diet, and significance for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. The field research, carried out along the eastern shores of Lake Turkana, Kenya, realized three main objectives: (1) a survey of modern surface assemblages of aquatic reptile remains, (2) a survey and study of aquatic reptile carcasses in ‘kill-site’ contexts, and (3) a survey and mapping of short-term occupation sites of modern people utilizing aquatic reptiles in their diet. These data provide baseline expectations for aquatic reptile remains in various accumulative contexts and allow for the investigation of the biases in sampling and preservation potential that are specific to these taxa as a result of their physiology, habitats, and exposure to predation. The results of the taphonomic study are used to investigate the nature of aquatic reptile remains from various Olduvai Bed I and II archaeological sites. Specifically, this research addresses the site formation processes that operated at particular Olduvai sites, and examines previously offered models of early hominid land-use in light of the evidence for hominid involvement in the accumulation of aquatic reptiles. A new model for the activities of early hominids in the Olduvai Basin during Bed I and Lower Bed II times is offered that brings together archaeological, anatomical, and palaeoenvironmental data indicating that early Homo was restricted to foraging in lake-margin habitats, and that the evolution of H. erectus can be directly linked to the loss of this favored habitat and concomitant anatomical and behavioral adaptations to increasing aridity during Bed II times. |
| 1995 | HARRINGTON, SUSAN TETLOW | BRITISH WRITERS IN TROPICAL AFRICA, 1936-1985: CULTURAL CROSSOVER IN THE TRAVEL AND FICTIONAL WORKS OF ELSPETH HUXLEY, GRAHAM GREENE AND V. S. AND SHIVA NAIPAUL (TRAVEL LITERATURE) | UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK | PHD | 340 | Pairing travel books with novels, this study of theworks of Elspeth Huxley, Graham Greene and V. S. and Shiva Naipaul traces the relationship between Europe and Tropical Africa over a fifty-year period, demonstrating the growing empathy of these authors |
| 1995 | OBURA, DAVID OBARE | ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY OF CORALS AND RIVER SEDIMENT FROM MALINDI, KENYA (SABAKI RIVER) | UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI | PHD | 326 | Sediment discharge from the Sabaki River near Malindi, Kenya, has increased in recent decades, prompting concern over degradation of coral reefs in the area. Surveys of sediment conditions, coral growth and reef community structure from 1992-1994 revealed that sediment stress is at moderate, not severe levels. On shallow reefs, high wave energy due to monsoon seasonality enables growth of diverse coral communities by reducing settlement of sediment. Some decline in coral diversity was observed on reefs closest to the river mouth, however these are also subject to intense fishing, complicating interpretation of the influence of sediment. On deeper reefs where light reduction from turbidity is highest, dominance by stress resistant corals was enhanced, but coral cover was not uniformly reduced. Sediment effects on variation in growth and evidence of stress at the population level were interpreted in terms of life history strategies of the main coral species. Strategies for growth maximization versus stress resistance indicated a fundamental tradeoff between the two, consistent with hypotheses on metabolic rate reduction on a gradient of environmental adversity. Analysis of genotype-environment interactions in growth measurements in 3 coral species reflected genetic strategies for sexual versus asexual reproduction, and variable versus fixed phenotypes. A model linking habitat characteristics and life history strategies is presented based on these patterns of growth/stress resistance and phenotypic variability. Physiological resistance to general stress is suggested as the primary adaptive strategy to sediment influence, whereby a low metabolic rate (here indicated by growth rate) confers high resistance to adverse environmental conditions by reducing dependence on environmental resources. Mucus secretion and bleaching are postulated as key control systems of a general stress response syndrome, by managing coral-zooxanthellae energy metabolism and thereby symbiotic homeostasis. In this construct, active sediment rejection behaviors including mucus secretion to aid particle removal, are secondary features of sediment stress resistance, hence their low ability to predict species’ distributions relative to sediment influence. |
| 1995 | ONDIGI, BENJAMIN ABAYA | ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL LEARNING OF KENYAN STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 182 | This study sought to identify the aspects of both academic and social learning in terms of skills and knowledge which the Kenyan students at the University of Minnesota had acquired. It also sought to identify the skills and knowledge acquired that would be transferred back to their home country an be used, and those which would not be transferred. These aspects of learning were examined in light of selected characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, and graduate/undergraduate students. The study involved all the Kenyan students at the University of Minnesota including graduate and undergraduate, singles and married, and those who are enrolled for non-degree work (adult special students). The qualitative method of data collection and data analysis was used. The following three qualitative methods were used to collect the data: (1) In-depth, one-to-one, semi-structured interviews with all respondents; (2) focus group interviews, and (3) a demographic form. The in-depth interviews revealed that the following knowledge and skills had been learned and would be transferred: computer technology, research skills, communication knowledge (e.g. E-Mail, telephones, fax, etc.), knowledge on the major area of study, logical reasoning leading to critical thinking, technical skills, interpersonal relations, appreciation of other people’s cultures, children taught to be independent at an early age, students taking jobs while at school. The following areas would not be transferred: lack of international application of some courses, expensive technology, separation and divorce, and the use of dangerous weapons by adolescents. According to the focus group interviews, the following were prioritized first: computer technology, knowledge of one’s major area of study, and technical skills. On the question of strategies to be used to implement the technology, the following were identified: (1) to set a real life model (good living example), (2) be able to approach those in authority and convince them to support the technology, (3) to establish a communication network that would enable those with the technology to reach both those in the hierarchy of the government as well as the beneficiaries of the technology. The following were identified as some of the problems that would be encountered: (1) Conflict between the acquired foreign and the home culture, (2) Difficult in changing the system in place, (3) Elitism, (4) Scarce resources, (5) Competition and challenges from abroad, (6) Level of economic structure, and (7) Time factor. Concerning the steps the government would need to take to implement the technology, the following were identified: (1) Create a good working environment that is motivating and encouraging. (2) Create a communication network with the returnees. (3) Identify talents. (4) Provide the machinery necessary for technology. (5) Seek loans from abroad and give capital to those who would be potential investors. (6) Send more talented students to developed nations to learn the technology and return home to implement it. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1995 | VENEY, CASSANDRA RACHEL | THE POLITICS OF REFUGEE RELIEF OPERATIONS IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI – COLUMBIA | PHD | 297 | The magnitude of the number of refugees and their needs pose serious economic and political problems for the host country, international community, and international aid agencies. This study examines the political background of the causes that have forced refugees to flee to Kenya. It identifies the principal actors involved in refugee relief operations and the major refugee groups in Kenya. The questions asked center on the political dynamics of refugee relief among the principal actors. One major question examined are the recommendations and suggestions for improving refugee relief in Kenya as they relate to different groups of refugees and their needs. The methodology employed in this study included a combination of personal interviews and personal observations in Kenya. Personal interviews were conducted with representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and refugees in Nairobi, Kenya. Personal interviews with NGO representatives in the three refugee camps visited were also used. Personal observations from the refugee camps were also used. Secondary sources in Kenya and the U.S. were utilized to obtain background information on Kenya and the refugee crises throughout the Horn of Africa. The research concludes that the actors involved in the provision of refugee relief in Kenya have different agendas, constituents, resources, and capabilities that affect how refugee policy is formulated and implemented. Since the Kenyan Government is the principal actor in refugee relief, the other actors operate in Kenya within the confines of the sovereignty Kenya holds as a nation-state. The Kenyan Government has used external and internal political and economic variables to shape refugee policy in an attempt to maintain regime survival. |
| 1995 | OLE-RONKEI, MOROMPI | EMERGING COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN THE PRESS-CHURCH ALLIANCE IN KENYAN POLITICS | UNIVERSITY OF OREGON | PHD | 476 | This study examines how the church and the press, through their communication activities, independently and together, worked to forward the interest of a democratic government in Kenya between 1982 and 1992 when the country was a single-party state by law. In a de jure one-party state, where traditional institutions of political opposition were outlawed or muzzled into silence by the de facto government, the church took on the extraordinary role of playing ‘opposition politics.’ This political phenomenon was packaged and disseminated nation-wide through a unique alliance forged between the church and the press. The study brings together theoretical perspectives from the fields of communications, political science and liberation theology in a bid to understand contemporary African politics while at the same time considering their blindspots regarding the unique intersection of the press and religious institutions in the democratization of Kenya. Ultimately, this study is An attempt to address the following questions: (1) How did the church and press, jointly and separately, act to challenge the Kenyan political establishment and promote a democratic government between 1982 and 1992? (2) To what extent are the actions by the church and the press, adequately accounted for by contemporary theories of communication and by political theory, particularly as they apply to Africa? In seeking to address these questions, the bulk of the study’s data were derived from press coverage of public utterances and exchanges between the clergy and the politicians as reported in the Daily Nation Newspaper and the Weekly Review magazine from January 1982 through December 1992. Interview data with church pastors and press editors are also integrated into the study. |
| 1995 | CHIRCHIR, ANDREW K. | THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHER TRAINING IN MEASUREMENT AND CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES IN KENYA’S SECONDARY SCHOOLS | UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA (CANADA) | MA | 184 | The purpose of this study was to determine teacher use of measurement principles and the factors influencing this use in the assessment of student achievement in the Riftvalley Province (Kenya). Given that most of the assessment in the classroom consists of instruments developed by teachers, a first step in exploring the utility of measurement principles is to investigate the use of these principles in specific assessment areas. This could lead to the determination and the improvement of the fit between measurement training and teacher classroom assessment practices. The study was designed to provide information on teacher use of measurement principles by considering whether teachers had received training in educational measurement principles, how important they perceived these principles to be, and how often they used the principles in the assessment of student achievement. The study was also designed to determine factors influencing the use of measurement principles in schools. The results show that teachers have been trained in the principles of educational measurement. However, there is some indication that measurement training did not effectively address the assessment concerns of many classroom teachers. Teachers do not feel adequately prepared in test construction, marking, and the reporting of student assessment results. The results on the importance of measurement principles provide some clear indication that teachers attach much importance to the principles for test construction, test administration, marking, and the reporting of student assessment results. Teacher interviews revealed that teachers are overwhelmed by the demands associated with Kenya’s 8-4-4 system of education. On the basis of the study findings, suggestions were made for improving teacher training in measurement and for further research. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1995 | MCCLURE, CHARLES AUGUSTUS | HOW BRAND NAMES BRAND SOCIETIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BRAND NAMES REGISTERED IN SELECTED ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES, 1870-1980 (TRADEMARKS) | UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA | PHD | 181 | Objectives were to investigate the registered brand name system in selected English-speaking countries, to determine attributes of brand names (‘brands’) and whether brand attributes characterize their source countries. Officials in Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, Kenya, the United Kingdom, and the United States provided data routinely recorded in registering brand names–identified by random numbers preselected by this author. Each brand, whether only verbal, or only design, or mixed verbal/design, was coded for several dozen characteristics: general, morphological, goods-related, and meaning-related, including, for each, official numbers and dates, registering or renewing entity, goods so branded, and any goods-related meaning. Included, if verbal, were initial letters and word length; and, if design, whether abstract or pictorial, and type if pictorial. Brand names were characterized as a long-continuing mass communication symbol system. Textile brands are omnipresent, but in the developing countries medical (and sometimes cosmetic and/or leisure) brands are more frequent than brands for the biblical necessities of food, clothing, and shelter-which predominate in the industrialized countries. Over time, brand verbal content has increased whereas embellishment, as in use of borders and overt design content, has decreased markedly. India ranks highest in purely design and mixed verbal/design brands, and Ireland ranks highest in purely verbal, lowest in mixed verbal/design, brands. Recent years show modest resurgence in registration of designs–more in brand names with verbal content than in pure designs. Yet mixed verbal/design brands, possibly expected to survive better than do purely verbal or purely design brands, are less likely to be renewed. Renewal of registration was selected as a survival measure of success. Brands with trivial (‘arbitrary’) meaning or excessive (‘descriptive’) meaning about the branded goods survived better than intermediate (‘suggestive’) ones. Source countries were characterized according to their brand name features–and were found to cluster together, or to diverge from one or more others, depending upon feature(s) selected. |
| 1995 | STREETMAN, HEIDI DENISE | A CASE STUDY OF EDUCATION FOR STREET CHILDREN IN NAIROBI, KENYA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE POLICY | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | MED | 131 | At the time of Independence from British colonial rule, the Kenyan government believed that the dearth of skilled labor in the country was due to lack of access to education for Kenyans prior to Independence. The Kenyan government, thus, endeavored to expand educational opportunity in the form of universal primary education to foster a literate and highly skilled work force that would be capable of achieving national development. The Kenyan system of community-funded, Harambee schools and formal school system has hosted gross inequities with regard to access, quality of education received. The inequities are exacerbated by an external system of examinations. Still education has been in high demand. The expanded education system inadvertantly has resulted in an increase in the rural-urban migration rate and in a glut of primary school leavers in the urban labor market. Internal migration has created a plethora of squatter settlements in Nairobi. Economic hardships in these areas, especially in light of Kenya’s troubled economy and structural adjustment measures, have resulted in conditions that promote the escalation of numbers of street children. The Kenyan government’s response to the street children crisis has been minimal. This paper examines what is being done by non-governmental and charitable organizations to respond to the crisis, with a special emphasis on what educational provisions exist. It also explores the ways in which other countries have responded to their street children, in order to decipher policies and programs that might be useful in the Kenyan context. Kenyan educational policies of universal primary education and Basic Education for All are critiqued. Alternative policy options are suggested. |
| 1995 | KAWASONGA, MARCELLUS AUJA | THE PASTORAL ROLE OF CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS AS PERCEIVED BY PRIESTS AND TEACHERS IN THE ARCHDIOCESE OF KISUMU, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO | EDD | 162 | The researcher investigated the Catholic high school teachers’ pastoral roles in the Archdiocese of Kisumu, Kenya, in 1995. Many changes had affected the Kenyan national educational organization, since independence, 1963. In light of these changes, the st |
| 1995 | MADERA, EBBY KADINYA | A STUDY OF SOME OF THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH JOB SATISFACTION/DISSATISFACTION AMONG TEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | 70 | The aim of the present study was to identify the various factors associated with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among secondary school teachers in Nairobi, Kenya. The relationship between teacher demographic variables and job satisfaction was also investigated. 191 teachers participated in the study. These teachers were surveyed using a 28 item questionnaire adapted from the Job Satisfaction Survey instrument (Heller, 1992). Factor analysis identified 8 sub scales Administration, Financial aspects, Work conditions, Co-workers, Amount of work, Relationship with students, Parents and community and Career future. The study found a high percentage (60.2%) of teachers in the study not satisfied with their job. ANOVA results showed no significant differences in job satisfaction by gender and position held. Significant differences were found with regards to age, years of teaching and grade. Implications of the findings and suggestions are discussed. | |
| 1995 | MADERA, EBBY KADINYA | A STUDY OF SOME OF THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH JOB SATISFACTION/DISSATISFACTION AMONG TEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | MA | 70 | The aim of the present study was to identify the various factors associated with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among secondary school teachers in Nairobi, Kenya. The relationship between teacher demographic variables and job satisfaction was also investigated. 191 teachers participated in the study. These teachers were surveyed using a 28 item questionnaire adapted from the Job Satisfaction Survey instrument (Heller, 1992). Factor analysis identified 8 sub scales Administration, Financial aspects, Work conditions, Co-workers, Amount of work, Relationship with students, Parents and community and Career future. The study found a high percentage (60.2%) of teachers in the study not satisfied with their job. ANOVA results showed no significant differences in job satisfaction by gender and position held. Significant differences were found with regards to age, years of teaching and grade. Implications of the findings and suggestions are discussed. |
| 1995 | ODEK, JAMES OTIENO | THE RELEVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL PATENT AND PLANT BREEDER’S RIGHTS PROTECTION SYSTEMS TO KENYA AS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: MYTH OR REALITY? (TRIPS AGREEMENT, UPOV CONVENTION) | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | SJD | 271 | This thesis evaluates the pertinence to Kenya of the principles and standards of the TRIPS Agreement in the creation of local innovative and adaptive research capabilities. It also examines the suitability of the UPOV criteria for protection of new plant varieties to enhancing inventiveness in Kenya. The UPOV Convention and the TRIPS Agreement inaugurate comprehensive principles and standards for international patent and plant breeder’s rights protection that have altered the scope of access to technology by developing countries. The TRIPS requirement that new plant varieties must be protected either by patent or an effective sui generis system makes it hard to divorce international patentability from the protection of plant breeder’s rights. This difficulty invites a consideration of how plant breeder’s rights should be recognized and protected internationally. It also solicits an analysis of the question of ownership of plant genetic resources. The proposition advanced in this study is that while the UPOV Convention inaugurates principles and standards that condone the uncompensated extraction of plant genetic resources from Kenya to developed countries, the TRIPs Agreement accords foreign enterprises preferential patent protection in Kenya. This thesis concludes by making an equitable case for the commodification of plant genetic resources and proposes the conferral of ensuing proprietary rights upon groups and communities. A finding is made that the principles and standards inaugurated by the UPOV Convention and the TRIPs Agreement represent a strong emphasis on private rights and a weak recognition of the social obligations of patentees and holders of plant breeder’s rights. The principles also depict a limited role for public interest and institute a non-viable public domain in international patentability. |
| 1995 | OLE SHANGUYA, MESHACH NALAMA | FACTORS RELEVANT TO TEACHER TRAINING IMPROVEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY (KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | EDD | 477 | This dissertation is a case study of the curriculum offered in the Kenyatta University pre-service teacher education programme. At the outset of the study, it was apparent that the quality of instructional performance manifested by student teachers during the Teaching Practice component of teacher preparation, and by the graduating teachers during their initial classroom teaching in schools, did not measure up to the expected professional standards. The objective of the study was to identify the factors responsible for the weaknesses in the teacher training programme, for the purpose of improving the programme. The study focuses on the content and the delivery mechanisms of the instructional technology component of the teacher training curriculum. Educational technology is taken as an exemplar of an integrative discipline for teacher education, and used as a basis for reviewing the functioning of the entire teacher training system in the University. The literature of teacher education and instructional technology was extensively studied to establish the pertinent theories and practices currently in application. The teacher training system was viewed as a composite of three curricular elements, comprising the intended, the implemented and the achieved curricula. The research used case study methodology as a basic approach, employing various modes of data gathering: open-ended interviews, questionnaires, examination of archival materials and documents, and observations of student teacher instructional performance during the teaching practice session. These were analysed against the discipline literature. The factors impinging on the training programme were identified, interpreted and discussed. The analysis traced the major programme weaknesses to two groupings of factors: those extrinsic to the programme–economic, administrative, resource management and policy aspects of the university functioning-and those intrinsic to the curriculum in its various dimensions. The main conclusion is that, although the curriculum of teacher education is basically an academic matter, the extrinsic, non-academic factors are more important in determining the weak effectiveness of the teacher education programme. Within this context, the thesis identifies specific aspects of curriculum where appropriate changes could result in improvement of the programme, provided that the extrinsic factors are suitably dealt with. |
| 1995 | MCADAM, JACQUELINE LOREEN | EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF EDUCATION FOR MARGINALIZED YOUTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A CASE STUDY NAIROBI, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA (CANADA) | MA | 179 | This case study documents how an alternative form of education developed in Canada, the Canadian Work Orientation Workshop (WOW) model, was translated into the context of Nairobi, Kenya to assist marginalized youth. Aspects including program relevance, program feasibility, program development, program implementation, program relationships, program recommendations, and program sustainability are considered within an evaluation framework. The Kenya WOW model presents a promising alternative form of education for marginalized youth which can strengthen their integration into the informal employment sector, an area where youth are often exploited in developing countries. This evaluative process provides valuable information regarding the development of services for marginalized youth and offers a framework for informing a similar process in other developing countries. |
| 1995 | OKEYO, RUPHINA NYAWADE | THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEASONAL FUELWOOD AVAILABILITY, HOUSEHOLD FOOD CONSUMPTION, AND WOMEN’S TIME-ALLOCATION (HOMA BAY, KENYA) | VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 164 | A study was conducted in 1993/94 on a group of 45 women clustered into the Hill, Lake, and Town regions of Kasgunga West sub-location in Homa Bay district, Kenya to assess women’s perceptions of problems and solutions related to fuelwood availability, household food consumption, and women’s time allocation for daily activities, and the relationships between time allocation, fuelwood availability, and household food consumption. Results obtained from the qualitative part of the study showed that 35, 23, and 22% of the respondents perceived that fuelwood collection, child care, and farming activities, respectively, were the most strenuous and time consuming activities of women in the Homa Bay district. The most obvious fuelwood availability problem was inadequate supplies. This caused a shift in the size of collected fuelwood (from large to small and increased usage of agricultural residue for fuel). According to the study, inadequate food is produced in the area and this results in approximately 91% of the staple consumed being bought from the market. The total time spent by respondents for collecting fuelwood was positively correlated with the amount of fuelwood collected $/rm(r=0.69)$ and earnings derived from sale of charcoal $/rm(r=0.61).$ |
| 1995 | WALKER, PHILLIP RAY | INSTITUTION BUILDING AND THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION: AN ASSESSMENT OF A NONTRADITIONAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN KENYA, EAST AFRICA (KITALE) | WALDEN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 149 | This study seeks to understand how a nontraditional theological Seminary operating in Kitale, Kenya can measure its worth and success in relationship to the students it seeks to educate. Approaching the study from the perspective that an institutions value must be determined by those receiving its services, the researcher used the Academic Institution-Building Model to engage the Seminary’s students in an evaluation of the Seminary. The Academic Institution-Building Model examines nine essential areas necessary for the development of any institution operating in a cross-cultural setting. Four areas, called linkages, deal with the relationship of the Seminary with other institutions. Five areas deal with the internal workings of the Seminary. The Model then examines the relationship between the internal variables and the external linkages in order to reach a Management Efficiency Index. This index is used as a measure of the Seminary’s success in meeting the needs and expectations of the students. |
| 1995 | SMITH-AKUBUE, DOROTHY ANN ROBINSON | EVANGELISM AND WESTERN EDUCATION IN WESTERN KENYA: CHURCH OF GOD (ANDERSON, INDIANA), 1905-1949 | WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 307 | This is a study of the impact of the evangelistic approach to western education by the Church of God Mission of Anderson, Indiana, U.S.A. on the Luyia of Western Kenya. It describes the types of schools initiated, their strengths and weaknesses, as a result of this missionary endeavor. The focus of this study also reveals new insights as to the social, religious and political impact of mid-western evangelism and education on the Luyia. Through the use of extensive oral interviews and questionnaires from Western Kenya, his study is able to provide a unique African voice in the assessment of the conversion process and the impact of western education. Besides the oral interviews and questionnaires, the study is based on archival sources in Kenya and in the United States. The western education brought to Kenya by the Church of God fit within the framework of colonial rule and the colonial economy, but it also reflected the views of the mid-western evangelists as to the type of education that would be best for Africans. The missionaries’ emphasis on evangelism first and industrial or technical education second within the educational philosophy of adaptation fit well with the views of Kenya’s European settlers and the colonial state that saw the production of an efficient labor force for the settler-dominated economy as an important goal of western education. Literary, or academic, education was little emphasized by the Church of God in either its schools for boys or girls as few or the mission’s teachers were qualified to teach such subjects. This represented a major shortcoming of the educational efforts of the Church of God in Western Kenya, but this situation caused little concern to the colonial rulers as it meant that Church of God converts were not involved in any serious form of political protest against alien rule. In assessing the impact of the Church of God, it is clear that it was a very minor player in the field of mission education in Western Kenya. Moreover, its schools were characterized by generally poor performance in academic or literary subjects down to 1949. Judged purely from the point of view of evangelism, on the other hand, its efforts were certainly successful for the Christianity took firm root among the Luyia amongst whom the mission established schools. |
| 1995 | VERA, YVONNE | THE PRISON OF COLONIAL SPACE: NARRATIVES OF RESISTANCE (WOLE SOYINKA, NIGERIA, NGUGIWA THIONG’O, KENYA, RUTH FIRST, EMMA MASHININI, SOUTH | YORK UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 313 | This study centres on European imperialism in Africa and the resistance offered to it through narrative texts. The study selects prison narratives produced during and after the experience of confinement in colonial and neocolonial Africa. The following four authors and their works are considered: Wole Soyinka’s The Man Died, Ngugi wa Thiongo’s Detained, Ruth First’s 117 Days, and Emma Mashinini’s Strikes Have Followed Me All My Life. A separate chapter is given to each author and major elements which mark each text are uncovered, mainly strategies of resistance to colonialist ideologies and assumptions. The choice of texts meets the need to engage canonical and non-canonical authors as well as to cover various regions within the continent, inviting a variety of issues. Parody marks Soyinka’s mode of resistance, while the political implications of the English language shapes Ngugi’s resistance. Questions of gender and race emerge through First and Mashinini. In Mashinini, orality is interestingly counterpoised. Throughout, the study considers the space of the prison and resistance to that space. The study is distinguished by the argument that the prison not only marks the reproduction of space in Africa, but also epitomizes the imposition and legacies of colonial rule. The use of the prison to silence dissenting opinion is investigated. Prison narratives have received scant attention in the study of literature from Africa. In the focus provided here prison narratives are treated as crucial in any comprehensive investigation of Africa’s historical reality, especially that of colonialism and resistance. The critical method is influenced largely by Edward Said’s theories on the connection between texts and contexts, as well as his links between imperialism and space. Fanon’s work on colonialism and space is also important to this study. The influence of Foucault’s discourse analysis, especially on the evolution of the prison, impacts on my study of space, domination and resistance. |
| 1996 | HUSTON, DEWEY O. | BRER RABBIT IS DYING: THE DEMISE OF TRADITIONAL MORALITY AMONG THE KIKUYU PEOPLE OF KENYA AND AN EFFORT TO RECLAIM IT | ASBURY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY | DMISS | 271 | Kikuyu traditional enculturation, as demonstrated by the oral literature, contained moral ideals consistent with the universal moral values Jesus taught in the Sermon on the Mount. These Kikuyu moral ideals are distinct proof that God created all humans in God’s own image and has written universal moral law on their hearts (Romans 2:15). Prior to the intrusion of Western ideology, the Kikuyu community emphasized character first and skills second. Intrusion by forces of Western colonialism and missions changed the culture of the Kikuyu, but none was greater than the power of schools. Western education, as introduced by Christian missions, gave prominence to knowledge and materialisticvalues, thus replacing traditional enculturation with Western ideals. Modern Kikuyu youth strive to emulate the Western lifestyle, hoping to gain all the benefits of Western education and technology. Consequently, Kikuyu youth of the twentieth century have lost respect for their African heritage, suffer a generational gap, and have developed a sense of inferiority and discontinuity with their tradition, resulting in a state of anomie. Kikuyu Christian leaders can resolve this moral crisis by believing again in their cultural heritage, declaring the exigency of traditional Kikuyu moral values, and combining the best of the past with modern Western culture. |
| 1996 | CHIARELLI, DONNA | DOLLARS FOR DRUGS? AN EXPLORATION OF THEBAMAKO INITIATIVE AS AN APPROPRIATE INTERVENTION FOR MEETING WOMEN’S HEALTHCARE NEEDS IN KENYA | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 273 | The Bamako Initiative (BI) is an Africa-wide primary health care strategy based on the supply and sale of essential drugs supported by UNICEF and the World Health Organization. This thesis explores, through a case study analysis of the Sigoti Location Bamako Initiative site, whether Kenya’s Bamako Initiative is appropriate for women: namely, whether it integrates women’s voice into its design, through women-centred definitions of priorities, and whether it incorporates mechanisms for women’s empowerment, enabling women to exert greater control over their health development. Experience from Sigoti suggests that where community-financing of health care is incompatible with local realities, the BI is less than successful in meeting women’s broad health care needs. The Sigoti BI site was characterized by uncertainty and conflict between various key actors because they lacked the requisite knowledge, negotiating skills, and above all, resources,to manage their BI site effectively. |
| 1996 | MUCHIRI, ERIC MICENI | EVALUATION AND VALIDATION OF DIPSTICKHEMATURIA BY REAGENT STRIPS, AND EFFECT OF TREATMENT IN A COMMUNITY-BASED SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM PROGAM IN AN ENDEMIC AREA OF KENYA | CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES) | PHD | 115 | The primary objective of this study was to evaluatethe use of dipstick hematuria as a surrogate for S. haematobium infectionfor a chemotherapy-based control program in an endemic area. Children aged 4 to 19 years in schools with or without treatment programs for schistosomiasis, and a subgroup of villagers were examined to determine the impact of chemotherapy on sensitivity and specificity of dipstickfor detection of schistosomiasis. Overall, the dipstick hematuria was sensitive (92.2%) and specific (86.1%) in schools in villages with high prevalence of infection whereas in schools with low prevalence the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 77.6% and 97.2%.Sensitivity and specificity were lower (72.7% and 65.1%) for village residents than for school children. In multiple regression analysis to determine independent variables for infection, hematuria by reagent strips was the most important indicator of infection in all the study groups. Age, history of past and current hematuria were other factors significantly associated with infection as determined by S. haematobium eggs. The relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve using prevalence in different schools showed the predictive value of dipstick hematuria increased with prevalence of infection. At 35% prevalence of infection, the positive predictive value reagent strips for infection was greater than 80%. Overall, the results confirm that hematuria is an important indicator of S. haematobium infection, and is effective in identifying subjects with morbidity for treatment. Its simplicity in use under field conditions with no requirement for special laboratory equipment, favors the use of reagent strips over the Nuclepore filtration technique in S. haematobium morbidity control program in endemic areas. It is concluded that the approach is feasible for endemic areas, particularly among unscreened populations. |
| 1996 | TYNDALL, BRADLEY P. | THE ANATOMY OF INNOVATION ADOPTION: THE CASE OF SUCCESSFUL AGROFORESTRY IN EAST AFRICA (GREVILLEA ROBUSTA, OAK, KENYA, FARMING) | COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 212 | |
| 1996 | DESAI, GAURAV GAJANAN | DANGEROUS SUPPLEMENTS: AFRICANSELF-FASHIONING AND THE COLONIAL LIBRARY (POSTCOLONIAL) | DUKE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 348 | This dissertation is an elaboration and analysis of the concept of the ‘colonial library’ and its relationship to the epistemological and political colonization of Africa. After the first introductory chapter in which five methodological caveats arepresented, I proceed to develop a genealogy of the concept of ‘rationality’ in Africanist discourse. The texts examined in this second chapter rangefrom those of philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists and eugenicists,the primary aim being a reconceptualization of the debates over rationalityin the period of high colonialism in Africa. I continue in this chapter to relate the colonial discussions of African mental ability to pedagogical concerns, but my primary focus remains on the epistemological configurations rather than their more specific institutional manifestations. The third chapter focuses on the discipline of anthropology and begins by revisiting the troubled relationship of that discipline to the practices of colonialism. I relate some of the debates that took place during the postcolonial critique of anthropology withsome of the more recent debates that have surrounded the personal historiesof theorists such as Heidegger and Paul de Man. My aim here is toinvestigate the very nature of cross-historical allegations and the attribution of political complicity. The chapter then moves on to discuss three symptomatic moments in colonial anthropology as they are manifested in the work of Edwin Smith, Bronislaw Malinowski and Jomo Kenyatta. It endswith a consideration of how a ‘native’ anthropologist such as Kenyatta enters and supplements the archive of a colonial anthropology. The finalchapter continues this thematic of a nativist intervention with a considerationof the Tiv historian Akiga Sai. This chapter is a close reading of the text Akiga’s Story, revolving around such issues as the construction of scientific and historical validity, the arrival of writing, the construction of gender and the problematics of a monetary economy. The project of this dissertation, then, is to present a set of readings drawing upon a newer socially, culturally and politically sensitivemethod of literary critique and to supplement the already growing field of colonial discourse studies with a specifically Africanist contribution. |
| 1996 | NG’ANG’A, PATRICK | OSTRACODE TYPOLOGY AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN CARBONATES: A COMPARISON OF METHODS IN PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION, LAKE TURKANA, KENYA | DUKE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 150 | The purpose of this study is to compare thesensitivity of two climate proxies in a 12 meter core from Lake Turkana, Kenya. The climate record inferred from oxygen isotopes in primary carbonates is compared to that obtained by changes in the ostracode species abundance taken to represent past chemical changes in the lake. Spatial andtemporal variability of the isotopic composition of primary biogenic (skeletal)and abiogenic (non skeletal) carbonates were investigated in modernsediments and results were used to infer paleohydrological changes in the lake ina 4.4 ka record. The abiogenic calcite (micrite) is precipitating with $/partial/sp[18]$O values that are about 0.6$/perthous$ to 2$/perthous$ below equilibrium values whereas the biogenic calcite (ostracodes) are precipitating shells with $/partial/sp[18]$O values at about 0.3$/perthous$ to 2$/perthous$ above equilibrium. The extent of interaction between inflow and basinal waters adversely affects the reliability of the isotopic signal of climate change. Micrite and ostracode $/partial/sp[18]$O values in the core covary. This suggeststhat both are responding to environmental forcing and are useful for paleoenvironmental interpretation, at least on a time scale of centuries to millennia. Twenty-six ostracode taxa were identified in 17 lakes in East Africa. Species appear to be more sensitive to the chemical composition of the lake waters than to temperature changes induced by altitude. Darwinula stevensoni occurs abundantly in Lakes Baringo, Chala and Edward. Limnocythere africana occurs abundantly in Lakes Manyara, Duluti, Baringo, Ol Bolossat and Turkana. In Lake Turkana, species diversity is highest in the nearshore regions and decreases with water depth. The ostracode typology was used to infer paleohydrochemicalchanges in Lake Turkana during a 4.4 ka period. From 5.4 ka to 4.5 ka, the dominant species are Darwinula stevensoni, Gomphocythere angulata and Ceracella species. This indicates that at this time the lake waters had alkalinities that ranged between about 3600 and 8700 $/mu$eq/l,salinities that ranged between about 250 and 540 mg/l, and a pH of about 8.8. Increasing but fluctuating abundances of Limnocythere africana, Potamocypris producta and Hemicypris intermedius between 4.5 ka and 2.3ka suggests a lake with fluctuating but highly alkaline waters. Salinities could have been as high as 3000 mg/l, with alkalinities as high as30,000 $/mu$eq/l and a pH above 9.5. Conditions similar to today seem to have been achieved at around 2 ka. Comparison of the ostracode, diatom and $/partial/sp[18]$O records in the core LT84-2P suggests that in a closed basin like Lake Turkana, different climate proxies have a different response times. The response is first in the ostracodes, then in the $/partial/sp[18]$O of the carbonates and then in the diatoms. After closure, sensitivity to changing climatic conditions is highest in the ostracodes, then in the diatoms and lowest in the $/partial/sp[18]$O of the carbonates. The ostracode record seems to be useful under highly alkaline conditions where preservation of diatom frustules is poor. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1996 | GICHAARA, KATHERU JONATHAN | RITUALIZATION OF TIME, HISTORY AND HOPE IN KENYA’S SOCIAL MEMORY AS A PARADIGM FOR AN EMERGING AFRICAN THEOLOGY | EMORY UNIVERSITY | PHD | 307 | By an critical study of the ritual role and functionof the concepts of time, history and messianic social hopes in the Kenyan context, we suggest the key elements on which the emerging African theology is to be understood and predicated upon. Ritual events are the occasions through which the power and meaning of time, history andsocial hopes are made present and celebrated. Two dominant civic ritual days in Kenya’s social memory, Kenyatta and Jamhuri are taken to explicate the above. Kenyatta day as celebrative commemoration for the Kenyans resistance against British colonialism, is explicated in the light of the biblical Passover. The peak of this resistance was the Mau Mau movement which was supported by the African Independent Church, while the missionary churches were generally in sympathy with the colonial government. Similarly, Jamhuri Day celebrates the coming of Uhuru (Freedom), while anticipating the social-economic ‘salvation’ throughthe Harambee movement. Jamhuri day will be presented in the light of the Eucharist which prefigures Eschatological hopes. In conclusion wepropose a working paradigm of ‘Harambee Liberatory Community of Hope’, whose inspiration is a combination of Martin Luther King Jr.’s idea of the ‘beloved community’ for the U.S.A. and elsewhere; the concrete practices of the ‘base communities’ for South America; and the concept andpractice of ‘Small Christian Communities’ in Tanzania. The import of the ‘Liberatory Community of Hope’ for Kenya is that ethics and not dogma,is the fulcrum upon which the emerging Africa Theology is to be predicated upon. It is a theology which is informed and shaped by time, socialmemory and social-messianic hopes. |
| 1996 | GITHUMBI, STEPHEN KAMAU | FORMATION OF MISSIOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL VALUES IN WORLD VISION’S PROJECTS AMONG THE POOR IN NAIROBI (KENYA) | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION | DMISS | 216 | The growth of urban poverty in the cities of Africais reaching alarming proportions. One of the most concrete expressions of this disturbing reality is the emergence of slum communities. Nairobi, once a thriving metropolis, is surrounded by over fifty slum settlements in its environs. Over seventy-five percent of the residents of Nairobi actually live in the slums. In response to the problem of poverty, World Vision International initiated small enterprise programs in three major slums in 1986. This study emerged out of the premise that development is not value free. This study seeks to compare the planned and actual missiological and developmental values formed in three major slums in the city of Nairobi. Thus, it investigates the kingdom values as undertakenby a large Christian evangelical development agency. This study begins with an analysis of the socio-political and historical roots of poverty in Nairobi. Next, the study examines critically the place of contemporary theories of development ostensibly employed to alleviate poverty. Basedon the field research and the theoretical background analyzed, the study concludes there was some conformity between planned and actualizedvalues. However, significant differences emerged where World Vision’s profilewas viewed as apathetic to the goals and objectives of the local churches. Given the central role the church plays in the welfare of the local communities, the inevitable conclusion was that World Vision will needto review the implementation of its missiological values in the projects. |
| 1996 | HARTNELL, MALCOLM RICHARD | STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHURCH PLANTING AMONG THE DIGO OF KENYA | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION | THM | 167 | Even though the missionary enterprise in East Africa began near Digo territory in the mid-19th century, the Digo have remained indifferent to Christian influence. In an effort to rectify this situation, several missions initiated new church planting activities among the Digo in the 1980s. This study is an investigation into the cultural factors affecting evangelism and church planting among the Digo of Kenya. Through library research and participant observation, the salient features of Digo world view and sociocultural behavior are described. The dynamics of innovation within Digo culture are also surveyed with special reference to the Digo adoption of Islam. This data is then applied to the investigation by identifying and analyzing those aspects of Digo culture that have a bearing on church planting. Utilizing a communication model, proposals are advanced with the aim of maximizing those factors likely to facilitate church planting and neutralizing those which present potential obstacles. |
| 1996 | MUTUNGA, MUTINDA WA | AKAMBA THEOLOGY AND THE ECOLOGY OF MARRIAGEAND FAMILY IN CULTURAL CONTEXT: A PROVERB ‘KALULA KATUNE KATUNIVAW’A NI KUNENGELEANILW’A’ (KENYA) | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION | DMISS | 311 | The Akamba Church in Kenya, like any other ethnic Church, is facing acute social and moral decay at the expense of modernity. Therefore, this dissertation is seeking to call for a contextualized theology and the ecology of marriage and family byadapting biblical principles so that the Church in Ukambani can experience true relationship with their Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ cooperatively. Western Christian missionaries did not respect Akamba marriage andfamily systems because of their negative attitude toward Africans as a whole. They concluded that Africans were fundamentally evil and needed to be converted into a new and superior civilization. From this kind of attitude, the Akamba began to doubt whether the God of the missionaries had come to save their families or to destroy them! So, the author proposed a construction of a contextualized Akamba theology and ecologyof marriage and family in the light of the Scripture by considering four things. First, a discovery of traditional Akamba marriage values(Chapters 2-3). Secondly, the impact of western Christianity under the British colonial rule in Kenya (Chapters 4-5). Thirdly, biblical principles of marriage and family and how they apply to the Akamba culture (Chapter6). And, lastly, contextualization principles to teach the meaning of Missio Dei to the Akamba people, (Chapters 7-8), because God wants to talk to them in their own language by using their forms and meaning. Africansneed to cast out the fear of becoming syncretistic as they begin to contextualize the gospel message knowing that, mundu akolaw’a too ni kithuma kya ng’ombe yake, i.e. ‘a person can set a sound-sleep when sleeping on his/her own cow’s hide.’ Also, Ithaa ya ngwatyo yailaa sua umwe, i.e. ‘a rented necklace makes someone beautiful only one day.’ And Africa will not benefit theologically so long as her children continueto operate under neo-colonialistic Christian theology. |
| 1996 | BUCHMANN, CLAUDIA | FAMILY DECISIONS AND SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS: THE DETERMINANTS OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY KENYA | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 266 | In most developing regions, educational participation varies widely by gender, ethnicity, and class. Yet we have a limited understanding of factors that lead to the large differences ineducational participation in the developing world. This dissertation promotes a greater understanding of educational inequality in developing countriesby examining the national-, local-, and family-level factors that determine educational participation in Kenya. By drawing on recent theoriesrelated to the family economy and the fragile state, it develops a conceptual framework to account for the complex interactions between macro-level institutions and the characteristics of individuals and families that determine patterns of educational participation. This framework extends and refines current theories of education and stratification to makethem more comparative and comprehensive in scope. Qualitative andquantitative methods are used to investigate the multi-level determinants of educational inequality. First, using district- and national-level secondary data, a multiple regression analysis examines the determinants of district-level enrollment rates. It investigates how local levellabor markets, the availability and quality of schools, and other social-structural factors influence enrollment rates. The resultsindicate that school supply and quality and adult literacy are important factors for determining school enrollments. Then with data from a survey of 597 Kenyan households, a series of logistic regression analyses examines individual characteristics, family background, parental perceptions, and ethnic and regional factors as possible determinants of three aspects of educational participation: school enrollment, access to tutoring, and enrollment in boarding school. The results reveal that families make rational decisions about children’s schooling based on their knowledgeof the child’s academic ability, their expectations for the future, andtheir perceptions of the educational system and the labor market. The findings also indicate significant ethnic, gender, and urban/rural distinctionsin educational participation. The statistical results are supplemented by descriptive data from secondary sources, informal discussions, and group interviews. These qualitative data provide rich details and situate the findings in a broader context. The outcome of these methods is a study that bridges the gap between qualitative and quantitative techniques in order to understand the complex set of factors determining differencesin educational participation in contemporary Kenya. |
| 1996 | MBATIA, PAUL NYAGA | PROVISION OF HEALTH CARE BY THE STATE INKENYA: A FRAGILE STATE VERSUS CIVIL SOCIETY | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 285 | |
| 1996 | MUNYAE, MARGARET MARY | GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE RELATIVE INFLUENCEOF JOB REWARDS ON JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL TECHNICIANS IN KENYA | IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 187 | This study sought to apply exchange-based models ofjob satisfaction and organizational commitment developed for industrialized economies to a developing country by testing for differential effects of job rewards on satisfaction and commitment for male and female agricultural technicians in Kenya. Four categories of rewards, namely, intrinsic, organizational extrinsic, convenience extrinsic, and social extrinsic rewards, were analyzed. The analysis commenced with an assessment of gender differences in workplace experiences and in the levels of satisfaction and commitment. This was necessary because the basis for the differential effects of rewards is the existence of equalor higher levels of satisfaction and commitment for women, relative to men, in the presence of dissimilar workplace experiences (with women having inferior experiences). Using t-tests, gender mean differences in job rewards and in satisfaction and commitment were examined. Women werefound to have inferior workplace experiences and to be significantly lower in satisfaction than men. No differences were found for commitment. It was speculated that women’s lower level in satisfaction was due to women comparing themselves to men, the absence of legal legislation to protect women, and women’s inflated expectations due to the gains they have made in education. The lack of differences in commitment was viewed in termsof the limited chances for cross-sectoral mobility and the increasingnumbers of women who are breadwinners. Regression analysis was used to assessthe differential effects of rewards and to construct separate models formales and females utilizing only rewards that were significant in thesubsequent step. The results demonstrated that the exchange-based models of satisfaction and commitment can be applied successfully to a developing economy. Variables from the four categories of rewards had significant effects for both men and women. Overall, the rewards operated similarlyto influence satisfaction for men and women. Their effects on commitment, however, appeared to vary by gender. The separate models explained about 60.5% and 53.4% of the variance in satisfaction for males and females, respectively. For commitment, the explained variances were 59.7% formales and 65.7% for females. |
| 1996 | NG’ANG’A, LUCY WAMAITHA | THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IN KENYA: OBJECTIVE MARKERS IN RURAL AND URBAN SCHOOL CHILDREN | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 264 | This thesis is based on research carried out as part of a major cross sectional study of the epidemiology of childhood asthma in Kenya focusing on the impact of urbanisation. Study outcomes were lung function level and airway responsiveness to exercise and to methacholine. The hypotheses examined were that asthma occurred more frequently in urban than rural areas, and that the differences were due to the differences in the distribution of host and environmental risk factors. The analysis was based on the results of 485 rural and 586 grade 4 school children, aged 8-12 years. Host factors to which urban children were more frequently exposed than rural children included–pre-term birth (but higher average birth weight) and shorter periods of breast feeding, personal and family history of asthma and allergy, and sensitivity to house dust mite. Urban children were also more frequently exposed to motor vehicle fumes. Environmental risk factors to which rural children were more frequently exposed than urban children included sleeping in the kitchen, sharing a bed and having no mattress. Wood was the most common domestic fuel in rural homes and gas and electricity in urban homes. Separate kitchens, paternal smoking, and animals in the homestead were more common in rural compared to urban homes. Rural children were older but smaller in size compared to urban children and urban-rural differences in lung function level were almost entirely due to these differences. Urban children were more likely to exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness to exercise than rural children. This difference did not, however, persist when adjusted for age, host and environmental factors. Urban children were also more likely to exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine than rural children. This difference increased when adjusted for host factors, but diminished and was no longer significant when adjusted for environmental factors. When adjusted simultaneously for age, host and environmental factors, this difference increased but was no longer statistically significant. These findings are consistent with the view that host susceptibility to airway hyperresponsiveness, arising from either a genetic predisposition and/or other early like events, interacts with exposure to environmental factors to produce asthma in urban children. |
| 1996 | RAJAN, FIROZE HASSANALI SOMJEE | LEARNING TO BE INDIGENOUS OR BEING TAUGHT TO BE KENYAN: THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF TEACHING ART AND MATERIAL CULTURE IN KENYA | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 311 | Several independent African states promote teaching of a national culture as one culture and learning about ethnic cultures as separate and distinct aspects of other cultures of the nation. This is often articulated in development philosophies and political discourses that complement both being modern and being ethnic with almost equal emphasis. This dissertation is about learning African culture in the school system in Kenya. The dissertation reviews the historical development of learning about culture in Kenya and particularly about material culture and the arts from pre-Christian and colonial times to post independence. This last period covers the presidencies of Jomo Kenyatta (1963-1978) and Daniel arap Moi (1978-1996). Exemplification of this learning is investigated first at the general national level and then at three particular regions comprising an all Christian, third and fourth generation school-going agriculturist community, a first generation school-going pastoralist nomadic community and a multi-ethnic urban community. In the three regions, the study examines the present situation as it is in the classroom at the level of contact between the art teacher and the pupil in primary schools during the formative years of children’s growth. This also spans the period described as the golden years of children’s art. Through qualitative and quantitative material and analyses of political discourses and educational and cultural policy documents. The thesis demonstrates that the art and craft curriculum follows the presidential philosophy of Nyayoism. In theory this philosophy promotes modernization and maintenance of indigenous traditions but in practice leans towards modernization, in actual terms, Europeanization. Modernization is attempting to create one Kenyan national culture using schools as a vehicle. The research demonstrates how the present national cultural heritage curriculum focusing on material culture is not likely to be an effective arts educational tool and a medium for transmission of indigenous aesthetic knowledge in three school sites representing three broad cultures and traditions of Kenya i.e. agriculturist, pastoralist and multi-ethnic urban |
| 1996 | CAMERON, KENZIE ALYNN | DEVELOPING AND TESTING A MEASUREMENT MODELFOR PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO CONDOM USE: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | MA | 74 | |
| 1996 | NAKAMURA, CHIAKI | SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUTRITION IN TSAVO NATIONAL PARK, KENYA (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | MSC | 255 | |
| 1996 | OUMA, JOSEPHINE PAMELA ACHIENG’ | INHERITANCE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CHILLING TOLERANCE IN GRAIN SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH) (LANET, KENYA, COLD TOLERANCE, FATTY ACIDS) | MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 133 | Prevailing low night temperature during reproductive phase can cause reproductive failure in sorghum, and predispose genotypes to attack by ergot (caused by Sphacelia spp.). This study was carried Out to determine: changes in fatty acid composition of leaf polar lipids of sorghum in response to chilling temperatures and the mode of inheritance of chilling tolerance as measured by seed-set under low night temperatures. Three genotypes were subjected to 10 or 24$/sp/circ$C for 7 d in walk-in growth chambers and fatty acids were quantified. The contents of 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 fatty acids, and the degree of unsaturation were increased at 10$/sp/circ$C. Contents of palmitic (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), and unsaturated:saturated ratio were unchanged. Linolenic acid (18:3) content of the glycolipid fraction was significantly higher than the phospholipid fraction. There was a higher ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids in monogalactosyldiglyceride compare to digalactosyldiglyceride and the other phospholipid classes. Linoleic acid (18:2) content of phospholipids increased most in the phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidycholine classes. The greatest decrease in 20:0 occurred in the phosphatidylethanolamine class. All genotypes responded to chilling stress with increased degree of unsaturation and contents of 18:2 and 18:3. Field trials were conducted at Lanet, Kenya in 1994 and 1995. Crosses were made between four cold-tolerant cultivars and three cold-susceptible brown mid-rib sorghums. Tropical genotypes had significantly higher seed-set and seed weight panicle$/sp[-1]$ than temperate genotypes, F$/sb2,$ and F$/sb3$ generations. Percent seed-set of the F$/sb2$ and F$/sb3$ generations was $/ge$ the mid-parent values. Dominance variance was higher than additive variance in all crosses. Additive, dominance, and additive x additive genetic effects were important. Average degree of dominance ranged from 0.39 to 0.96 with dominance toward the cold-tolerant parent. Narrow-sense heritability was 0.12 to 0.64 in 1994, and 0 to 0.22 in 1995. One to three loci were estimated to be segregating for cold-tolerance at flowering. Mode of gene action varied with cross; however, dominant, duplicate and complementary gene action were implicated. Improvement in cold-tolerance can be achieved by selecting in the F$/sb2$ generation for % seed-set under low-temperature at the time of flowering. |
| 1996 | IKENYE, NDUNG’U J. B. | AN INVESTIGATION OF INDIVIDUAL AND SYSTEMIC CORRELATES OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY FUNCTIONING IN CONTEMPORARY KENYA WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERDEPENDENCE AS THE CORE VALUE TO THE ORGANIZATIONOF THEORIES OF PERSONALITY, ROLES, LIFE CYCLE, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY T | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 436 | This research addressed the question: What individual and systemic factors (correlates and variables), define optimal and pathological functioning in marriage and family interaction in contemporary Kenya? Traditional, modern, and post-modern paradigms of Kenyan experience, existence, and ethos were researched to provide dataon the levels of adaptive and pathological functioning. Beyond this, an appropriate therapeutic and theological approach to maladaptive functioning was sought. An ethnographic-clinical method was utilized in data collection for insight into the individual (systems of personhood) and systemic (cultural value system and contexts of embeddedness) correlates of optimal and pathological functioning growing out of data which is unique to the Kenyan context. Ethnographic-clinical data was collected from 20 respondents using a seventeen item questionnaire in a semi-structured interview format. The research provides evidence that correlates of optimal and pathological functioning in marriage andfamily are effectively defined through the development of a bi-cultural personality. This bi-cultural personality is integrated around the core cultural value of interdependence. This Kenyan core value (interdependence) is enriched and informed by Western conceptions of individuated interdependence rather than merged or symbiotic interdependence as these were/are experienced in traditional, modern (colonial) and post-modern experience in Kenya. All examined aspects of functioning in the Kenyan research sample were found to have a religious ontology. This religious ontology informed the Kenyan model of the Relational Self-in-Community. The study concluded that interdependenceis the organizing principle to the Kenyan theories of personality, roles, life cycle, marriage and family therapy, and practical theology. A blue print for an integrative therapeutic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of maladaptive functioning was developed. |
| 1996 | LUVAGA, EBBY SIMANI | A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FACTORS RELATED TO ECONOMIC EDUCATION IN HARAMBEE AND GOVERNMENT SECONDARY SCHOOLS OFBUNGOMA DISTRICT, KENYA | OHIO UNIVERSITY | PHD | 130 | The study investigates the extent to which theteaching of economics in the secondary schools of Bungoma District, Kenya is related to the type of school; teachers’ highest degree earned and in services attended; gender of student population; and teachers’ attitudes toward conditions under which economics is offered to students. The subjects were 129 teachers of economics and economics-related subjects from Harambee, Private and Government schools of Bungoma District. A 26-item questionnaire survey was used to reach the target population.The survey consisted of three parts: (1) The School; (2) Demographic Data;and (3) The Economics Program. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select schools from the five Divisions of Bungoma District, and a random sample of teachers to respond to the questionnaire. Statistical results from Independent t-tests reveal that there are no differences in themean scores of teachers from Harambee and Government schools in regard to frequencies of in service attended and attitudes toward conditions under which economics is offered to students. Cross tabulation results alsoshow that there is no relationship between the type of school, the gender of the student population, the academic certification by teachers, and the offering of economics to students. Differences that are insinuated in the literature could be attributed to chance. Open-ended questions and comments reveal that economics as is taught in Kenya falls short of equipping students with the necessary skills to be better citizens. The emphasis placed on preparing for national examinations has clouded the main reason for learning and understanding economics. Similarly, issuesof limited resources, overcrowded curriculum and the apathy of studentsneed to be resolved before economics can be better established. The research recommends bilateral feedback from both teachers and students; anin-depth look at economics under the new 8.4.4 system; inclusion of materials by local authors in the syllabus to alleviate the fear of economics; and training teachers of economics. Suggestions for future research include replicating the study nationally using a large sample; educatingteachers on survey taking; studying the impact that the examination system has on the teaching of economics; and studying the infusion technique ofteaching economics. |
| 1996 | MBUGUA-MURITHI, JUSTINA TATA | STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL: WOMEN, EDUCATION AND SELF-HELP GROUPS IN KENYA | OHIO UNIVERSITY | PHD | 151 | The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify the survival strategies adopted by rural women in Kenya to obtain education and economic opportunities in order to enhance the quality of life and economic well being for themselves and their families. Thestudy also established the educational backgrounds and socio-economic needsand achievements of the women and their families. The major question of this research was: What survival strategies do women adopt in order toovercome their economic and educational disadvantages? Four research questionswere used to address the investigation of the main question. This study triangulated with three sets of instruments for data collection: (1) a written survey or questionnaire, (2) structured and semi-structured and group-focused interviews, and (3) personal observation. A total of 204or 85% of women were surveyed. Six of the respondents were further interviewed. Frequencies, percentages, means, averages, Chi-square statistics and analysis of variance were coupled with qualitative data from interviews and personal observations to analyze, summarize and make recommendations of this research study. The data analysis revealed that the typology of women participating in the women’s groups in the 1990shas changed and they now have more younger, single and well educated women than in the past. Chi-square statistics further revealed that there were significant associations between the level of women’s education and the number of children they had with their attitude towards education. The survival strategies adopted by the women included utilizing thediversity of talents from among their membership and the learning of skills thatare integrated with the goals of the group. Recommendations included appropriate and relevant training of the women with future research focusing on the investigation of the success, failure, duplication and effectiveness of women’s groups in both rural and urban settings. The educational component of these groups remains of vital importance for governments, donor organizations and grassroots agencies. |
| 1996 | WANJOHI, ELSIE WAIRIMU | PERCEPTIONS OF AGRICULTURE STUDENTS FROM KENYA TOWARD THEIR USE OF METHODS AND MEDIA FOR COMMUNICATING AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION | OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY | EDD | 103 | Scope and method of study. Between October 1995 and January 1996, a survey of Kenya students studying in agriculture-related programs in the U.S and Canada was conducted to determine the perceptions of methods and media used in communicating agricultural information in Kenya. The study also sought the participants’ perceptions of the usefulness, effectiveness, future use, problems and hindrances encountered in using methods and media, and training needs of the selected methods and media. The response rate was 81 percent. Findings and conclusions. Of the nine selected methods, they were found to be effective and frequently used. The respondents indicated they sometimes used media and perceived them as effective. Of anticipated use of methods and media, the respondents would primarily like to use video tapes and field days. The respondents indicated that critical problems and hindrances exist, especially transport, access, and training. The study findings showed there is need for additional training especially in the use of the selected media. |
| 1996 | DARLING, WILLIAM GEORGE | THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF FLUID PROCESSES IN THE EASTERN BRANCH OF THE EAST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM (GROUNDWATER, ETHIOPIA, DJIBOUTI) | OPEN UNIVERSITY (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | The East African Rift System is the world’smajor continental rift. While much geophysical and petrological attention has been paid to it, at least in the eastern branch (‘Eastern Rift | |
| 1996 | GATIMU, MARGARET WANGECI | STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF RIOTS AND BOYCOTTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA’S KIRINYAGA DISTRICT | PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY | EDD | 414 | This research addressed the question: What individual and systemic factors (correlates and variables), define optimal and pathological functioning in marriage and family interaction in contemporary Kenya? Traditional, modern, and post-modern paradigms of Kenyan experience, existence, and ethos were researched to provide dataon the levels of adaptive and pathological functioning. Beyond this, an appropriate therapeutic and theological approach to maladaptive functioning was sought. An ethnographic-clinical method was utilized in data collection for insight into the individual (systems of personhood) and systemic (cultural value system and contexts of embeddedness) correlates of optimal and pathological functioning growing out of data which is unique to the Kenyan context. Ethnographic-clinical data was collected from 20 respondents using a seventeen item questionnaire in a semi-structured interview format. The research provides evidence that correlates of optimal and pathological functioning in marriage andfamily are effectively defined through the development of a bi-cultural personality. This bi-cultural personality is integrated around the core cultural value of interdependence. This Kenyan core value (interdependence) is enriched and informed by Western conceptions of individuated interdependence rather than merged or symbiotic interdependence as these were/are experienced in traditional, modern (colonial) and post-modern experience in Kenya. All examined aspects of functioning in the Kenyan research sample were found to have a religious ontology. This religious ontology informed the Kenyan model of the Relational Self-in-Community. The study concluded that interdependenceis the organizing principle to the Kenyan theories of personality, roles, life cycle, marriage and family therapy, and practical theology. A blue print for an integrative therapeutic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of maladaptive functioning was developed. |
| 1996 | CLEMENTS, PAUL | DEVELOPMENT AS IF IMPACT MATTERED: A COMPARATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS OF USAID, THE WORLD BANK AND CARE BASED ON CASE STUDIES OF PROJECTS IN AFRICA (INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT) | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 544 | There is room for improvement in foreign aid.Projects, the main vehicles of development assistance from rich to poor countries, routinely suffer from deep design flaws and/or management weaknesses. Project evaluations suffer from pervasive bias, so development agencies’ summary accounts of their projects’ impacts are routinely unreliable. Project management is difficult enough in the best of circumstances, yet managers within donor and implementing agencies use project resources to promote their own and their agencies’ interests. Outcomes are often unsatisfactory not just because projects are difficult, but becauseimpact is not the effective priority. This is a great opportunity. The average project could be much more cost-effective, or so this comparative organizational analysis of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the World Bank, and CARE International suggests. While each of these agencies’ weaknesses arise from its particular stakeholders and history, all three could improve their operationsthrough a common set of reforms. The core reform is the professionalization of the evaluation function, so evaluations could be expected to be methodologically sound and largely free from biases that donor and implementing agents may introduce. Then project supervisors within donor agencies should be given the resources and responsibility to manage for impact. For USAID this involves reducing the many political influences that detract from the agency’s development focus. The World Bank would have to take greater responsibility for project outcomes. CARE wouldneed support from its donors to pursue such reforms. These conclusions arise from research informed by the rational, natural, and open systems approaches within organizational sociology (Scott, 1987). The studydraws on published and internal documents, interviews, and detailed casestudies of twelve projects in Uganda, Kenya and Malawi. The only widely used and methodologically coherent framework for project impact analysis is thatof economic cost-benefit analysis. Yet it misses many significant impactsand the concern for the poor that motivates much foreign aid. The study develops a ‘Capabilities Approach to Project Analysis,’ drawing on workof Amartya Sen, that responds to these deficiencies. Its application to family planning projects is particularly significant. |
| 1996 | KELLY, ALISON JACQUELINE | INTRA-REGIONAL AND INTER-REGIONAL VARIABILITY IN THE EAST TURKANA (KENYA) AND KENYAN MIDDLE STONE AGE | RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY – NEW BRUNSWICK | PHD | 486 | In this research, a systematic technological analysis of six Middle Stone Age lithic assemblages from East Turkana, Kenya and five previously excavated Kenyan Middle Stone Age assemblages from Prospect Farm, Prolonged Drift, Lukenya Hill, and Muguruk wasundertaken. The study both expanded the archaeological evidence available for this relatively understudied part of African, but made it possible to assess the role of different variables in creating previously observed differences in the morphology and typology of Middle Stone Age assemblages. Specifically, by holding levels of site disturbance and raw material constant, it was possible to examine the role of raw material procurement and transport, degrees of lithic reduction, and lithic manufacturing techniques in influencing assemblage variability. The results indicate that on both the intra-regional and inter-regionallevels in Kenya, Middle Stone Age assemblage variability results almost exclusively from the patterning of raw material procurement andtransport and the degree to which raw materials are reduced. Little role is played by the adoption of different manufacturing techniques. In fact, the only two techniques which seem to have been utilized were prepared/Levallois and casual core reduction. Moreover, a preliminary exploration of Middle Stone Age assemblages from other regions of Africa produced similar findings. Lastly, a comparison of Middle Stone Age lithic reduction tactics and techniques patterns to those found within the Acheulian and the Later Stone Age indicates that, while the Middle Stone Age patternis somewhat more complex than that of the Acheulian, it is not as variableas that found within the Later Stone Age. The less variable Middle StoneAge pattern of technological organization may exist because earlyanatomically modern Homo sapiens were not as behaviorally complex as later humans. On the other hand, Middle Stone Age hominids may not have been subjected to the same selection pressures as later modern humans and therefore maynot have developed the same technological adaptations. Until future researchers examine the variables which may have led to the differencesin Middle Stone Age lithic technology observed here, however, it will be difficult to determine which, if either, of these arguments is correct. |
| 1996 | TAYLOR, SANDRA | CULTURAL APPLICATION OF THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE IN THE TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE (KENYA) | SAINT MARY’S UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 172 | One of the main critiques of the process of the transfer of knowledge is that little consideration is given to the cultural context in which the knowledge is to be integrated and applied. This study promotes the inclusion of the cultural dimension in all phases of international development planning. Before transferring the specific theoretical principles of practice to another curriculum, baseline data are gathered. These data identify the parameters of socio-cultural factors which influence the content and context of international development planning. The theoretical component of this research identifies culture as a system of symbolic meaning and views culture as an organizing system for society. Qualitative methodology is selected to gather and analyze data and a case study is described. A health profession program from a Canadian university and a similar post-secondary education program in Kenya, Africa, initiated a proposal for a partnership project which involved the transfer of current theoretical knowledge from the Canadian program to the Kenyan health profession program. The themes which emerge in the analyzed data concur closely with a conceptual framework of cultural inquiry. In response to the need to reflect the centrality of culture in various dimensions of international planning, it is recommended that this framework serve as a useful guide for identifying socio-cultural factors. Knowledge of the socio-cultural factors will serve as valuable baseline data in guiding further planning, research and practice |
| 1996 | PIKE, IVY LYNNE | THE DETERMINANTS OF PREGNANCY OUTCOME FOR NOMADIC TURKANA WOMEN OF KENYA (MATERNAL NUTRITION, INFANT GROWTH) | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON | PHD | 188 | |
| 1996 | MUIRURI, PERLITA WARUTHU | AN EXAMINATION OF KENYA’S ATTEMPTEDTRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY | THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY MA | MA | 151 | |
| 1996 | SKELTON, SHAUN | THE EFFICACY OF COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES ON HEALTH INNOVATION IN RURAL KENYA (RURAL COMMUNITIES) | THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 202 | |
| 1996 | NJUGUNA, JACKSON G. M. | EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MAIZE STREAK DISEASE IN KENYA (CICADULINA, ZEA MAYS, TRITICUM AESTIVUM, ELEUSINE CORACANA) | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 150 | Maize streak was observed in 17 of 19 districts of Kenya surveyed in 1994-1995. The highest disease incidence in the farmers’ maize (Zea mays L.) fields (53.5%) was recorded in the Kiambu district in the Central province. Maize streak geminivirus (MSV) was identified from maize, wheat (Triticum aestivum), finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and various grass species including Coix lacryma-jobi, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria velutina, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis macilenta, E. tenuifolia, Panicum maximum, P. trichocladum, Setaria homonyma, S. verticillata and Urocloa brachyura. Among 11 grass species found naturally infected with MSV, D. velutina was the most abundantly diseased. However, P. maximum with streak symptoms was seen in more locations, but in fewer numbers. All grass and maize isolates tested positive for MSV in F(ab$/sp/prime)/sb2$-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DAS-(ELISA). MSV isolates from 11 grass species and five maize plants collected from different districts were transmitted to Poaceae species including maize, wheat, finger millet and various grasses by Cicadulina mbila. The most efficiently transmitted from the 11 grass species was the was the one from E. tenuifolia. Both severe and mild MSV variants were recovered from S. verticillata, D. velutina and P. maximum. Maize resistance-breaking variants of MSV were identified by C. mbila transmission to maize with high levels of MSV resistance. All but two of the mildest MSV isolates were transmitted to a susceptible maize type, H511, by vascular puncture inoculation of maize kernels. The highest Cicadulina leafhopper population density (25/m$/sp2)$ were recorded for field plots of E. tenuifolia. Napier fodder (Pennisetum purpureum) was not seen with streak symptoms during the survey and very low leafhopper densities/m$/sp2$ were recorded on field plots planted to napier grass. Most of the grass species found naturally infected with streak including E. tenuifolia, D. velutina, and S. verticillata appeared to be suitable hosts for both the virus and the leafhopper vectors. These grass species would be expected to be important in the epidemiology of MSV in Kenya. In contrast to earlier claims, napier grass did not appear to play any noticeable role in the epidemiology of MSV. |
| 1996 | MBAGA, LENNO MWAMBURA | ASSESSMENT OF FORMAL AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN KENYA: INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION ON KENYA’S YOUTH CAREER CHOICES AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF FARMING CAREERS | THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 130 | |
| 1996 | MELTON, JERRY WEARY | THE INFLUENCE OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATIONON FORENSIC DNA TYPING (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE) | THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 256 | The extent of variation and heterogeneity in the hypervariable control region of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was investigated in 2,602 individuals from 39 African, Asian, and Europeanor European-derived populations for the purpose of determining the utilityof the mtDNA locus for forensic DNA typing. Sequence-specificoligonucleotide (SSO) typing, a non-radioactive hybridization method, was used to detect polymorphic nucleotide variation in a 1.1 kilobase mtDNA control region polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product amplified from the genomic DNAof maternally unrelated individuals, while other SSO types were inferredfrom published nucleotide sequence data. Analyses of molecular variance(AMOVA) incorporating measures of genetic distance between SSO types were usedto partition the total variation into variation among populations and variation within populations. Overall, most populations displayed high diversity for SSO types, with mean diversity for continental groups exceeding 0.94, while the frequency of types which occurred in more than 10% of individuals in any population was low. However, some African populations displayed low diversity for both SSO types and nucleotide sequences. Heterogeneity was absent for European populations (p $>$ 0.001), although there was a single type which was observed atfrequencies of $>$18% in all populations. Statistically significant heterogeneitywas minimal for Asian populations (4.5%; p $<$ 0.002) and substantial for African populations (30%; p $<$ 0.001). When considering that adesirable locus for forensic DNA typing should have (1) high diversity, (2) low frequency of population-specific types, and (3) low heterogeneity, we concluded that mtDNA is a valuable locus for forensic DNA typing in all populations, especially European and Asian populations, but that further sampling of forensically significant African-derived populations ofNorth America is needed, especially given that the populations sampled forthis study included many African populations possessing SSO types not likelyto be observed in North America. In addition to the above analyses, thiswork includes a study of the genetic affinities of modern Polynesians with southeast Asian populations determined by mtDNA analysis, and a study of mtDNA nucleotide sequence variation in the pastoralist Mukogodo of central Kenya. |
| 1996 | MWANTHI, MUTUKU ALEX | PRESENCE OF THREE PESTICIDES IN RURALDRINKING WATER SOURCES IN KENYA | THE UNIV. OF TEXAS H.S.C. AT HOUSTON SCH. OF PUBLIC HEALTH | PHD | 89 | A cross-sectional study on the use of threepesticides and their presence in drinking water sources was conducted in Githunguri/Kiaria community between January 1994-March 1995. The main objective of the study was to determine the extent to which some of the pesticides used by the Githunguri/Kiaria agricultural community were polluting their drinking water sources. Due to monetary and physical limitations, only DDT, its isomers and metabolites, carbofuran and carbaryl pesticides were identified and used as surrogates of pollution for the other pesticides. The study area was divided into high and low lying geographic surface areas. Thirty-four and 38 water sampling sites were randomly selected respectively. During wet and dry seasons, a total of 144 water samples were collected and analyzed at the Kenya Bureau of Standards Laboratory in Nairobi. Gas chromatography was used to analyze samples for possible presence of DDT, its isomers and metabolites, while high pressure liquid chromatography was used to analyze samples for carbofuran and carbaryl pesticides. Six sites testing positively forDDT, its isomers and metabolites represented 19.4% of the total sampledsites, with a mean concentration of 0.00310 ppb in the dry season and 0.0130ppb in the wet season. All the six sites testing positively for the same pesticide exceeded the European maximum contaminant limit (MCL) in thewet season, and only one site exceeded the European MCL in the dry season. Those sites testing positively for carbofuran and carbaryl represented 5.6% of the total sampled sites. The mean concentration for thecarbofuran at the sites was 2.500 ppb and 1.590 ppb in the dry and wet seasons respectively. Similarly, the mean concentration for carbaryl at thesites was 0.281 ppb in the dry season and 0.326 ppb in the wet season. Onesite testing positively for carbofuran exceeded the European MCL and WHO set limit in the wet season, while one site testing positively for the same pesticide exceeded the USA, Canada, European and WHO MCLs in the dry season. Similarly, one site which tested positively for carbarylpesticide exceeded the European MCL in both seasons. Out of the 2,587 community members in the study area, 333 (13%) were exposed through their drinking water sources to the three pesticides investigated by this study. As a public health measure, integrated pest management approaches (IPM), protection of the wells and education of the community is necessary to minimize the pollution of the environment and safeguard the drinkingwater sources from pollution by the pesticides. |
| 1996 | HYNDMAN, M. JENNIFER | GEOGRAPHIES OF DISPLACEMENT: GENDER, CULTURE AND POWER IN UNHCR REFUGEE CAMPS, KENYA (UNITED NATIONS HIGHCOMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, PERSECUTION, VIOLENCE) | THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA) | PHD | 338 | The end of the Cold War marks a period of human displacement greater in scale than any other this century. The number of refugees in 1995 numbered over 16 million; a conservative estimate of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the same year was 26 million. Approximately 36% of the worlds’ refugees and half of all IDPs arelocated in continental Africa, suggesting an uneven world geography of forced migration. This research analyzes the ‘safe spaces’ where displacedpeople seek protection from threats of persecution and violence. In particular, it examines the major humanitarian organization providing assistance to involuntary migrants, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), both at its headquarters in Geneva and in the context of refugee camps administered by the agency in Kenya. As resettlement targets in countries like Canada, the U.S., and Australia decline, many states hosting large numbers of refugees are lessinterested in allowing refugees to integrate or settle locally. In the case of Kenya, most refugees have the choice between returning home on a voluntarybasis or staying in the camps. A few are resettled abroad and many more seek unofficial livelihoods beyond the borders of the camps. Questions oflegal status, social and spatial segregation, and camp management constitutethe major themes of this study. The legal framework which defines refugee status and entitlements originated after the Second World War and has, with few exceptions, become increasing irrelevant to crises of displacement in African locations. Ad hoc measures on the part of UNHCRto accommodate refugee who fall outside the 1951 definition have been flexible but insufficient. Camps have become more permanent, suspending refugees in ‘safe spaces’ without many political, social, cultural, and economic rights. The organization of the camps is scrutinized in detail for its relation to colonial administrations, the impact of its designand operations for refugee women and men, and the correspondence of UNHCR policy to practice in the field. The research contributes to thepractice, politics, theory, and geography of humanitarian responses to humandisplacement. |
| 1996 | ANZALA, AGGREY OMU | ROLE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN ACCELERATED HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY, PUMWANI, SEX WORKER, KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | PHD | 171 | The course between initial infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is highly variable. We have previously shown that over 50% of the women in the Pumwani sex worker cohort in Nairobi, Kenya progress very rapidly to AIDS following HIV-1 infection with median duration of four years. We have also shown that morefrequent condom usage within this cohort is associated with a slower disease progression. Several aspects of our study population could account for the more rapid disease progression including high incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) experienced by these women. The goal ofthis project was to determine whether STI influence parameters potentially related to accelerated disease progression including HIV-1 plasmaviremia and CD4 T cell count. Thirty-two HIV-1 positive and 10 HIV-1 negative women in the Pumwani cohort were serially seen over a 1-5 monthduration. Specimens for STI diagnosis, CD4 and CD8 T cell counts, quantitation of HIV-1 plasma viremia and plasma cytokine concentration were obtained at scheduled visits. Statistical analysis was performed with two sample T-tests. Acute bacterial STI resulted in increased plasma viremia, Th$/sb2$ type cytokines, TNF-$/alpha$ and sTNF-$/alpha$ receptor and decrease in CD4 T cell counts. Evidence from this study suggests thatSTI influence parameters potentially related to accelerated disease progression and may therefore alter the course of HIV-1 infection. |
| 1996 | STOCK, WADE STEVEN | CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION AND RAPD MARKER DEVELOPMENT FOR TAN SPOT RESISTANCE IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM, PYRENOPHORA TRITICI REPENTIS) | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | MSC | 109 | The overall objectives of this thesis were to determine the number and chromosome location of tan spot Pyrenophora tritici-repentis died, necrosis resistance gene(s) in the cultivar wheat Chinese Spring (CS) and to develop RAPD markers for identified gene(s). CS (resistant/insenstive) and Kenya Farmer (KF) (susceptible/sensitive) have contrasting reactions to the P. tritici-repentis isolate 86-124 (nec$/sp[+]$chl$/sp[-]$) and Ptr necrosis toxin, respectively. Analysis of F$/sb1$, F$/sb2$ and F$/sb2$-derived F$/sb3$ families from the reciprocal cross CS/KF identified a single, nuclear, recessive gene governing resistance to isolate 86-124 and Ptr necrosis toxin. It was proposed that the necrosis resistance gene be named tsn1. No linkage existed between the leaf rust resistance gene Lr18, previously mapped to chromosome 5BL, and tsn1. The identification of a single resistance gene allowed the opportunity to develop a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. The genomic DNA of CS and KF were screened with 420 arbitrary sequence 10-mer primers. Since a low level of genomic polymorphism (10.6 percent) was resolved with agarose gel electrophoresis, a sub-set of 74 primers was analyzed using temperature sweep gel electrophoresis (TSGE). TSGE resolved 73 genomic polymorphisms. Two polymorphisms specific to chromosome 5B sequences were identified between CS and CS(KF 5B). RAPD analysis was conducted using a single plant from each of 65 F$/sb2$-derived F$/sb3$ families from the reciprocal crosses CS/KF and CS/CS(KF 5B). Each F$/sb2$-derived F$/sb3$ family was homogeneous for disease reaction to both the isolate 86-124 and Ptr necrosis toxin. Linkage analysis identified that the polymorphic fragments amplified by the primers UBC195 and UBC102 were 23.4 $/pm$ 5.7 cM and 27.4 $/pm$ 6.9 cM from tsn1, respectively. USC195 and UBC102 were tightly linked, 4.2 $/pm$ 2.5 cM apart. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1996 | HOLTZMAN, JON DAVID | TRANSFORMATIONS IN SAMBURU DOMESTIC ECONOMY: THE RECONSTITUTION OF AGE AND GENDER-BASED PROCESSES OF PRODUCTION AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION AMONG A KENYAN ‘PASTORAL’ PEOPLE | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 294 | The Samburu of northern Kenya have experienced arange of transformations in age and gender-based domestic relationships, concomitant with widespread socioeconomic change. While pastoralism has historically been their sole economic pursuit, factors related to their integration within the colonial and independent Kenyan state have led to the adoption of alternative economic activities. As new economic activities rise in importance within the Samburu household basedeconomy, the forms these activities assume are influenced by existing patterns of age and gender-based relationships, while at the same time serving to reshape these relationships. Domains including migratory wage labor,small scale agriculture, brewing, and transformations in dietary practices are examined within a model of Samburu social organization which emphasizes processes internal to domestic groups. Quantitative and qualitative research methods are employed within four Samburu communities differingin environmental factors and proximity to trading centers. Quantitative methods employed include a variety of socioeconomic surveys administered within a sample of 642 households. Qualitative methods include partial life history interviews, other less formal interview methods and participant observation. Extensive historical data is included from archival sources. The study explicates the ways in which the Samburuhave actively engaged with externally driven change–particularly with non-pastoral activities which have received little attention in analyses of East African pastoralists. Additionally, by examining processes internal to domestic groups, the study addresses recent critiques of the household as a unit of analysis focussing on its portrayal as a single interest unit. An approach is developed which retains the household as a unit of analysis, based on its emic salience as the center of Samburu economic organization, while accounting for well defined poles of differing interest between individuals and sub-groups within it. With in a model of Samburu domestic processes which characterizes the household as the locus of economic activity within overlapping fields of interest, processes of cooperation, conflict and negotiation are analyzed as the adoption of non-traditional activities reshapes Samburu socioeconomiclife. |
| 1996 | FUREY, DARREN JOSEPH | A COLONIAL AFFAIR: IMPERIALISM AND STRUCTURES OF IMPRISONMENT IN THE WRITINGS OF NGUGI WA THIONG’O (KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) | MA | 157 | During the Industrial Revolution, British colonial practice was influenced by the historical convergence of three types of social reform–land, labour, and prison–which resulted in three new methods of controlling people–farm, factory, and penitentiary. The example of Britain’s settler colonialism in Kenya demonstrates that as British forces conquered and occupied territories inhabited and used by indigenous peoples, the British employed their new technologies of enclosure in almost the same order as they were developed at home. In other words, the capitalist imperative of enclosure to control informed the new imperialism in Africa. I discuss this convergence as it is represented in the writings of the Kenyan oppositional writer Ngugi wa Thiong’o. In particular, I examine Ngugis historical representation of imprisonment as both an individual and a communal (or national)phenomenon in both colonial and neocolonial Kenya since the arrival of the Britishin the nineteenth century. |
| 1996 | NANGAMI,MABEL NAMUBUYA | MATERNAL ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AS PATHWAYS TO INFANT HEALTH IN KENYA: THE ‘MATATU’ HAS MANY ROUTES TO ITS DESTINATION | THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL | PHD | ||
| 1996 | OPIYO, FELICIA A. | RURAL KENYAN LUO WOMEN’S LIVED EXPERIENCES: AN INTERPRETATION (FARMERS, HOMEMAKERS, RURAL WOMEN, WOMEN’S GROUPS, PATRIARCHY) | THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO | PHD | 156 | The purpose of this research was to provide insight into the roles of rural Kenyan Luo women as farmers, homemakers, and members of women’s groups. More specifically, this research explored nine rural women’s multiple roles regarding their work/family expectations and responsibilities, especially in relation to family traditions, household tasks, food production, and income-generating activities. Five women in their twenties and four women in their forties were selected from Kendu Bay in western Kenya. Interpretive inquiry based on phenomenology and hermeneutics was used because it fostered exploration of the meaning of daily life experiences from the perspective of those living it. The major method of data collection was in-depth individual interviews using a series of open-ended questions. Each woman was interviewed three times for one to two hours each time. The transcribed texts were shared with the women for clarification and change. A feminist approach was used because it provided for an open, egalitarian relationship between the researcher and the participants which facilitated conversational dialogue. Through the analysis, themes emerged which created a sense of those threads that flowed through rural Kenyan Luo women’s roles as homemakers, farmers, and members of women’s groups, informing their attitudes and behaviors. Patriarchy was an over-arching theme which influenced all aspects of the women’s lives–marriage, work, and children–and seemed to form the base for the other major themes: conformity and struggle. Conformity was necessary to acquire a good name through respect and reciprocity, and to maintain connection to the community by observation of rituals and taboos. Struggle was exhibited in hard work, conflict between old and new values/practices, and their reflections about life. All themes were intertwined and overlapping and were evident throughout the women’s lives. Together they formed a picture which depicted the interdependence and multiplicity in rural Luo Kenyan women’s lives and explained how their lives work for them as they maintain their traditions in a changing world. The voices of the women reiterated the existence of these themes and through a shared perception of their significance and meaning, greater understanding of their lives was created. |
| 1996 | SLAY, KAY DENISE | A CHEMICAL STEW FOR EAST AFRICAN FARMERS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF KENYAN HIGHLAND FARMERS AND CANCERS OF THE NOSE AND THROAT | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON | MA | 111 | The hypothesis of this thesis is that there is a relationship between use of agro-chemicals by Kenyan farmers and the high rate of nose and throat cancers experienced by this population. After identifying suspected key factors and weaving together their historically documented confluences, the method of Rules of Inference in Epidemiology is applied to the hypothesis to evaluate indicators of a causal relationship. The factors identified as indicators of this causal relationship include (1) physical isolation of tribes, (2) colonial plantation farms in areas of traditional tribal lands, (3) squatters (Kenyan men required to work as farm laborers), (4) agro-chemical introduction/use and (5) occurrence of nose and throat cancers in men. These factors interwoven within a time-frame and observed with the detachment of several decades affords the researcher a perspective not previously attainable |
| 1996 | SIMIYU, SILAS MASINDE | INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL STUDY OF THE CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHERN KENYA RIFT (TANZANIA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO | PHD | 240 | A significant amount of geophysical and geological data have been recently gathered around the Kenya rift, primarily associated as a result of the Kenya Rift International Seismic Project (KRISP). These data indicate the presence of a major mantle seismic velocity anomaly and crustal thickening beneath the Kenya dome, an uplift centered on the southern part of the Kenya rift. Detailed crustal studies north of the dome show thinning of the crust northward with an increase in lithospheric extension. This study employed refraction and teleseismic data from KRISP, surface geology, gravity data from the UTEP data base and 5,600 new gravity measurements, drill hole data from geothermal exploration wells, and mantle xenolith and petrochemical results to constrain the construction of integrated cross-sectional models of lithosphere by gravity modeling. The approach taken in this study was to first interpret the deep regional tectonics affecting the whole of the East African Plateau on which the Kenya rift is superimposed. It was important to understand rifting in the broader context of the East African Plateau and the interplay between mantle and crustal structures and their contribution to the full spectrum of gravity anomalies. The long wavelength anomalies associated with mantle structures were modeled in a regional sense and the remaining short wavelength anomalies of crustal origin were then modeled in detail. An updated data base of more than 156,000 gravity reading was used to construct a Bouguer anomaly map, a suite of filtered gravity maps and regional profiles across the East African Plateau which were modeled. These models together with gravity maps demonstrate lithospheric thinning beneath the rift valleys and suggest the existence of a deep mantle anomaly centered beneath the East African Plateau associated with the Tanzania craton. The mantle anomaly is widely believed to be a plume and our models indicate that the diameter of its head at 130km depth is about 600 km. In our models, two arms from the plume head with a diameter less than 250 km penetrate the lithosphere to shallow levels under the rifts. In the western rift and the southern part of the Kenya rift (Tanzania), the mantle anomaly is deeper than under Kenya. This study provides additional evidence that the long wavelength Bouguer gravity anomaly over the East African Plateau can be explained by lithospheric heating and thinning by thermal erosion of the cratonic root. A regional model along the axis of the Kenya rift suggests that the rift is propagating southwards into central Tanzania. The result of detailed integrated interpretation of the crustal structure of the southern Kenya rift show the following: (1) there is no north-south crustal thickness symmetry with respect to the apex of the Kenya dome along the rift axis; (2) the rift graben master fault is on the western flank and there is no evidence for half-graben polarity (master fault side) reversals along the entire southern part of the Kenya rift; (3) the pre-existing lithospheric contrast between the Archean and Precambrian tectonic grains plays a significant role in the rift’s location and structural geometry; (4) along axis crustal thickness is less related to crustal thickening by underplating than pre-rift crustal type and thickness. |
| 1996 | OMWANDA, LEWIS ODHIAMBO | COMMUNICATION, CULTURE AND REPRODUCTION: ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE ADOPTION IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO (CANADA) | PHD | 296 | This dissertation explored the relationships between social communication, culture and reproductive behaviour. Drawing upon theories of structural and behavioral change, mechanisms of value formation and transformation over time were discussed and used to build upon Lesthaeghe and Surkyn’s (1988) postulation linking the ideational system reproductive behaviour. Accordingly, theories that posit reproductive choices in sub-Saharan Africa as primarily rooted in past practices and traditional value systems were questioned and, instead, interactionist bases of reproductive choice were suggested that accord with communication theories of behavioral innovation and social change. The theories were tested using the 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey data, and results of logistic regression analysis largely confirmed hypotheses linking the ideational system with reproduction in Kenya. In this regard, indicators of social communication and ideational factors rather than those of past demographic experience were found to be the Most consistent and reliable predictors of contraceptive behaviour ever-married Kenyan women. As predicted, greater mass media exposure to family planning information lowered the likelihood that a woman was in a low contraceptive status (i.e., not knowing a contraceptive method or having never used any) and raised the probability of her being in a high contraceptive status (namely, a past or current user). Also, exposure to family planning information through friends and relatives lowered the likelihood of a woman being in a low contraceptive status and raised the odds for her being in a high contraceptive status. In fact, unlike mass media impact, exposure through relatives and friends also increased the probability that a woman would be a never-user intending to use contraceptives in future and reduced the likelihood that she was a never-user not intending to contracept. Given the expectation that friends and relatives would be homophilous with respondents over reproductive norms and values, this finding confirms the contention that the ideational system in Kenya largely supported reproductive innovation. Thus, consistent with this interpretation, indicators of the ideational component of reproductive culture (comprising mainly spousal communication, ideal number of children education and literacy, and husband’s approval of family planning) lowered the likelihood of being in a low contraceptive status and raised the probability of being in a high one, while those of demographic experience (namely, children ever born, marital duration, age at first birth, child mortality experience, and age at first birth) were hardly associated with contraceptive behaviour. Meanwhile. though ethnicity was a consistent predictor of contraceptive behaviour its effects were substantially attenuated by inclusion of indices of mass media exposure into the analytical models. On the other hand, exposure through relatives and friends hand no such impact on ethnicity effects, suggesting a high communality of perception around reproduction within interpersonal networks. The results also show that religion was an important influence on contraceptive behaviour in Kenya, with Christians being more likely to be in high contraceptive statuses relative to those with traditional or no religious affiliation. |
| 1996 | SWALLOW, KIMBERLY ANNE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INSTITUTIONS, AND TECHNIQUE CHANGE: INTENSIFICATION OF CATTLE-FEEDING TECHNIQUES BY THE GIRIAMA OF KENYA’S COAST PROVINCE (DEVELOPMENT) | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 384 | In order to strengthen economic development policy, abroad definition of economic development is offered: the mutually reinforcing increase in collective institution-building and individual ends-meeting capacities. A conceptual framework based on this definition is presented that unites into a cohesive whole concepts from literature on economic development, technique change, and collective action. The framework is focused on the institution-building capacity of a group of resource users and the ends-meeting capacities of the group’s members. The elements of the framework are: extra-local factors such as national policy; physical-technical factors; the characteristics of the broader local social system; the characteristics of the resource-user group; the group’s institutional regime; and short-term patterns of interaction and production. To flesh out linkages between elements of the conceptual framework, a case study was done of the Giriama of Kenya’s Coast Province. Emphasis was placed on one Giriama village located in the coconut-cassava agro-ecological zone. An historical analysis of the economic development of the Giriama was done using secondary literature. Field work focused on understanding short-term patterns of interaction and production behavior with respect to cattle-feeding techniques. Quantitative data was provided by single-visit questionnaire interviews and longitudinal monitoring. Analysis focused on the factors that affected use of a variety of means of access to others’ land and feeds. Customarily, interactions over access to fellow villagers’ fallowed land and crop residues for cattle grazing took place in the public-action sector. Intensification of land use and the emergence of commercial-dairying meant that land owners placed increasing value on their fallow growth and residues such that they began to look for ways of realizing, if only gradually, the exclusive rights implied by the title deeds that they held. Indeed, it was found that the majority of interactions over access to others’ land or feeds were not conducted through the public-action sector. Rather they were conducted through bargaining transactions that represented the grey area between the three collectively-defined action sectors: private, public, and collective. One factor that affected the adoption of commercial dairying was the greater tendency for interactions over feeds for these enterprises to be conducted in the collective- or private-action sectors, or the grey area between them. The factors that affected the capacity of the village to choose and implement institutions to define action sectors for transactions over land and feeds were analyzed, and implications for policy were examined. |
| 1996 | AGESA, RICHARD UGUNZI | MIGRATION AND GENDER WAGE DIFFERENCES IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MILWAUKEE | PHD | 104 | The division of labor in many traditional rural societies particularly those of Africa entails that men acquire morehuman capital investment relative to women. Therefore, men, both single and married, migrate to urban areas in greater numbers to take urban jobs. Differences in skills thus create an earnings gap between men and women. This study has two themes. The first essay views the household as the decision making unit as far as migration is concerned. The household is assumed to maximize a common von Newman Morgenston utility function defined over three time periods. The model explains the characteristics which influence the family to migrate together as a unit (jointmigration) and those which motivate one member–typically the husband in hiscapacity as the household head–to move first and the rest of the family toremain in the rural area, to join the migrant in the urban area at some future time period (sequential migration). The imbalance in marketable skill levels results in men commanding a higher urban wage relative to women, leading to the second essay, an examination of the gender earnings differences in the urban areas. The findings strongly support the theoretical model. Namely that family migration patterns can beexplained very well within the context of an inter-temporal expected utility maximizing framework of the household in the case of married couples.The evidence suggests that the uncertainty related to migration and thewife’s household production opportunities are the key motivations forsequential migration. Age, family size, and the level of education of the husband influence joint migration. The widely used Oaxaca model, and therecently developed Cotton/Newmark technique are used to derive estimates ofgender discrimination in earnings. The results suggest that a considerable earnings gap exists between male and female wages, and that much of it is directly attributable to discrimination. The discriminatory component of the earnings gap appears to be considerably greater than the portion of the earnings differentials that can be explained by differences in productivity characteristics of males and females. |
| 1996 | LAX, BEVERLE MICHAELE | THE VERBAL SYSTEM OF KIGIRYAMA(KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OFWISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 359 | This dissertation is a descriptive study of the Kigiryama verbal system. It is the most comprehensive study on the topic because it incorporates a wide scope of analysis. The study addressesthe morphophonemic processes which operate in the Kigiryama verb, toneclasses and tonal behavior of verbs, and it addresses the derivational and inflectional systems of the Kigiryama verb. As is the case with most minority African languages, the linguistic literature on Kigiryama is scarce. This study contributes information on these topics to the fieldof Bantu linguistics, and is useful for cross-linguistic studies and dialectal studies of Kigiryama. As a descriptive work, this study also contributes towards the development of corpus planning and literacy projects concerning Kigiryama. It also has wider implications of the promotion of positive socio-cultural dynamics. The data used in thisstudy are mainly taken from primary sources. The empirical data were collected on the coast of Kenya. The methodology used for data collection included the elicitation of word lists and verbal questionnaires. These data were tape-recorded and transcribed for analysis to provide basic information concerning the verbal system. Various genre of oral texts were also collected, transcribed and translated to provide data on the range anduse of Kigiryama verb forms in particular contexts. The approach taken in the analysis of the data to provide the description of the Kigiryama verbal system is eclectic. The approach mainly borrows from structuralist and generative traditions. The sources directly referred to that provide the matrix of the framework for the description of derivation in the verbal system of the language include Palmer’ s Grammatical Roles and Relations (1994); and for inflection in the verbal system concerning tense and aspect, Comrie’s Tense (1985), and Aspect (1976), and a distinctivefeature system designed by Bennett (1996). Though this study is comprehensive, it is not maximal; it focuses on the single word verb, while the periphrastic verbs are not addressed in this study. Also, this study does not account for a tonal analysis for all of the verb forms found in Kigiryama. These are important areas for further research. |
| 1996 | MASINDE, GODFRED LUBANO | THE DYNAMICS OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUMVARIATION IN WESTERN KENYA (VACCINES, MALARIA) | TULANE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 85 | In an area of intense transmission, a malaria vaccine could reduce infection due to the parasite types represented in the vaccine, but have no detectable effect on the overall frequency of infection if there were multiple parasite types and immunization did not protect against heterologous parasites. These studies were performed to determine whether immunization with SPf66 decreased infection with parasites containing the 11 amino acid peptide from merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) present in SPf66, or increased infection due to heterologous parasites containing alternate (heterologous) MSP-1 sequences. Based on this 11 amino acid peptide (YSLFQ KEKMVL) from MSP-1 in SPf66, 3 forward primers (S,Q,V) were designed to amplify the MSP-1 sequence present in SPf66, and 3 additional forward primers (G,H,I) to amplify the alternative MSP-1 sequence (YGLFHKEKMIL). This strategy was validated by PCR amplification and dideoxy sequencing with 14 cloned laboratory isolates, which demonstrated that each of the 6 forwardprimers amplified one MSP-1 sequence or the other, but not both. This technique was then used to examine filter paper blots from an SPf66 vaccine studyof 85 subjects in Saradidi, KENYA. In that study, the prevalence ofinfection with YSLFQKEKMVL or YGLFHKEKMIL type parasites was unaffected by immunization with SPf66 (based on amplification with the S and G primers $/rm/lbrack p/ge 0.12$ as analyzed by chi-square), the Q and H primers $/rm/lbrack p/ge 0.13/rbrack ,$ or the V and I primers $/rm/lbrack p/ge 0.18/rbrack ).$ These results suggest that SPf66 does not exert a selective effect in vivo. Because the Block 1 sequence in SPf66 istypical for the MAD20 and RO33 allotypes of MSP-1 (YSLFQKEKMVL), immunizationwith SPf66 should select for the alternative K1 allotype in Block 1 of MSP-1 (YGLFHKEKMIL), and may by linkage also select for K1 (increase the frequency of K1) in the adjacent Block 2 of MSP-1. To test thishypothesis we typed parasites by PCR using MSP-1 allele-specific primers flanking Block 2 to distinguish K1, MAD20 and RO33 parasites. The results ofthese studies indicate that there were no significant differences in the frequencies of these Block 2 allotypes among persons who received SPf66 im, SPf66 sc or the placebo (hepatitis B vaccine im) $/rm (p/ge 0.17).$ These findings suggest that immunization with SPf66 also does not exerta selective effect on Block 2 of MSP-1 in vivo. As a control we used PCRto amplify the polymorphic Block 3 region of MSP-2. Because MSP-2 is on a different chromosome from MSP-1, there should be no linkage between selection for Block 2 MSP-1 allotypes after immunization with SPf66 and the frequencies of different Block 3 MSP-2 types. We found nosignificant differences among 10 MSP-2 genotypes between SPf66 im and placebo, or between SPf66 sc and placebo $/rm (p/ge 0.1$ by Fisher’s exact test). We found a significant difference between genotype 548/559 for SPf66 im and placebo or between SPf66 sc and placebo, prior to immunization withSPf66 (p = 0.05 and 0.03 respectively). Because these samples were collected before immunization with SPf66, the effect could not be due to immunization with SPf66. These studies have developed a molecular method to indirectly assess vaccine efficacy. |
| 1996 | OGOL, CALLISTUS K. P. O. | AGROFORESTRY FOR KENYA: PEST IMPACT AND BIOCONTROL IN A TREE LEGUME-MAIZE INTERCROP (BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, ZEA MAYS, LEUCAENA, HETEROPSYLLA CUBANA, PSYLLIDAE, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE) | UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA) | PHD | 185 | I evaluated the effect of the maize-leucaena agroforestry system on the insect fauna relevant to maize production, to establish if this system has pest management benefits. I also monitored the population dynamics and damage impacts of the leucaena psyllid Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, a new arrival to Africa, and carried out faunistic studies on ground-dwelling beetles and spiders. These studies covered six cropping seasons from September 1992 to August 1995, and were conducted at Mtwapa and Amoyo in coastal and western Kenya respectively. Treatments included monocropped and intercropped (maize, leucaena) plots, weeded and unweeded plots, mulched and unmulched plots and three spacing regimes for leucaena hedgerows. I evaluated the resource concentration hypothesis which suggests that herbivores will be less abundant in diverse habitats because non-host species disrupt the ability of the pest to attack its proper host efficiently. Alley cropping leucaena with maize significantly reduced infestation by stem boring lepidopteran pests and their damage to the maize crop, thus supporting the resource concentration hypothesis. Furthermore, the reduced pest numbers translated into increased yields. On the other hand, abundance and activity of the leucaena psyllid and of herbivorous and detrivorous ground-dwelling beetles was unaffected by the cropping system, and did not support the hypothesis. I also examined possible implications of the enemies hypothesis which posits that vegetational diversity increases both population size and impacts of entomophagous natural enemies that regulate populations of herbivorous anthropod pests. The maize-leucaena cropping system did not increase, and in fact even reduced the abundance and/or activity of some natural enemies of maize stem borers more than in the maize monocrop. The number of ladybirds and ground-dwelling beetles did not differ significantly between treatments. Thus, the enemies hypothesis that natural enemies will be more abundant in polyculture than in monocultures was not corroborated. Studies on the population dynamics of the psyllid revealed that populations were influenced by weather, particularly rainfall, and availability of suitable shoots. New growth of young shoots following rainfall, encouraged psyllid abundance as long as weather conditions were not extreme. Furthermore, damage to leucaena appeared to represent the cumulative and interactive effect of both the feeding activity of psyllids and prevailing environmental/climatic conditions, and did not closely track the actual population of and/or damage by psyllids at a given time. Psyllid populations were generally much higher at Mtwapa than at Amoyo, suggesting possible environmental constraints on population growth. The faunistic studies on ground-dwelling beetles and spiders showed a general increase in abundance within plots during the period of these experiments. The two monocrops had consistently low incidence of both beetles and spiders, while the unweeded plot had highest incidence of spiders, though differences were statistically insignificant. Notwithstanding, my results weakly suggest that vegetational diversity is correlated with abundance of insect population. Implications of this for biological conservation of anthropods are discussed. |
| 1996 | JURAGA, DUBRAVKA | LITERATURE, HISTORY, AND POSTCOLONIALCULTURAL IDENTITY IN AFRICA AND THE BALKANS: THE SEARCH FOR A USABLE PAST INFARAH, NGUGI, KRLEZA, AND ANDRIC (NURUDDIN FARAH, SOMALIA, NGUGI WA THIONG’O, KENYA, MIROSLAV KRLEZA, CROATIA, IVO ANDRIC, BOSNIA) | UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS | PHD | 317 | This study examines the role of literature andhistory in the construction of postcolonial cultural identities in two Africanand two European societies. I examine in detail the works of one writer from each of these societies. Nuruddin Farah is a Somali writer who explores his society’s Italian and British colonial background. Ngugi wa Thiong’o writes about Kenya and its British colonial heritage. My other twowriters come from Croatia and Bosnia, two European countries that have much in common with the postcolonial nations of Africa. Miroslav Krleza is a well-known writer from Croatia (an ex-Austro-Hungarian domain) and Ivo Andric, the Nobel-prize winner of 1961, is from Bosnia (a former part of both the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires). All four of thesewriters are intensely focused (though often in significantly different ways) on the histories of their societies, seeking to recover material from the past that can contribute to the development of viable culturalidentities in the present. I investigate the ways each writer explores hiscountry’s history of resistance to colonial/imperial power. Further, I examine the use of this history by each writer to counter existing subalterncolonial identities imposed by the traditions of colonialist historiography.These four writers employ a number of different strategies in their work and draw upon traditions that offer a variety of alternatives to the mainstream tradition of European bourgeois aesthetics. In all four cases these techniques are derived from sources that include indigenous oral traditions, European modernism, and European leftist literature. I pay particular attention to the ideological positions that the writers themselves occupy and to the ways these positions are reflected in their writing. Andric and Farah write from essentially bourgeois ideological standpoints and therefore reflect the strivings of the emergent(decadent, per Fanon) bourgeoisie of their societies, while Krleza and Ngugidirectly oppose bourgeois ideology and espouse Marxist ideas as a potentialsource of positive energies for their literary projects. |
| 1996 | NJUGUNA, DAFTON GACHOKA | DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF BIO-CLIMATIC BUILDING DESIGN TECHNIQUES IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A PROGRAM FOR KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 308 | Maize streak was observed in 17 of 19 districts of Kenya surveyed in 1994-1995. The highest disease incidence in the farmers’ maize (Zea mays L.) fields (53.5%) was recorded in the Kiambu district in the Central province. Maize streak geminivirus (MSV) was identified from maize, wheat (Triticum aestivum), finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and various grass species including Coix lacryma-jobi, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria velutina, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis macilenta, E. tenuifolia, Panicum maximum, P. trichocladum, Setaria homonyma, S. verticillata and Urocloa brachyura. Among 11 grass species found naturally infected with MSV, D. velutina was the most abundantly diseased. However, P. maximum with streak symptoms was seen in more locations, but in fewer numbers. All grass and maize isolates tested positive for MSV in F(ab$/sp/prime)/sb2$-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DAS-(ELISA). MSV isolates from 11 grass species and five maize plants collected from different districts were transmitted to Poaceae species including maize, wheat, finger millet and various grasses by Cicadulina mbila. The most efficiently transmitted from the 11 grass species was the was the one from E. tenuifolia. Both severe and mild MSV variants were recovered from S. verticillata, D. velutina and P. maximum. Maize resistance-breaking variants of MSV were identified by C. mbila transmission to maize with high levels of MSV resistance. All but two of the mildest MSV isolates were transmitted to a susceptible maize type, H511, by vascular puncture inoculation of maize kernels. The highest Cicadulina leafhopper population density (25/m$/sp2)$ were recorded for field plots of E. tenuifolia. Napier fodder (Pennisetum purpureum) was not seen with streak symptoms during the survey and very low leafhopper densities/m$/sp2$ were recorded on field plots planted to napier grass. Most of the grass species found naturally infected with streak including E. tenuifolia, D. velutina, and S. verticillata appeared to be suitable hosts for both the virus and the leafhopper vectors. These grass species would be expected to be important in the epidemiology of MSV in Kenya. In contrast to earlier claims, napier grass did not appear to play any noticeable role in the epidemiology of MSV. |
| 1996 | MORTON, ALLAN GAVIN THAYER | ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORMATION: EXPERIMENTS IN LAKE MARGIN PROCESSES (TAPHONOMY, SEDIMENTATION, KOOBI FORA, KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 339 | There are many natural processes that can affect the archaeological record, including biological factors and physicalagencies. The potential processes available for study are vast and as a result, within this work a selected set of site formation processes will be considered in detail. Of the extensive array of natural processes atwork in site formation, a predominant part of the equation is the action of sedimentation. Various past studies in site formation are based on sedimentation in a fluvial environment and have dealt with lake margins only in a cursory manner. It is this geomorphological process in a near shore environment that will be examined for its effect uponarchaeological sites and the material artefact record. This dissertation reports on an extensive series of site formation experiments conducted at Koobi Fora, Kenya. The primary goal of this taphonomic inquiry is to provide a means of increasing the confidence level of archaeological interpretations by instituting a series of indicators for the identification of formation processes. The results of this work offer vital information not only for archaeological sites with a known lacustrine component, but virtuallyany occurrence with an uncertain depositional history. Due to the fact that the majority of Early Stone Age sites in East Africa have been recovered from Fluvio-Lacustrine sediments, a better knowledge of the processes occurring at a lake margin is vital to enhancing the strength of inferences made from their analysis. |
| 1996 | DORSEY, BRYAN SPENCE | DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: A PATHTO SMALLHOLDER PROSPERITY AND IMPROVED FOOD SECURITY IN CENTRAL KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER | PHD | 282 | Smallholder agricultural production in Kenya makes a substantial contribution to improved food security at both local and regional scales. Central to the question of food security is the relationship between diversification, commercial specialization, land availability, labor and synthetic agricultural inputs. This dissertation research establishes direct links between the scale, process, and output of agricultural production by examining the dynamics of agricultural intensification and diversification. In the context of this research, diversification refers to varied cash and food crop production on the farm. Few, if any, studies have specifically addressed the case of diversification as a means to increase agricultural productivity and thereby improve conditions of food security. One of the leadinghypotheses probes the relationships between diversification and areal scale of production. Analysis of variations in farm generated income among smallholders is also pivotal to identifying the more beneficial means of increasing agricultural production. Results are derived from a smallfarm survey conducted in an area of high agricultural potential in the Kirinyaga District of Kenya’s Central Province. Secondary data focus on the problems associated with synthetic fertilizer and plant treatment inputs, such as banned pesticides. Solutions or ‘sustainable’alternatives to high input production are then proposed. Specific analyses of primary data indicate that smallholders cultivating three to four acres of land are highly diversified in this case. Whether or not diversification decreases beyond a particular scale is uncertain; however, it isexpected that large scale production is not conducive to diversified production, yet this is a question deserving further research. Empirical evidencefrom this study shows a clear positive relationship between diversificationand farm generated income, as well as farm product commercialspecialization. Almost all smallholders in the study area specialize in coffeeproduction, but those who were most diversified were more economically successfuland relied less upon subsistence-oriented food crop production. Increased productivity, linked to diversification and commercial specialization,is inferred as a positive contribution to food security. Conclusionsinclude policy recommendations in order to integrate findings with current agricultural development plans in Kenya. |
| 1996 | GOVINDARAJAN, MUTHIAH | BELOW-GROUND INTERACTIONS AT THE TREE-CROP INTERFACE IN THE HIGHLANDS OF KENYA (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, ZEA MAYS, ALLEYCROPPING, AGROFORESTRY) | UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA | PHD | 130 | Competition for growth resources between woody and nonwoody (crop) species is said to be the main reason for crop failurein hedgerow intercropping (alleycropping) in the semiarid tropics. However, the mechanisms of such interspecies competitions have not been clearly understood. Results of a series of investigations on these aspects, conducted in the highlands of Kenya, are reported here. In the first experiment, soil-water changes and root dynamics in a leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam de Wit.) and maize (Zea mays L.) alleycropping system were monitored. Soil water content decreased more rapidly and total root density of leucaena and maize (expressed as cm root-length cm$/sp[-3]$ soil) increased under the hedgerow intercropping system compared to the sole crop system. Furthermore, the intercropped maize had higher root density than sole-cropped maize i.e., when maize was grown alone.Nutrient contribution through root turnover of the woody species in a cropping season of about 120 days was estimated as 7 kg N and 0.2 kg Pha$/sp[-1]$. The influence of pruning the above-ground biomass of the woody specieson the extent of water availability in the system was examined in another study. Soil water availability was higher under the periodically-pruned hedges than under the unpruned tree. Maize produced more roots whengrown under unpruned trees than with hedges or as a sole crop. A third study showed that above-ground pruning of leucaena reduced the number and distribution of its structural roots; however, when the root system was modified artificially by placing a galvanized-iron-sheet barrier around the tree up to 100 cm soil depth, the number and distribution of structural roots increased. In summary, when grown with a woodycomponent, maize produced more roots than under sole-cropping condition and root production was high when soil water availability was less. Soil waterwas depleted more rapidly under hedgerow intercropping than under maize-sole-cropping condition. Above-ground pruning seemed to influence the structural root ($>$2 mm in diameter) distribution of the woody species, but its effect on fine-root ($<$2 mm in diameter) density wasnot clear since root density was also influenced by soil-water status.Future research should focus on the effect of time and frequency of pruning the woody species on its root dynamics and influence on growth ofalleycrops. |
| 1996 | LEWIS, SIMON KEITH | BY EUROPE, OUT OF AFRICA: WHITE WOMEN WRITERS ON FARMS AND THEIR AFRICAN INVENTION (OLIVE SCHREINER, KAREN BLIXEN, ELSPETH HUXLEY, DORIS LESSING, NADINE GORDIMER, SOUTH AFRICA, DENMARK, ENGLAND, ZIMBABWE) | UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA | PHD | 373 | By Europe, Out of Africa: White Women Writers onFarms and Their African Invention analyzes the cultural role of white women writers on farms in Africa, paying particular attention to the inventive oscillations in their work. Focussing on Olive Schreiner and KarenBlixen, but extending beyond them to Elspeth Huxley, Doris Lessing, and Nadine Gordimer, the study takes its structure from Blixen’s famous opening to Out of Africa, ‘I had a farm in Africa,’ and deconstructs the apparent simplicity and certainty of that statement. Section one shows how the ability to talk as ‘I’ involves complex negotiations of racial, gender, and class identity. While Blixen’s African experience enables her toforge an aristocratic identity by representing the loss of her farm in termsof pastoral elegy, the mission-raised Schreiner presents her farm with relentless realism, looking for her Utopia in the future when women can take their place in the world without restriction. Section two, leaning heavily on the work of Raymond Williams in The Country and the City,looks at the politics of landscape in Schreiner and Blixen, attempting toweigh the ideological baggage that comes with literary accounts of rural lifein English. A comparison between Elspeth Huxley’s detective fiction, Doris Lessing’s The Grass is Singing, and Blixen’s account of the death of a Kenyan farm-laborer called Kitosch shows how the European discourses of ethnography, detective fiction, and colonial law all work together to claim disciplinary control over Africa and Africans. Section threeargues that ‘Africa’ is a European invention, remarkably consistently used by Europeans as a site to write their own history. Ranging from images of Africa in Vergil and Petrarch, through what Martin Bernal calls the ‘fabrication’ of Ancient Greece from 1785 on, to the canonical status of the racist image of Africa in Heart of Darkness, this section concludes that Europeans have not just written themselves through ‘African’ experience, but attempted to write themselves into the African landscape through their graves and memorials. |
| 1996 | STAAL, STEVEN JAY | PERIURBAN DAIRYING AND PUBLIC POLICY IN ETHIOPIA AND KENYA: A COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS | UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA | PHD | 277 | Periurban dairying offers important income opportunities for smallholders in Ethiopia. World milk production is declining, nominal world milk prices continue their upward trend, and urbanization in Africa promises growing domestic demand. Periurban dairy producers can potentially supply both the urban and export markets. This potential has been illustrated in neighboring Kenya, with which Ethiopia shares agro-climatic conditions favorable to dairying. Unlike Kenya, however, Ethiopia has not successfully developed a formal dairy system. Some 88% of urban milk supply continues to pass through informal market channels. This can be attributed largely to government policy directed generally towards exchange rates, agricultural markets and production, and specifically towards dairying. This study examines the impacts of Ethiopian government policy and programs on dairy producers and marketers. The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) methodology is used to identify and quantify price distortions in the dairy market. Domestic market milk prices are found to be lower than export-parity prices, indicating potential milk market failure. This market failure results mainly from a previously-overvalued currency, which precluded dairy exports at official exchange rates. Recent currency reforms, however, have greatly improved the potential of dairy exports. Policy changes are now needed to enable the formal market to capture more of the informal market through producer price increases. Even under current market conditions, however, periurban dairying in the Addis Ababa area exhibits above-normal returns, and so offer important income opportunities for small resource-poor households. Institutional analysis reveals additional non-price policy factors which have impeded dairy development. Policies in the 1970s and 1980s aimed towards socialized agriculture eliminated the private commercial dairy producers who had led dairy development. Land tenure policies helped insure that milk production remained in small backyard urban units selling to the informal market. Policies towards cooperatives precluded the development of the strong role that cooperatives played in Kenyan dairy development. Comparisons between Kenyan and Ethiopian dairy policies are made using the PAM, and show that while Kenyan dairy is more competitive, both have a comparative advantage with respect to world dairy markets due to low opportunity costs of domestic factors. |
| 1996 | SELLEN, DANIEL MARC | PRODUCER RETURNS FROM RESEARCH AND ADVERTISING: THE CASE OF COLOMBIAN MILDS COFFEE | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | PHD | 202 | For more than a decade, many producers of tropical products have suffered from intense competition, stagnant demand, and declining prices. Developing countries, faced with large external debts and economic structural adjustment, have put export promotion high on their list of development priorities. in particular, the declining value of coffee exports has adversely affected welfare in many developing countries. Two strategies with potential to increase producer surplus are investment in advertising (a demand shifter) and investment in research (a supply shifter). Although conceptually similar, two distinct bodies of economic literature have developed the theory and empirically measured gains from these two investments. This study synthesizes these two streams of research within a single discussion and analysis. A model conceptualizes and measures gains from applied research and generic commodity advertising with the aim of deriving investment rules for each in a small, open economy. Combining examples of Kenyan and Colombian coffee producers and North American coffee importers, the study presents an empirical demonstration of the theory with implications for export promotion policy. Results show that Kenya should increase investment in coffee research. Colombia should invest in advertising, but not research. |
| 1996 | GITHEKO, JASON MUNYIRI | IMPLEMENTING A TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN SMALL BUSINESS CENTERS IN KENYA: BARRIERS AND USER CONCERNS | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 202 | Problem. The performance of African institutions has been negatively affected by the difficulty of communicating with other institutions. Despite several attempts to use low-cost computer networks to alleviate this problem, little is known about the factors that influence the success of implementation. Purpose. This study aimed to examine the process of implementing a FidoNet Bulletin Board System(BBS) in Kenya with a focus on: (a) factors that should be considered; (b) barriers to implementation; (c) changes in the concerns of BBS users;and (d) change in BBS users’ perceptions regarding the utility of the BBS.The Concerns-Based Adoption Model developed by G. E. Hall and colleagues and E. M. Rogers’ diffusion of innovations model constituted the conceptual framework. Method. A case study approach was adopted with the case consisting of four Small Business Centers (SBC) and a network services provider. Observations and interviews were conducted during site visits over a four-month period. Concurrently, modems and communicationsoftware were installed and SBC staff trained in their use. Two questionnaireswere pre- and post-administered to participants to measure changes in user concerns and in their perception of the BBS’ utility. Results and Conclusions. The categories of factors that need to be considered were: (a) effective promotion of networking; (b) the nature and reliability of telephone services; (c) computer systems maintenance; (d) security of equipment; (e) human resource concerns; (f) communication andcoordination with project participants; (g) finance and budgetary priorities; (h) cooperation among networking service providers; and (i) government procedures and regulations. The categories of barriers identified were: (a) interpersonal and inter-organizational conflicts; (b) technical difficulties; (c) financial constraints; (d) regulatory problems; (e) skill and motivational problems; and (f) inadequate decision support systems. At the end of the study, users still displayed the profiles of new or non-users of the innovation (BBS) and their perception of utility of the BBS showed no change; consequently, it was concluded that substantial change in user concerns and perception of utility may take much more than four months. A number of recommendations are made and several areas of further study suggested. |
| 1996 | KOYAME, MUNGBALEMWE | TAX EVASION AND THE DEMAND FOR CURRENCY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A PANEL STUDY OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 110 | The purpose of this dissertation is to empirically analyze the relationship between tax rates and tax evasion and tomeasure the magnitude of tax evasion in several African countries. I build a taxpayer behavioral model based on income tax evasion by combining the utility maximization approach initiated by Allingham and Sandmo in 1972 and the currency-equation approach initiated by Tanzi in 1980. The sizeof the underground economy is used as proxy for tax evasion. The model results in a currency-equation that is estimated using data from a panel of eight African countries (Zaire, Botswana, Malawi, Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Senegal and Nigeria). The study covers the period 1979-1990.The estimated currency-equation is, then, used to test the effect of changes in tax rates on tax evasion and to measure the size of the underground economy and the magnitude of income tax evasion for each of the eight countries. The results of this study show that tax rate has aconflicting effect on tax evasion depending on how the tax variable is measured.When the top bracket statutory tax rate is used as the tax variable, tax rate has a positive effect on tax evasion. However, when the effective income and total tax rates are used as tax variables, tax rate has a negative effect on tax evasion. This study also shows that, due to socio-cultural factors, taxpayers in former British colonies evade less taxes than taxpayers in former Non-British colonies. The measured size of the underground economy as percent of GNP is about 17.5 percent in Zaire,2.4 percent in Malawi, 1.5 percent in Botswana, 9.4 percent in Zambia, 3.5 percent in Kenya, 3.2 percent in Zimbabwe, 10.2 percent in Senegal, and 8.3 percent in Nigeria. While, the measured magnitude of income tax evasion as percent of GNP is about 0.7 percent in Zaire, 0.2 percent in Malawi and Kenya, 0.3 percent in Botswana and Zambia, 0.4 percent in Zimbabwe and Nigeria, and 0.5 percent in Senegal. This study’s outcomes can be used in the sampled countries for the improvement of the managing of the economy, of the measurement of macroeconomic variables, and in the prescription of economic policy. |
| 1996 | KAREITHI, PETER JONES | POWER WITH RESPONSIBILITY: A FRAMEWORK FOR A FREE AND DEMOCRATIC PRESS IN AFRICA (KENYA, ZAMBIA) | UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS | PHD | 276 | As political liberalization spreads through Africa, there arises the urgent question of what to do with the continent’s existing undemocratic press systems. What should be the fate of government- and party-owned radio and television stations andnewspapers? Who should decide what should or should not be broadcast or published by such media under the new regimes? How, if at all, can previously undemocratic institutions be turned into tools for promoting anddefending democracy? What kind of new media are required in the struggle for democracy on the continent? What lessons learned from Africa’s past history, and from media systems elsewhere in the world, can benefit this process? This dissertation is an attempt to provide answers to these questions and lay out some of the options that should frame thetheorizing about the role of the press in a pluralistic African society. The dissertation combines political economy and critical cultural studies to examine the application of competing development and press theories in Africa and their implications for the media in the continent. Itconceives news as socially produced knowledge and explores the origins of thenotion of news as objective truth versus that of news as ideology, and the implications of these notions for the role of the media in thedemocratic process in Africa. Two case studies–Kenya and Zambia–are used to tryand explain the historical circumstances and economic, political and social context in which the current press system in African developed; howthose factors overdetermined the press, and how the factors were, in turen, overdetermined by the press. Toward the end, it examines the philosophy underlying some of the foreign aid-driven efforts to reform the Africa press and the possible direction of such reforms. Finally, it offers an alternative social democratic press model based on Africa’s unique political, social and economic conditions–a model that emphasizespublic information as a social product, rather than a private commodity for sale–and conceives media that are an integral part of other social institutions, rather than independent of them. |
| 1996 | VERSCHUREN, DIRK | RECENT AND LATE-HOLOCENE PALEOLIMNOLOGY OF LAKES NAIVASHA AND SONACHI, KENYA (HOLOCENE, LAKE NAIVASHA, LAKE SONACHI) | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 320 | Lakes Naivasha and Sonachi (Eastern Rift, Kenya) together form a complex of four limnologically and sedimentologically distinct, but hydrologically interconnected shallow lake basins: the main basin of Lake Naivasha, Crescent Island Crater, Lake Oloidien, and Lake Sonachi. This system constitutes a natural laboratory to study how basin hydrology, morphometry, mixing regime, and sedimentation patterns affect the formation and preservation of climate-proxy signatures in the lake-sediment record. This study calibrates climate-proxy signatures in $/sp[210]$Pb-dated sediment profiles from each basin against documentary evidence of climatically driven lake-level and salinity change over the past century. The results demonstrate that continuity and temporal resolution of a climate-proxy record strongly depend on the persistence and quality of the local depositional environment, as determined by the physical and chemical limnology of the particular lake basin. Further it is found that at all timescales gradual environmental change will be recorded as an apparent steplike event when change in the selected climate proxy is controlled by limnological or sedimentological thresholds. Calibration of the recent sediment record in all four basins is then used to interpret the lithostratigraphy of an 8.20 m-long sediment profile from Crescent Island Crater, representing the last 1500 years of climatic history in equatorial East Africa. Ecological aspects of the dissertation focus on the potential of fossil assemblages of aquatic invertebrates to resolve past water-level fluctuations in African lakes on a timescale of decades. Analysis of the stratigraphic distribution of fossil Chironomidae, Ostracoda, and Cladocera in recent sediments of lakes Oloidien and Sonachi form the basis for an investigation of the mechanisms regulating aquatic-invertebrate communities of shallow fluctuating lakes in tropical Africa. The results indicate that in addition to salinity, also mixing regime and availability of preferred substrate are important proximate causative factors driving the immigration, local expansion, and extinction of individual invertebrate species. It is argued that analysis of fossil invertebrate assemblages can be a valuable complement to quantitative methods of paleosalinity inference because of its ability to reconstruct lake-level change independently from salinity change. |
| 1996 | OJIAMBO, BWIRE SEBASTIAN | CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBSURFACE OUTFLOW FROM A CLOSED-BASIN FRESHWATER TROPICAL LAKE, RIFT VALLEY, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO | PHD | 141 | Three manuscripts are presented describing the hydrogeology and major ions geochemistry and tritium-helium behavior of the ground waters around Lake Naivasha, Kenya, with special emphasis on the subsurface outflow to the south. The first manuscript discusses the hydrogeologic conditions around the lake and indicates that the main subsurface outflow is from around the intersection of Oloidien Bay and the main lake with outflow fluxes ranging from $/rm 18/times 10/sp6/ m/sp3/yr.$ to $/rm 50/times 10/sp6/ m/sp3/yr.$ Ground water level to the north have dropped over the past 20 years. The second manuscript presents the strontium and major ions chemistry and the concentrations of strontium isotopes. The study shows that the waters can be classified into: mixed Ca-Na-HCO$/sb3$-Cl-SO$/sb4$ waters. Na-HCO$/sb3$ waters, and Na-Cl for geothermal waters. Major ions concentrations increase from the lake southwards indicating a southward movement of the water from the lake. NETPATH modeline indicates that water to the south near the Olkaria geothermal field has evolved from a mixture of lake water and ground water similar to that found north of the lake. The water nearest to the southern shores of the lake maintains similar $/rm/sp[87]Sr//sp[86]Sr$ ratios as the lake (0.70552) while wells to the east and deep geothermal waters have radiogenic $/rm/sp[87]Sr//sp[86]Sr$ ratios between 0.70610 to 0.70747 and have the lowest strontium concentrations, 5.0 to 76.0 $/mu$g/L. The third paper covers the study of the distribution of tritium, helium $/rm/delta/sp[18]O$ and $/delta$D isotopes, and nitrogen and neon gases in these waters. The Olkaria geothermal waters are devoid of tritium, and, thus, are at least 40 years old. Wells to north average 20 years old while those south of the lake are 10 years. $/delta/sp[18]$O and $/delta$D isotopes show that about 50-70% of the southern ground water system is derived from the lake. Mean recharge rates range from 0.10 to 1.59 m/yr with a mean of $0.52/ /pm/ 0.40$ m/yr and horizontal velocity from $/rm/sp3H//sp3He$ age dating between Lake Naivasha and well C630D the south is 75 m/yr. |
| 1996 | OPONDO, PATRICIA ACHIENG | DODO PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF WOMEN’S ASSOCIATIONS AMONGST THE LUO OF KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | PHD | 330 | |
| 1996 | BUNYI, GRACE WANGARI | LANGUAGE, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SELECTION IN KENYA: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF TWO SCHOOLS | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | 337 | This thesis is an investigation of the process of social reproduction through language and education in post colonialKenya. The thesis focuses on the use of English as the language of instruction and the unequal distribution of knowledge of the language among the different social groups in Kenya. Ethnographic research methods are used to examine the linguistic and other symbolic resources that childrenfrom two socio-economically differentiated communities have access to, and the educational processes that they experience in their schools. The finding of the study is that social reproduction is carried out through differential educational treatments. Children from Gicagi, the socio-economically and politically dominated community do not haveaccess to English and other symbolic resources valued in the school. At the same time, for Gicagi children, there are risks and benefits associated with schooling. Consequently, Gicagi children’s participation in school is ambivalent. In school, Gicagi children receive an inferior curriculum.It is argued that they are thus less likely to attain academic success and social mobility based on education. On the other hand, children fromPark View, the socio-economically and politically dominant community have access to English and other symbolic resources valued by the school. At the same time, there are no risks involved in Park View children’s participation in school. In addition, Park View children receive a superior curriculum in the school. It is argued that they are thus more likely to attain academic success and subsequent social mobility. The study underscores the importance of examining the sociological consequences of using English, a language that only the children of the elite have access to, as the medium of instruction in Kenya. Pedagogical implications of the study have to do with the need for more sociolinguistic studies that can help teachers identify spaces in the interactional processes for making teaching-learning a more academically enabling experience for the students. |
| 1996 | MUTESHI, JACINTA KHASIALA | WOMEN, LAW AND ENGENDERING RESISTANCE: AN AFRICAN PEDAGOGICAL PROJECT (KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | 222 | As African Kenyan women begin to challenge their current conditions of marginalization, inequality and dependency within the legal arena, they are faced with a difficult and complex task. The Kenyan legal system is a site of multiple bodies of law: customary law, received English common law, Kenyan statutory law and the Kenyan constitution. All these systems of law have developed over time in a context of values, meanings and structures that have been selectively reflective of men’s perspectives and exclusionary of women’s concernsand interests. This thesis is primarily concerned with the Kenyan legalsystem and more specifically with the discourses and practices of African customary law, for as the personal law of the people of Kenya, it is law that Kenyan women are most frequently up against. The thesis project is thus to identify and analyze instances of Kenyan women’s diverseattempts at resistance, particularly in the area of law, over the period from1964 to the present. I will document and examine how Kenyan women’sdemocratic politics have emerged in terms of their struggle to articulate their issues, express their political strategies, create priorities and choose particular responses in the areas of marriage and property laws,violence against women, democracy and politics. The thesis will also analyze how the actions by Kenyan women have involved individual and collectiveforms of activism and struggle, both inside and outside Kenyan courts |
| 1996 | NATHANI, NJOKI C. | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INDIGENOUS FORMS OF FOOD PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES: A KENYAN CASE STUDY | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | 301 | This study examines the central role played by womenin food processing practices, but does not limit itself to one gender; rather, it investigates the various roles played by family members in the processing activities. By making indigenous food processing practices a focal point, this investigation offers insights into perspectives on social structures, the impact of both modern and indigenous technologies on women and the relationship between environment and gender relations. The thesis advanced in this study is that indigenous food processing practices on-going activities that have not remained static, but have evolved with time. The study further examines how such variables aswater, firewood, time and socio-economic and environmental factors have influenced processing patterns with particular reference to changesgender roles. To carry out the investigation, the researcher conducted participant and non-participant observation, distributed 200 questionnaires, conducted unstructured interviews among 77 women and carried out both life histories and in-depth interviews with 14 women.The study utilises a feminist perspective as a framework for understanding issues about development in an African context. The study focus on how local initiatives, practices, strategies and knowledge intersect with national processes of development. The researcher examines local/traditional knowledge about food processing and how such knowledge intersects with modern technological knowledge and the process of social development in the case of Kenya. The findings of the study show that women cope with meagre resources; increased hours of food processing; decreasing family labour, incomes, natural resources and participationin decision making; and, limited access to modern processing technologies. The study posits that women have had to return to their indigenous knowledge for survival strategies in their shrinking economy. |
| 1996 | TURAY, THOMAS MARK | PEACE EDUCATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | MA | 159 | This study was designed to examine alternative ways in which NGOs in Kenya offer peace education programmes for adults, with a view to identifying basic characteristics underlying these programmes and applying them to a West African country. Using a qualitative case study approach, the study examined the African Association for Literacy and Adult Education and Abantu for Development. The data are based on documentary analysis, observations, semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Major concepts (development, adult education, non-formal education and non-governmental organization) are defined. A theoretical overview of ‘peace education’ and ‘peace research’ is also provided. The study involved a detailed descriptive analysis of the organizations’ structures, programmes and activities, and their major accomplishments and constraints. The findings reveal that both organizations conceptualized ‘peace’ and ‘peace education’ from very broad perspectives and provided diverse peace education programmes for adults. |
| 1996 | MUTONGI, KENDA BEATRICE | GENERATIONS OF GRIEF AND GRIEVANCES: AHISTORY OF WIDOWS AND WIDOWHOOD IN MARAGOLI, WESTERN KENYA, 1900 TO THE PRESENT (TWENTIETH CENTURY) | UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA | PHD | 244 | This study explores the different ways in whichwidows in the small rural community of Maragoli, western Kenya conceived and expressed their grief (kehenda mwoyo) in the twentieth century, particularly how they used grief as an effective means of presentingtheir sufferings so as to better their conditions. Widowhood represented an especially burdensome situation since Maragoli husbands acted, at leastin theory, as economic providers and protectors of their wives, and also endowed them with a source of social recognition. Because husbands held such important economic and social roles, wives experienced their husbands’ deaths as an immediate loss of material goods and social control. Widows were thus severely marginalized by their husbands’ passing, and they turned to members of their communities to minimize orto overcome the deprivations caused by this marginalization. Drawing on personal interviews with individual widows, archival records, court records, wills, relatives’ memories, lamentations–among other sources, the author examines the widows’ plight and the creative responses they employed to ease their problems. The widows’ strategies allows us to examine gender relations, and also to discern some of the larger changes in twentieth century Maragoli, and how they affected Maragoli widows. |
| 1996 | CHIURI, WANJIKU LOIS | THE EFFECTS OF CHANGE IN LAND TENURE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON GENDER RELATIONS AND THE SUBSEQUENT CHANGES IN HIGHLAND ECOSYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF IRURI-KIAMARIGA COMMUNITY IN NYERI DISTRICT, KENYA (AGIKUYU) | UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO (CANADA) | PHD | 210 | This thesis contributes to the growing debate on environment and gender in rural Africa. It notes that change in accessand control of land and its resources affects how men and women relate to resources, and how they relate to each other as men and women, parentsand siblings, rich and poor. Therefore, in addressing development planningin rural Africa a focus was made on gendered access to and control of land and its resources. For areas such as Kenya, with an agricultural based economy and a 75% rural population, the majority of whom are women, a gendered planning approach is imperative. This thesis reviews the evolution of land tenure among the Agikuyu of Kenya from pre-colonial to present. By way of a case study in Nyeri District, Kenya, it describesand examines the indigenous land tenure and resource management and the consequential gender relations. It goes on to examine how these relationships changed as access and control of land and its resources changed. Observations from the study are: highland ecosystems demand particular management practices; indigenous fragmented tenure of cultivated land and the accessibility of the conditions offered the best ecosystem management approach and equal social status for women and men. It has been established that local people are capable of criticalanalysis and development of adaptive mechanisms to deal with change. Recommendations are made that planning efforts benefit by incorporating local knowledge into the process. A gendered approach is necessary since women and men were found to have developed different adaptive mechanisms due to gendered access to and control of land and its resources. It is also recommended that resource policies reflect co-ownership of land between spouses and equal inheritance rights for girls. |
| 1996 | KARANU, FRANCIS NYAGAH | HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS: PROTEASE ANTIGENS AND INVOLVEMENT OF CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTES IN PROTECTIVE IMMUNERESPONSES | WASHINGTON STATEUNIVERSITY | PHD | 77 | Haemonchus contortus is a significantgastrointestinal nematode pathogen of sheep and goats worldwide. Methods to control H. contortus infections heavily rely on use of anthelmintics to which the parasite is able to rapidly develop resistance. Vaccination against H. contortus is an alternative approach that could contribute significantly to control efforts. However, lack of information of parasite antigensand mechanisms of protective immunity greatly hinder the practicalapplication of this approach. The goals of this project were to (1) identify and characterize protease antigens released in excretory-secretory (ES) products of adult H. contortus, with the aim of evaluating theirpotential to induce protective immunity and (2) investigate the requirement ofCD4+ T lymphocytes in the protective immune responses induced by gut antigens from adult worms. Protease antigens in ES products were investigatedusing Kenya isolates of H. contortus, and compared with previouslycharacterized ES proteases from a USA isolate of the parasite. Extensive inter- and intraisolate heterogeneity in H. contortus ES proteases was demonstrated involving Mr, pH characteristics and protease classification. These experiments did not identify ES proteases that are conserved among disparate geographic isolates of H. contortus. Therefore, ES proteasesdid not meet a basic criteria to be considered as vaccine candidates.Antigens derived from the gut of H. contortus were shown by others to induce protective immunity against the parasite. Understanding the mechanismsof that immunity may contribute to development of vaccines against H. contortus. Therefore, in the second part of this research, therequirement of CD4+ T lymphocytes in protective immune responses induced by gut antigens was investigated. Gut antigen-immunized animals were significantly depleted of CD4+ T lymphocytes by intravenous injectionof a mAb which recognizes the CD4 surface antigen. Results demonstrated that CD4+ T lymphocytes contribute to immunity induced by gut antigens, but also suggested that antibody works synergistically with the CD4+ T lymphocytes to confer the protective immunity. With these results, specific parasite proteins capable of stimulating protective CD4+ T lymphocyte responses in sheep and goats can be identified. |
| 1996 | MILLER, ELLEN RUTH | MAMMALIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF AN OLD WORLD MONKEY LOCALITY, WADI MOGHARA, EARLY MIOCENE, EGYPT (NORTH AFRICA) | WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 372 | Wadi Moghara is a fossil locality with a mammalian fauna that has not been studied since the preliminary work of Fourtau in the early part of this century (Fourtau, 1918, 1920). Faunal comparisons were made between fossil mammals from Moghara and selected other Miocene faunas from Africa and Eurasia, in order to determine which mammals were present at Moghara, and the temporal and biogeographic relationships of the Moghara fauna. New fossil specimens are described and a systematic revision of the Moghara mammals is presented. Results from testing temporal hypotheses showed that the Moghara fauna is about 18-17 Ma, roughly the same age as the fauna from Rusinga Island, Kenya. Resultsfrom testing biogeographic hypotheses showed that there no evidence insupport of the proposition that a North African Faunal Province existed in the Miocene. Instead, early Miocene North African localities appear similarto each other because they are part of a larger Rusingan faunal complex. Biogeographic analyses also highlighted the fact that the Moghara faunais unusual in being dominated by a diverse array of anthracotheres, a phenomenon probably attributable to the fact that the reconstructed paleoenvironment of Moghara as a wooded fluviatile system likely represents ideal anthracothere habitat. The Moghara fauna contains two kinds of primates: an early cercopithecoid, Prohylobates tandyi, and anas yet unnamed hominoid. Study of the morphology and systematics of the Moghara primates, and a preliminary assessment of their paleobiology, indicated that: (1) only one genus of early Miocene monkey,Prohylobates, can currently be recognized; (2) P. tandyi is older than some species of Prohylobates but probably does not represent the earliest evidence foran Old World monkey; (3) early cercopithecoids appear to have beenassociated primarily with wooded fluviatile systems; (4) early Miocene apes apparently made use of a number of paleoenvironments not used by the first cercopithecoids; (5) the disparity in distribution and diversity ofearly Miocene apes versus monkeys likely reflects a paleobiological reality of the early Miocene; (6) members of Prohylobates have transitional morphologies that make them structurally intermediate between a basal catarrhine ancestry and modern cercopithecoids. |
| 1996 | K’OLEWE, OCHIENG’OLEWE | THE SEARCH FOR RELEVANCE IN THE KENYAN SECONDARY SCHOOL HISTORY: A CASE STUDY OF HOW THE STRUGGLE FOR KENYAN INDEPENDENCE IS EXAMINED | WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY | EDD | 218 | The Kenyan government has continuously recognized the potential socialization role of Kenya’s history, in particular the topic on Kenya’s struggle for independence, as a means of engendering a senseof national consciousness among students. This case study focuses on howthis struggle is examined in the current secondary history syllabus, as part of the effort to formulate and implement a relevant syllabus. A qualitative case study design was used to facilitate the study. Consequently, the findings and results are based on the analysis of a triangulation ofdata, which was collected in Kenya, through interviews, observations, and documents. There were three groups of participants: teachers, administrators, and students. The search for relevance at the syllabus formulation level has meant the partial inclusion of parents andreachers in the process, although it still remains the domain of the Kenya Institute of Education. Also, non-educational factors, particularly in the socio-political environment, has continued to influence what isconsidered relevant. Likewise, topics which are considered controversial–like mau mau–have been omitted. Unlike the pre- 8-4-4 education system, thereare more textbooks written by Kenyans on the struggle. Not only do they provide new information to the students, but they also play asignificant role in perpetuating and reinforcing some of the general historical ‘myths’ about Kenya’s quest for independence. The translation of the syllabus guideline into relevant practice, by teachers, is influenced by their perceptions of their role as teachers of history, their interpretation of the constructs–nationalism and nationalists–and their attitudes towards students learning. Conversely, students perceptions of the relevance of the unit are influenced mainly by the social folklore surrounding the struggle. However, their main interest is in passing exams. In conclusion, the search for a relevant syllabus which relatesthe students lives to what is taught, is hampered by: (1) the alienation of teachers from the formulation process, (2) reification of historical knowledge, (3) the audible silences resulting form the omission of the role of women and the mau mau, and (4) the taken for granted knowledge about what constituted the struggle. |
| 1996 | NDEGE, GEORGE ODUOR | DISEASE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE: THEPOLITICS OF COLONIAL HEALTH CARE IN WESTERN KENYA, 1895-1939 | WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 357 | This study analyzes the interrelationship between disease and the politics of British colonial health care in westernKenya in the period 1895 and 1939. Based on a wide array of archival and secondary sources, the study contextualizes the evolution anddevelopment of British colonial health care system within the wider context of socio-economic changes in colonial western Kenya. The impact of various diseases on the nature, tempo and direction of socio-economic change in colonial western Kenya is examined. The responses of the BritishColonial Office, the colonial state, African, European and Asian communities are also analyzed. The relationship between disease and socio-economicchange in colonial western Kenya was complex, dynamic and interactive. Just as disease influenced socio-economic change, so too did such changes impact epidemiological patterns. Changed resource management practices enhanced vulnerability to diseases, the rapidity of their spread, as well as the high rates of infection. Yet colonial health care was neither conceived nor envisioned as a social welfare scheme. Furthermore, it was bestoweda presumed supremacy over African therapeutic practices. Nevertheless, African traditional therapeutic systems maintained their viability and continued to co-exist with western colonial health care. The expansionof colonial health care was gradual, uneven, and underpinned by politicalas well as economic considerations. Colonial health care was as much ahealth issue as it was one of political and economic control. Moreover, disease created a dramatic and compelling opportunity for segregationist tendencies, colonial patronage and social control in colonial western Kenya. In the final analysis, therefore, colonial health care was very much a part of the political and economic struggles that characterized colonial Kenya. Its developmental course was shaped by myriad factors: African political, economic and social demands; crises such asepidemics, war and famine; Indian as well as European political and economic struggles for dominance; the colonial state; and the humanitarians aswell as the colonial office in Britain. |
| Year | Author’s Name | Title | Institution | Degree | Pages | Abstract |
| 1997 | MWENDIA, CHARLES WAWERU | TANNINS IN TROPICAL LEGUMES: CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECTS ON RUMINAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY (PHENOLICS, SESBANIA SESBANIA, LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, LUPINUS, BACTERIA) | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | 180 | Ten leguminous forages and four browses were collected from four sites in Kenya and tested for polyphenolic content and in vitro degradability by rumen bacteria. Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala, Rhynchosia usamberensis and Desmodium spp. had the highest total phenolics, casein-precipitable and condensed tannins, Sesbania sesbania and Stylosanthes spp. were intermediate in polyphenolic content while Clitoria ternatea, Centrosema pubescens, Gliricidia sepium, Lupinus spp. and Psilitrichum elliottii were all low in polyphenols. Casein-precipitable tannins constituted 59.7% of total phenolics in stems, 77.1% in leaves and 79.6% in flowers and pods. In vitro dry matter degradability of high tannin C. calothyrus, R usamberensis and Desmodium spp. was between 45 and 55% compared to 72 and 80% for the lower tannin P. elliottii, Lupinus spp. and S. sesban. Digestibility was significantly (p $<$ 0.05) and negatively correlated with total phenolics, casein-precipitable and condensed tannins in leaves and flowers and significantly (p $<$ 0.05) and negatively with fibre fractions in stems and pods. Extracted condensed tannins from C. calothyrsus were the most toxic to Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Tannins from R. usamberensis and D. intortum were the least toxic and those from L. leucocephala were intermediate in toxicity. Precipitation of bovine serum albumin by C. calothyrsus, L. leucocephala and D. intortum tannins was similar (p $>$ 0.05) but C. calothyrsus tannins were more effective (p $<$ 0.05) than the other two in precipitating alfalfa leaf fraction-1-protein. Addition of fraction-1-protein to alfalfa NDF containing mixed rumen bacteria alleviated significantly (p $<$ 0.01) inhibition to digestibility occasioned by C. calothyrsus and L. leucocephala tannins but significantly (p $<$ 0.05) exacerbated the effects of D. intortum tannins. From this study, it was hypothesized that C. calothyrsus condensed tannins were largely bactericidal, L. leucocephala tannins bacteriostatic and D. intortum tannins non-bacteriostatic. From the silvopasture viewpoint, further studies are recommended to determine the in vivo nutritive value to ruminants of these plant materials. Although tannin molecular polymerization was considered important in tannin reactivities, it still remained to be determined how important other factors such as molecular orientation and constitution are. | |
| 1997 | MWANGI-CHEMNJOR, CHARITY | WOMEN IN POST SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN KENYA | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 133 | This study is an exploration of the issues which face women in post secondary education administration in Kenya. Women dominate the primary level administration and secondary level administration in the girls’ schools. At higher levels of administration and post secondary administration, the relative number of women administrators decline sharply. Various explanations are given for this scarcity of women in education administration. This study set out to examine how women responded to the barriers or impediments they face in the entry and advancement in education administration. It is a qualitative study drawing from interviews with ten women administrators in post secondary education in Kenya who describe their experiences of coping with their responsibilities at work and at home. These women are administrators in universities, teachers colleges, polytechnics, the inspectorate, the teachers service commission and Kenya Education Staff Institute. The chief argumentis that gender with all the assumptions and attitudes it carries of sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, and of family responsibilities is responsible to a great extent for the opportunities and experiences that women are allowed to gain. The findings show that there are various points at which women in education administration in Kenya face gendered biases, particularly at hiring transition and promotion. Some workplace policies and practices also act as barriers to women in administration. Away from the workplace, the double demands placed on women and the expectations influence a great deal the participation of women in educational administration in Kenya. |
| 1997 | MWANGI-CHEMNJOR, CHARITY | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 133 | This study is an exploration of the issues which face women in post secondary education administration in Kenya. Women dominate the primary level administration and secondary level administration in the girls’ schools. At higher levels of administration and post secondary administration, the relative number of women administrators decline sharply. Various explanations are given for this scarcity of women in education administration. This study set out to examine how women responded to the barriers or impediments they face in the entry and advancement in education administration. It is a qualitative study drawing from interviews with ten women administrators in post secondary education in Kenya who describe their experiences of coping with their responsibilities at work and at home. These women are administrators in universities, teachers colleges, polytechnics, the inspectorate, the teachers service commission and Kenya Education Staff Institute. The chief argument is that gender with all the assumptions and attitudes it carries of sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, and of family responsibilities is responsible to a great extent for the opportunities and experiences that women are allowed to gain. The findings show that there are various points at which women in education administration in Kenya face gendered biases, particularly at hiring transition and promotion. Some workplace policies and practices also act as barriers to women in administration. Away from the workplace, the double demands placed on women and the expectations influence a great deal the participation of women in educational administration in Kenya. | |
| 1997 | MUTUA, HENRY NDOLO | ADAPTATION TO THE QUESTION OF IDENTITY,SUPPORT AND ENCULTURATION AMONG THE AKAMBA CHRISTIAN FAMILIES IN NAIROBI, KENYA | TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL | PHD | 173 | The purpose of this dissertation was to assess the impact of African organization on the role of the traditional family as perceived among the Akamba immigrants in Nairobi, Kenya. A further purpose was to assess how the Akamba immigrants, and in particular the Christian families in Nairobi cope with the resulting changes. Content analysis were made of field data to discover the way in which these families have adjusted to cope with the impact on the part played by the family in traditional society. Data analyzed showed in traditional society, the family was responsible for the individual’s need for identity, economic support and enculturation of the children. However, due to organization and its forces of change, the traditional family was described as weak and fragmented. Hence, playing no part in ones need for identity, support and enculturation of the young generation. But with these changes, data analyzed showed that the Akamba families and that the individual’s need for identity, support and enculturation were met through urban based institutions. Data analyzed showed that in these, ethnic- ased associations, comm gatherings and rural visitations, the Akamba families to have their key needs met. In this quest for survival in the city, the study showed that the church for which the above mentioned families are members has not been helpful in meeting hese. These findings, though related to one ethnic society in, should have value for the church in the African city and particular Africa Inland Church in Nairobi. The findings are also in general sense of value to other Christian Churches involved in and Church planting in the African cities and perhaps in of developing nations. |
| 1997 | MULINGE, WELLINGTON M. | EFFECTS PROPERTY RIGHTS ON ECONOMIC IN NORTHERN KENYA: ANALYSIS OF AND TE T FOR ‘RES NULLIUS’ VERSUS ‘RES COMMUNES’ | UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA) | The purpose of this study was to test for the type of rights regime pe ating in resource utilizationin Northern Kenya. African nomadic pastoralists have occasionally been accused of following socioeconomic and resource-use strategies that are to the environment land resource base. problem was analysed by determining the optimization the pastoralists use in economic decision making through the discount and theory frational expectations. A nested model was developed to test for presence of res-nullius open property) versus res communes (true common prop rty). The data used consisted of ime series livestock numbers, livestock sales (off take), livestock prices, labour costs, low price indices, interest rates and ecological indices, all from the district, Northern Kenya. Results obtained for Marsabit from this study suggest that res nullius property rights apply in production of small ruminants (goat a). owevercamel and cattle production are res communes. This result suggests that is a need to destock smaruminants while increasing the number of camels and cattle. The problem of open access range seems to apply in resource management strategies of Marsabit district as regards harvesting of forage resources small ruminants (goats and sheep). Cattle an camel production seems to operate under res communes regime. (Abstrac shortened by UMI) | ||
| 1997 | MULAKU, GALCANO CANNY | CONCEPTS FOR PID ROVEMENT (REMOTE SENSING, PHOTOGRAMMETRY, MAPPING, SURVEYING) | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) | PHD | 177 | Preliminary index diagrams (PIDs) are land parcel index maps traced off unrectified aerial photographs, often enlarged. They have been used in a number of developing countries for urgent land titling, but especially so in Kenya. There have been growing indications that users are dissatisfied with the boundary information obtainable from these maps, such as areas and boundary positions, for the other aspects of land administration, such as land planning and land valuation; yet the only solution suggested has been the re-surveying of the registered parcels, at a cost most developing countries can ill afford. This study aimed at determining the accuracy needs of PID users, developing an affordable technique to improve PIDs to user need standards, and formulating a plan for implementing the technique in Kenya. A user needs study was carried out and shows that, considering achievable accuracies, users would have to be satisfied with discrepancies of $/pm$2 m and $/pm$10% in parcel boundary position and area respectively. An accuracy assessment indicates that PIDs generally fall short of this standard. A relatively fast and cheap digital transformation technique has been developed and demonstrated to improve ‘ideal case’ PIDs (those whose boundaries appear on the corresponding photography) to within user need standards both in flat and variable terrain. Issues in implementing a PID improvement programme in Kenya are discussed, and an implementation plan set out. The developed technique could provide developing countries with an affordable land titling method that is also satisfactory for other land administration functions, and other potential applications. |
| 1997 | MUKEBEZI, KAMBITES SARAH | NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AS PARTNERING AGENCIES: A CASE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CANADIAN NGOS WITH CIDA AND KENYAN LOCAL GROUPS | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | 331 | This study explores the notion of partnership as an approach to long-term sustainable development in Africa, by examining relationships Canadian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) forge with their donors and with counterpart NGOs in developing countries. A case study methodology was used to examine how Canadian NGOs in general, and CARE Canada in particular, work in partnership with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), and Kenyan local NGOs. The findings indicate that the development themes and agendas of the past three development decades are reflected in the activities and programs of Canadian NGOs. However, very little was learned about the contribution of partnership to African development. CARE Canada’s partnership relations seem to be guided by the development priorities of funding agencies such as CIDA, which dictate how CARE relates to its Kenyan partners. Partnership seems only to facilitate an environment for dialogue between organizations, concerning needs, constraints and fiscal accountability. The study proposes that further research on the concept of development partnerships needs to be carried out in-depth to determine how this model can be used in building capacities of African organizations. | |
| 1997 | MUGENDA, ABEL GITAU | FACTORS RELATED TO EARLY INTEREST IN VASECTOMY AS A FAMILY PLANNING METHOD IN KENYA: INSTRUMENT DESIGN, VALIDATION, AND CAUSAL MODELING | IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 140 | The purposes of the study were to: (1) describe male students awareness of family planning methods, (2) describe their sources of family planning information, (3) describe their knowledge of, attitude towards, and interest in vasectomy, and (4) use factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test a statistical model of factors that influence interest in vasectomy as a family planning method. The study was based on the theory of diffusion of innovations in which awareness and knowledge of an innovation influence attitude towards the innovation, and attitude influences intentions to use the innovation. A random sample of 430 undergraduate students from three universities in Kenya completed a survey in group settings. The average age of the respondents, most of whom were single, was 22.69 years. Students were predominantly Catholics, Protestants, or Muslims. Newspapers, radio, and peers were students leading sources of family planning information. Respondents contraceptive awareness was high, but their knowledge of and interest in vasectomy as a family planning method were low. Students had neither strong feelings about the method (emotional attitude) nor strong rationales for using it in the future (intellectual attitude). Interest in vasectomy had two dimensions: surface interest and deep interest. Both surface and deep interest in vasectomy increased as students emotional attitude toward vasectomy decreased. Low emotional attitude towards vasectomy was associated with the tendency to be Protestant, rather than Catholic or Muslim; with the desire to have fewer children; with low masculine identity; and with increased family planning information and knowledge about vasectomy. Knowledge of vasectomy increased as age decreased, as masculine identity decreased, and as family planning information increased. Surface and deep interest increased as intellectual attitude towards vasectomy increased. High intellectual attitude towards vasectomy was associated with the desire to have fewer children and with increased family planning information and knowledge about vasectomy. The desire to have fewer children was associated with the tendency to be Protestant, rather than Catholic or Muslim; with low masculine identity; and with more family planning information. |
| 1997 | MPUTUBWELE, MAKIM MPUT-A-NKAH | NGUGI WA THIONG’O AND SEMBENE OUSMANE: THE AFRICAN WRITER’S COMMITMENT TO SOCIETY (KENYA, SENEGAL) | PURDUE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 211 | Is the writer’s role simply to create art for art’s sake or do writers have to utilize their talents for the good of society. Ngugi wa Thiongo of Kenya and Ousmane Sembene of Senegal, like many other African writers, are of the opinion that in a society such as the one in which they live, their role, besides and because of its artistic aspect, should be to participate in the daily struggleof the masses and to help ameliorate their living conditions. My study examines this debate from African writers’ perspective, and focuses specifically on these two artists’ viewpoints, and in particular how their creative works become the platform by which they engage their art to carry out the people’s struggle, and submit the latter to a self-examination in order to change their society from destructive traditions and habits of neocolonialist Africa. |
| 1997 | MOHAMED, MOHAMED AWER | COMMUNITY-BASED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS. A KENYAN CASE STUDY | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MES | 166 | This thesis evaluates the suitability of a Community-Based Resource Management (CBRM) strategy to resolve the resource use conflicts in Tana Delta, Kenya and proposes a model of CBRM which would protect the environment. The model proposed is one that empowers the local communities through localized resource control and broad based participation in decision making processes. It also defines a role for the state in providing both statutory and material support for reinforcing local capacities. Four major sources of conflicts at different levels are identified: local class struggles between state created elites and non-elites, asymmetrical power relations between the state and the local communities, inappropriate and contradictory state policies, and finally the international politico-economic framework in which western conservation principles are imposed on developing nations through international aid and international environmental law. Implementation of the wetland project will exacerbate existing pressures on the local communities and threaten their livelihoods. The reserve will alienate the people from their local resources including agricultural fields, grazing lands, forests and fishing grounds. On the other hand, the wetland reserve serves national interests as well as an international conservation agenda. In the final analysis, this thesis identifies serious impediments to the implementation of a CBRM strategy in the Tana Delta. However, there are overwhelming advantages in using a CBRM strategy, and therefore it is argued that a CBRM strategy will resolve the conflicts in a way that protects the local resources and meets the subsistence needs of the indigenous communities. |
| 1997 | MCCLURE, CHARLES AUGUSTUS | HOW BRAND NAMES BRAND SOCIETIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BRAND NAMES REGISTERED IN SELECTED ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES, 1870-1980 (TRADEMARKS) | UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA | PHD | 181 | Objectives were to investigate the registered brand name system in selected English-speaking countries, to determine attributes of brand names (‘brands’) and whether brand attributes characterize their source countries. Officials in Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, Kenya, the United Kingdom, and the United States provided data routinely recorded in registering brand names–identified by random numbers preselected by this author. Each brand, whether only verbal, or only design, or mixed verbal/design, was coded for several dozen characteristics: general, morphological, goods-related, and meaning-related, including, for each, official numbers and dates, registering or renewing entity, goods so branded, and any goods-related meaning. Included, if verbal, were initial letters and word length; and, if design, whether abstract or pictorial, and type if pictorial. Brand names were characterized as a long-continuing mass communication symbol system. Textile brands are omnipresent, but in the developing countries medical (and sometimes cosmetic and/or leisure) brands are more frequent than brands for the biblical necessities of food, clothing, and shelter-which predominate in the industrialized countries. Over time, brand verbal content has increased whereas embellishment, as in use of borders and overt design content, has decreased markedly. India ranks highest in purely design and mixed verbal/design brands, and Ireland ranks highest in purely verbal, lowest in mixed verbal/design, brands. Recent years show modest resurgence in registration of designs–more in brand names with verbal content than in pure designs. Yet mixed verbal/design brands, possibly expected to survive better than do purely verbal or purely design brands, are less likely to be renewed. Renewal of registration was selected as a survival measure of success. Brands with trivial (‘arbitrary’) meaning or excessive (‘descriptive’) meaning about the branded goods survived better than intermediate (‘suggestive’) ones. Source countries were characterized according to their brand name features–and were found to cluster together, or to diverge from one or more others, depending upon feature(s) selected. |
| 1995 | MCADAM, JACQUELINE LOREEN | EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF EDUCATION FOR MARGINALIZED YOUTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A CASE STUDY NAIROBI, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA (CANADA) | MA | 179 | This case study documents how an alternative form of education developed in Canada, the Canadian Work Orientation Workshop (WOW) model, was translated into the context of Nairobi, Kenya to assist marginalized youth. Aspects including program relevance, program feasibility, program development, program implementation, program relationships, program recommendations, and program sustainability are considered within an evaluation framework. The Kenya WOW model presents a promising alternative form of education for marginalized youth which can strengthen their integration into the informal employment sector, an area where youth are often exploited in developing countries. This evaluative process provides valuable information regarding the development of services for marginalized youth and offers a framework for informing a similar process in other developing countries. |
| 1997 | MANGALE, NESBERT | CORN RESPONSES TO NITROGEN FORMS, AMMONIUM/NITRATE RATIOS AND POTASSIUM IN IOWA AND KENYA | IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 135 | Nitrogen in soils occurs in both the organic and inorganic forms; but a crop absorbs and utilizes mainly the inorganic forms. Of these inorganic N forms only the nitrate (NO$/sb3)$ and ammonium (NH$/sb4)$ forms are absorbed. In humid and sub-humid regions, NO$/sb3$-N is lost from crop rooting zones by leaching and/or denitrification. Preserving fertilizer N in the NH$/sb4$ form may significantly decrease leaching and denitrification losses of applied N because NH$/sb4$-N is not easily leached and is not denitrified. However, ammonium nutrition may be harmful to a crop, especially when high amounts are used. There are, however, some indications that potassium (K) addition may prevent the injurious effect of NH$/sb4$ nutrition. There are also indications that utilization of mixtures of NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3$ forms of N compared to either form alone, results in an improvement in plant growth and higher yields. This study, therefore, was undertaken to determine whether NH$/sb4$-N supplied at a rate that is within economic reach of farmers is toxic or not and if it is, whether or not potassium addition could reduce the injurious effect of NH$/sb4$-N. Also evaluated were the effects of mixtures of NH$/sb4$-N and NO$/sb3$-N and various levels of NH$/sb4$-N with or without K addition on the yield and element composition of field grown corn. The study was in three parts. The first part evaluated the effect of the two forms of N (NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3)$ with or without K addition on corn yield. In the second part, the effects of mixtures of NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3$ N in various NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ combination ratios with or without K addition on corn yield were evaluated. The N rate used was 100 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ and the K rate was 50 kg ha$/sp[-1].$ In the third part, the effect of various levels of NH$/sb4$-N with or without K addition on corn yield was investigated. Rates used ranged from 0 to 150 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for N and 0 to 50 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for K for all soils except the Clarion series which received higher rates that ranged from 0 to 336 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for both N and K. Experiments were conducted on: Typic Hapludolls (Clarion and Marshall series), Oxic Paleustalfs and Typic Paleudults soils. Corn yield was not negatively affected by NH$/sb4$-N or NO$/sb3$-N. In both Iowa and Kenya corn grown with NH$/sb4$-N produced higher grain yield than that grown with NO$/sb3$-N. Potassium addition appeared not to be needed. There was no specific NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ combination ratio that was applicable to all the four soils used for high corn yield. Each soil type required a different NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ ratio for higher corn yield. Corn yields increased with increasing levels of NH$/sb4$-N and a yield plateau was observed about 100 kg N ha$/sp[-1].$ Potassium addition did not change the corn yield plateau. |
| 1997 | MAKOKHA, ADAVA JOY | AN ANALYSIS OF SMALL RURAL WOMEN’S GROUPS IN POST-INDEPENDENT KENYA (RURAL COMMUNITY) | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | 296 | Women in developing countries have been very instrumental in the development of their nations, greater portions of which are rural. In Kenya, where this research was conducted, most men live in urban areas where employment is available to them. These men return to their rural homes to reunite with their families during holidays and, occasionally, weekends. Due to men’s migration to urban centers, women remaining in the rural areas assumed male traditional roles, in addition to their own responsibilities leading to recognition as heads of households. In order to cope with these challenges, women have resourcefully formed their own organized groups for self-sufficiency and contribution to the development of their rural communities where employment opportunities are minimal. It is believed that group activities have helped women regain their identity and become involved in decision making matters at local and national levels. Therefore, the researcher studied women’s groups in rural Kenya to determine the reasons for women joining and participating in groups; what caused success or failure of the groups; contributions made by the groups to individual members, families and communities; and the impact of home economics on the development and functioning of women’s groups. The six groups studied were from Maragoli, Bunyore and Idakho sub-ethnic groups of the Luyia ethnic group in Vihiga and Kakamega districts, of Western Province of Kenya. To identify the groups, three women leaders from these areas were contacted by the researcher to provide names of groups in their locations according to the specified criteria. It was from these names groups were stratified by the three sub-ethnic groups of the Luyia ethnic group. Two groups were selected from each sub-ethnic group to make the six groups that were used for the study. Data were collected in this descriptive qualitative study through group face-to-face interviews. Both open-ended and closed-ended questions were used. Analysis consisted of frequencies and ratios and qualitative content analysis. Findings of the study included: Women joined and participated in groups to facilitate literacy for them and education for their children as well as meet their economic needs and strengthen their religious faiths. Groups failed or succeeded because of their leadership quality and initiatives of project management. Home Economists as members of groups impacted their groups with knowledge and skills in sewing, foods and nutrition knowledge, cooking, budgeting, and general hygiene. The net result was that women’s skills and leadership potential were revitalized. | |
| 1997 | MAINA, FAITH WAIYESO | A STUDY OF CURRICULUM IN NATIVE BAND-CONTROLLED SCHOOLS IN CANADA: A LESSON FOR KENYAN SCHOOLS | TRENT UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 241 | The purpose of this study is to gather information on the success and development of education curriculum for Native band-controlled schools in Canada and determine whether the same would be appropriate for the Kenyan schools. The information was obtained through a survey with principals of band-controlled schools across Canada. A case study was developed through observations and unstructured conversations with a principal, teachers, tudents and community members in a Native band-controlled school in southern Ontario. The results indicated that education curriculum developed for Native band-controlled schools in Canada provides valuable lessons that could be adapted and modified for the Kenyan education curriculum. It is clear that students develop a strong identity when their cultural values are reflected in the curriculum. This cultural identity is strengthened by relevant curriculum in community schools because elders and resource people are involved in the development of appropriate teaching materials. Students also develop a positive attitude towards school so that they stay longer to graduate. The study also indicated that when parents, teachers community members directly participate in the education process through the curriculum programs, effective and relevant education is provided. However, the results also indicated that though the Native bands have embarked on a well publicised alternative education process for the last two decades, the change has been slow and has not provided instant results. There is still some concerns about specific areas of local control of education as well as parental role in the educational process. |
| 1997 | MADERA, EBBY KADINYA | A STUDY OF SOME OF THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH JOB SATISFACTION/DISSATISFACTION AMONG TEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | 70 | The aim of the present study was to identify the various factors associated with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among secondary school teachers in Nairobi, Kenya. The relationship between teacher demographic variables and job satisfaction was also investigated. 191 teachers participated in the study. These teachers were surveyed using a 28 item questionnaire adapted from the Job Satisfaction Survey instrument (Heller, 1992). Factor analysis identified 8 sub scales Administration, Financial aspects, Work conditions, Co-workers, Amount of work, Relationship with students, Parents and community and Career future. The study found a high percentage (60.2%) of teachers in the study not satisfied with their job. ANOVA results showed no significant differences in job satisfaction by gender and position held. Significant differences were found with regards to age, years of teaching and grade. Implications of the findings and suggestions are discussed. | |
| 1997 | MACHYO, CATHERINE NASWA | SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE CAREER AND EDUCATIONAL PLANS OF YOUNG KENYAN WOMEN | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) | 106 | This study examines the influences of socioeconomic status, religion, role models, location, sex-role ideology and students’ perceptions of parental expectations on the educational and career aspirations of Form 4 (Grade 12) woman business education students in Kenya. A questionnaire was completed by 235 students from eight secondary schools. The data were analyzed using Cross-tables and Chi-square procedures of the SPSS/PC statistical package. The study indicates that these business education students had high career and educational aspirations and expectations. For example, even though the majority of the students held traditional views on the roles of women and men, the majority of them aspired for a university education and expected high status careers. The study also indicates a significant relationship (at the 0.05 level), between socioeconomic status, location, role models, and students’ perceptions of parental expectations, and these young women’s career and educational aspirations. Although no significant relationship was found between socioeconomic status and educational aspirations, students from higher socioeconomic status exhibited higher career aspirations. Only religion had no significant influence on students’ plans. The thesis includes recommendations for business education curricula, career guidance and educational policy to further the development of women in Kenya. | |
| 1997 | MACHARIA, NJOROGE JAMES | THE CATHOLIC METHODS OF EVANGELIZATION IN EAST AFRICA: NINETEENTH TO TWENTIETH CENTURY (COLONIALISM, KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA) | UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA (SPAIN) | DRTH | 255 | All the Catholic Missionaries in East Africa: Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, used almost the same methods of evangelization but the difference were: (a) Missionaries’ background and foundation charism. (b) Colonial power for each of the Countries. (c) Particular local people to be evangelized. The evangelization was met with success through the missionaries’ building of schools, hospitals, dispensaries, trade and handicraft centers, translation of bible into local languages. In the 15th to 19th centuries the evangelization was hindered by: Trade, slavery, and slave trade, Portugese Royal Patronage, Colonialism, commerce and the trade, culture imperialism which destroyed traditional African cultural values, religious heritage and traditional institutions. |
| 1997 | LANGAT, JACKSON KIPKIRUI | EFFECTS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND PHOSPHORUS ADDITIONS ON SOIL SOLUTION COMPOSITION AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY CORN ON TWO ACIDIC SOILS | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | MSC | 126 | The effects of CaCO$/sb3$ and P additions on the soil solution composition and growth and nutrient absorption by corn were studied in surface horizons of an Andosol from Kenya and a Podzol from Ontario. In both the laboratory and greenhouse experiments soil samples were amended with four rates of CaCO$/sb3$ and two rates of phosphorus in a factorial combination. The addition of CaCO$/sb3$ increased the solution concentration of Ca and SO$/sbsp[4][2-]$ in both soils, but decreased the solution concentrations of Mg, K, Na, Zn, and Mn in the Andosol and Mg, K, Zn, and Mn in the Podzol. Solution P concentration decreasedwith increased pH due to CaCO$/sb3$ additions in the Podzol but increased with the first addition of CaCO$/sb3$ in the Andosol followed by a decrease. The addition of CaCO$/sb3$ significantly increased the concentration and content of Mg and K, But decreased the concentration of P in the corn shoots in the Podzol. There were no significant effects of either CaCO$/sb3$ or P additions on plant nutrient concentrations or content in the Andosol. |
| 1997 | OTIENO, TABITHA NYABOKE | A STUDY OF KENYAN UNIVERSITY AND POST-SECONDARY WOMEN STUDENTS: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES TO THEIR EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT | OHIO UNIVERSITY | PHD | 173 | The purpose of this study was to examine challenges faced by female students at the universities and training colleges in Kenya. Specifically, the study investigated these challenges which included: socio-economic status, cultural attitudes, institutional barriers, area of specialization, and influence of women role models. Additionally, strategies used by these women were investigated. Precise research questions were: (1) Are there differences in the demographic data of the women in the two educational levels? (2) Are there significance differences between university and college women students in the way they perceive challenges to their educational advancement? (3) Which factor(s) played a major role in separating the two groups of women? The subjects were 105 university and 149 college women students, the study’s n = 254. All were selected from 10 different institutions in Nairobi area. The instruments used in this study were both quantitative by the use of self-administered questionnaire, and qualitative by the use of both open-ended questions and interview discussions. A MANOVA, univariate F-tests, logistic regression, correlations were used to analyze the data (P $>$.05). Analysis of data revealed significant differences on the impact of cultural attitudes on university and college students. The university group seemed to be more affected in their attitudes than the college group. Results of both open-ended responses and interview discussions also supported statistical findings. Based on the literature review, statistical findings, open-ended responses, and interview discussions concerning challenges women face in pursuit of higher education, it is recommended that, programs be undertaken to eliminate persistent negative images, stereotypes, attitudes and prejudices against women through changes in socialization patterns, the media, advertising, and formal, non-formal education. Suggestions for further research include performing a replication of the present study but with an improvement on the existing instruments and by changing the subjects to widen educational levels. |
| 1997 | OSOTSI, RAMENGA MTAALI | A PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE TSING’ANO OF THE ABANYORE AND AVALOGOOLI OF WESTERN KENYA (OLUKANO) | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 437 | This study is based on field research carried out on the olukano (plu. tsing’ano), an oral narrative form performed mainly by women of the Abanyore and Avalogooli of Western Kenya. The performance of the olukano helps to draw attention to how women in these East African communities used and continue to use the narrative form to freely communicate their ideas about themselves and their society in the process of educating and entertaining especially the children. These tsing’ano reflect the central role the women have assumed, not just as artists and educators, but as reflexive members of their communities fundamentally concerned with the socio-political organization of the communities to which they belong. This study demonstrates that women as artists were and continue to be at the center of dynamic change within these communities. |
| 1997 | ONDIGI, BENJAMIN ABAYA | ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL LEARNING OF KENYAN STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 182 | This study sought to identify the aspects of both academic and social learning in terms of skills and knowledge which the Kenyan students at the University of Minnesota had acquired. It also sought to identify the skills and knowledge acquired that would be transferred back to their home country an be used, and those which would not be transferred. These aspects of learning were examined in light of selected characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, and graduate/undergraduate students. The study involved all the Kenyan students at the University of Minnesota including graduate and undergraduate, singles and married, and those who are enrolled for non-degree work (adult special students). The qualitative method of data collection and data analysis was used. The following three qualitative methods were used to collect the data: (1) In-depth, one-to-one, semi-structured interviews with all respondents; (2) focus group interviews, and (3) a demographic form. The in-depth interviews revealed that the following knowledge and skills had been learned and would be transferred: computer technology, research skills, communication knowledge (e.g. E-Mail, telephones, fax, etc.), knowledge on the major area of study, logical reasoning leading to critical thinking, technical skills, interpersonal relations, appreciation of other people’s cultures, children taught to be independent at an early age, students taking jobs while at school. The following areas would not be transferred: lack of international application of some courses, expensive technology, separation and divorce, and the use of dangerous weapons by adolescents. According to the focus group interviews, the following were prioritized first: computer technology, knowledge of one’s major area of study, and technical skills. On the question of strategies to be used to implement the technology, the following were identified: (1) to set a real life model (good living example), (2) be able to approach those in authority and convince them to support the technology, (3) to establish a communication network that would enable those with the technology to reach both those in the hierarchy of the government as well as the beneficiaries of the technology. The following were identified as some of the problems that would be encountered: (1) Conflict between the acquired foreign and the home culture, (2) Difficult in changing the system in place, (3) Elitism, (4) Scarce resources, (5) Competition and challenges from abroad, (6) Level of economic structure, and (7) Time factor. Concerning the steps the government would need to take to implement the technology, the following were identified: (1) Create a good working environment that is motivating and encouraging. (2) Create a communication network with the returnees. (3) Identify talents. (4) Provide the machinery necessary for technology. (5) Seek loans from abroad and give capital to those who would be potential investors. (6) Send more talented students to developed nations to learn the technology and return home to implement it. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1997 | OMAMO, STEVEN WERE | SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE UNDER MARKET REFORM: THE CASE OF SOUTHERN SIAYA DISTRICT, KENYA | STANFORD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 151 | Smallholders in southern Siaya District in western Kenya regularly devote larger shares of their farms to food-crops than they do to more profitable cash-crops. This dissertation uses a computable household model to explore the determinants of these cropping patterns and to trace the impacts of agricultural marketing reforms that lower food prices and improve incentives to cash-cropping. The essential interdependence of smallholder production and consumption decisions is captured in a deterministic setting. The model is less complicated but more detailed and flexible than models that incorporate uncertainty. Including uncertainty would reinforce the central results of the study, which hinge on transactions costs in markets that separate buying and selling prices and introduce the possibility of optimal self-sufficiency in key items. With plausible assumptions about household characteristics and external conditions, the model reproduces the central features of farming in southern Siaya. Given the large share of maize in household expenditures (25 percent), transport costs equivalent to 2 percent of the market price of cotton and 3 percent of the price of maize induce maize import substitution, which is reinforced by poor access to credit and seasonality in labor income that, together, tighten seasonal liquidity constraints. Cropping patterns on small farms are optimal adjustments to adverse external conditions. Most households stand to gain from the lower food costs and higher farming incomes implied by reform. However, households with large land holdings, good access to credit, and residing close to market centers realize larger benefits than do those with smaller holdings, poorer access to credit, and situated far from markets. Shifts into cash-cropping could result in large increases in regional maize import requirements in maize deficit areas like southern Siaya. National food self-sufficiency and expanded cash-cropping are contradictory policy objectives under market reform. Aggregate income increases under market reform, but with possible Negative distributional effects. The impact of reform on aggregate employment is ambiguous. This study explicitly considers structural impediments to exchange and thus identifies interventions–such as investment in rural infrastructure–that mitigate their effects and reinforce the positive impacts of market reform. |
| 1997 | OLUMWULLAH, OSSAK AMUKAMBWA | DISEASE, MEDICINE, AND SOCIAL CHANGE AMONG THE ABANYOLE OF WESTERN KENYA, 1900-1963 | RICE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 327 | Bunyore, like the rest of present-day Western Province of Kenya, came under British administration as part of the Eastern Province of the Uganda Protectorate between 1890 and 1895. The argument of this thesis is that if this development drew the AbaNyole into the world capitalist nexus, it also created conditions within which an expanding nineteenth-century social field of action was Confronted with new diseases and ideas about these diseases that were extremely important in the transformation of the ‘Nyole medical landscape during colonialism. This transformation took place within the framework of a British colonial medical science that defined itself within and above ‘Nyole cosmology, and a British racial temperament that defined Bunyore as an epidemiological landscape. Both were normal requirements for colonial self-definition, cultural positioning, and boundary-marking between ‘science’ and ‘tradition’, ‘culture’ and ‘nature’. This is why discourses on disease and medicine during the first two decades of colonialism Revolved around the idea of nature, an idea that was a rendering of not just the physical, natural characteristics, of the colony, but also of the colony’s inhabitants. Based on a bifocal address and the prevalence of argument by negative contrast, the image of the ‘natural’ was used to not only constitute the intellectual domain within which knowledge, strategies, policies, and justifications for domination were fashioned, but also expropriate AbaNyole’s capacity to narrate their own bodily experiences. This was a dual process that created fertile grounds in which ideas about Western biomedicine and its technologies were nurtured and debated by the AbaNyole. The outcome of these debates, together with contradictions within colonial medical policies, led, from the mid 1930s onwards, to the systematization of the Health Center as an arena in which a new object of knowledge, Bora Afya (Good Health), and field of intervention, the African home, were constituted. This was a transition from preventive to curative medicine, political to social medicine. |
| 1997 | OLUKO, DAVID OLEMBO | PERCEPTION OF SPORT APPROPRIATENESS AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND CULTURE | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 101 | According to Metheny (1965), people’s impressions of the acceptability of sport for women varies across several factors, including culture and gender. In this study, 206 prospective physical education teachers from Canada and Kenya were questioned about their perceptions of gender appropriateness of various sports. They completed Likert-type questionnaires related to sport/physical activities found in their respective university curricula. For those sports that appeared in both countries, responses were compared (2 x 2 ANOVA) for effects of culture and gender. Gender differences were also addressed within each culture. Results revealed that Canadian respondents perceived fewer sports to be on the extremes of the male-female continuum than did the Kenyan respondents. Females in both cultures considered more sports to be appropriate for both male and female participation Than did their male counterparts. However, Canadian and Kenyan respondents, both male and female, unanimously perceived some sports to be primarily appropriate for males and others primarily appropriate for females. The study supports Metheny’s contention of cultural variance in perceptions of the gender appropriateness of sports. Although many sports that had been considered inappropriate for females in 1964 are today considered to be androgynous, especially by Canadians, some gender stereotyping still remains to be overcome. Implications for physical education teachers are suggested. |
| 1997 | OLSON, JOHN DOUGLAS | A DIGITAL MODEL OF PATTERN AND PRODUCTIVITY IN AN AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE (KENYA) | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | DDES | 239 | Agroforestry, is an approach to land use which offers much promise in addressing many of the interrelated problems associated with rural development and land degradation. (Scherr, 1992, Nair, 1993). This research incorporates remotely sensed agroforestry landscape information within a computerized model that relates spatial structure at the field and landscape scale to maize production. Remote sensing, cartographic modeling as well as landscape ecological theory and methods of analysis figure prominently in the work. The study area is in the coffee zone on the southern footslopes of Mount Kenya. The research tests the hypotheses that: There is a correlation between landscape and field structure and crop production. Specifically, it is hypothesized that spatial configuration at the field scale, (e.g. patch size, shape and adjacency relationships etc.) as well as at the landscape scale, (density of trees and hedgerows) can be significantly correlated with productivity. The central hypothesis is that spatial variability across the landscape, at scales both at and beyond that of the field, can explain a significant amount of the variability in yields. In order to carry out the work, a recent innovation in remote sensing, the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI), has been used in the project. The CASI was used to acquire a detailed digital image of the site at a high spatial resolution (1.75 meter pixel size). Six spectrally narrow width bands were acquired with the purpose of determining chlorophyll density as well as crop type and vigor. Findings indicate that the spatial measures that were undertaken at the landscape scale do not explain enough crop variability to be statistically significant. Rather, it is far better explained at the individual field level. Here it was demonstrated that distance from shelter plantings is inversely and curvilinearly related to crop vigor as measured by the relationship between the Near Infra Red and Red wavelengths. Findings indicate that the positive effects of trees in the study landscape are limited to within 25 meters of the canopy. An optimum hedgerow interdistance of 40 meters is suggested in order to maximize crop vigor. The impact of both the existing conditions as well as two possible alternatives are evaluated for their total landscape wide impacts on maize yields and wood production. It was determined that removal of existing hedgerows (50% percent of all the trees in the area) by a disturbance such as a pest outbreak would cause a 5% reduction in maize production. A second alternative, which identified underutilized planting niches throughout the landscape, is predicted to result in a modest increase in maize production and a doubling a wood products. |
| 1997 | OLE SHANGUYA, MESHACH NALAMA | FACTORS RELEVANT TO TEACHER TRAINING IMPROVEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY (KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | EDD | 477 | This dissertation is a case study of the curriculum offered in the Kenyatta University pre-service teacher education programme. At the outset of the study, it was apparent that the quality of instructional performance manifested by student teachers during the Teaching Practice component of teacher preparation, and by the graduating teachers during their initial classroom teaching in schools, did not measure up to the expected professional standards. The objective of the study was to identify the factors responsible for the weaknesses in the teacher training programme, for the purpose of improving the programme. The study focuses on the content and the delivery mechanisms of the instructional technology component of the teacher training curriculum. Educational technology is taken as an exemplar of an integrative discipline for teacher education, and used as a basis for reviewing the functioning of the entire teacher training system in the University. The literature of teacher education and instructional technology was extensively studied to establish the pertinent theories and practices currently in application. The teacher training system was viewed as a composite of three curricular elements, comprising the intended, the implemented and the achieved curricula. The research used case study methodology as a basic approach, employing various modes of data gathering: open-ended interviews, questionnaires, examination of archival materials and documents, and observations of student teacher instructional performance during the teaching practice session. These were analysed against the discipline literature. The factors impinging on the training programme were identified, interpreted and discussed. The analysis traced the major programme weaknesses to two groupings of factors: those extrinsic to the programme–economic, administrative, resource management and policy aspects of the university functioning-and those intrinsic to the curriculum in its various dimensions. The main conclusion is that, although the curriculum of teacher education is basically an academic matter, the extrinsic, non-academic factors are more important in determining the weak effectiveness of the teacher education programme. Within this context, the thesis identifies specific aspects of curriculum where appropriate changes could result in improvement of the programme, provided that the extrinsic factors are suitably dealt with. |
| 1997 | OLE-RONKEI, MOROMPI | EMERGING COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN THE PRESS-CHURCH ALLIANCE IN KENYAN POLITICS | UNIVERSITY OF OREGON | PHD | 476 | This study examines how the church and the press, through their communication activities, independently and together, worked to forward the interest of a democratic government in Kenya between 1982 and 1992 when the country was a single-party state by law. In a de jure one-party state, where traditional institutions of political opposition were outlawed or muzzled into silence by the de facto government, the church took on the extraordinary role of playing ‘opposition politics.’ This political phenomenon was packaged and disseminated nation-wide through a unique alliance forged between the church and the press. The study brings together theoretical perspectives from the fields of communications, political science and liberation theology in a bid to understand contemporary African politics while at the same time considering their blindspots regarding the unique intersection of the press and religious institutions in the democratization of Kenya. Ultimately, this study is An attempt to address the following questions: (1) How did the church and press, jointly and separately, act to challenge the Kenyan political establishment and promote a democratic government between 1982 and 1992? (2) To what extent are the actions by the church and the press, adequately accounted for by contemporary theories of communication and by political theory, particularly as they apply to Africa? In seeking to address these questions, the bulk of the study’s data were derived from press coverage of public utterances and exchanges between the clergy and the politicians as reported in the Daily Nation Newspaper and the Weekly Review magazine from January 1982 through December 1992. Interview data with church pastors and press editors are also integrated into the study. |
| 1997 | OKORO, ETHELBERT IHUARULAM | AFRICA’S REFUGEE PROBLEM: POLITICS AND SOMALI REFUGEES IN KENYA | HOWARD UNIVERSITY | PHD | 424 | This study focuses on the politics surrounding the Somali refugees in Kenya. It examines whether politics, lack of resources, security related problems aggravated by the introduction of modern arms by fleeing refugees, and historical border dispute between Kenya and Somalia influenced the government’s policy toward the Somali refugees. Utilizing statistical techniques of Cross-tabulation, Cramer’s V, Frequency distribution, and Phi, the study examines both the attitudes of Kenyan respondents and the Somali refugees toward the Kenyan government’s policy toward the Somali refugees. The findings show that the Kenyan government’s response toward the Somali refugees is influenced by factors such as politics, lack of resources, historical border dispute, and concerns for security. Data also show that among the Kenyan respondents, that Province, Religion, language-speak English, Swahili, and Somali, Tribe or Ethnicity, ‘Area of Residence’, and City variables have direct significant effect on the attitudes of Kenyan respondents toward the government’s refugee policy. |
| 1995 | OKEYO, RUPHINA NYAWADE | THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEASONAL FUELWOOD AVAILABILITY, HOUSEHOLD FOOD CONSUMPTION, AND WOMEN’S TIME-ALLOCATION (HOMA BAY, KENYA) | VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 164 | A study was conducted in 1993/94 on a group of 45 women clustered into the Hill, Lake, and Town regions of Kasgunga West sub-location in Homa Bay district, Kenya to assess women’s perceptions of problems and solutions related to fuelwood availability, household food consumption, and women’s time allocation for daily activities, and the relationships between time allocation, fuelwood availability, and household food consumption. Results obtained from the qualitative part of the study showed that 35, 23, and 22% of the respondents perceived that fuelwood collection, child care, and farming activities, respectively, were the most strenuous and time consuming activities of women in the Homa Bay district. The most obvious fuelwood availability problem was inadequate supplies. This caused a shift in the size of collected fuelwood (from large to small and increased usage of agricultural residue for fuel). According to the study, inadequate food is produced in the area and this results in approximately 91% of the staple consumed being bought from the market. The total time spent by respondents for collecting fuelwood was positively correlated with the amount of fuelwood collected $/rm(r=0.69)$ and earnings derived from sale of charcoal $/rm(r=0.61).$ |
| 1995 | ODERO, LILIAN AKOTH | TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE EXTENT OF UTILIZATION OF CHILDREN’S LITERATURE TO TEACH ENGLISH IN KENYAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 163 | This is a study of teachers’ perceptions of the utilization of children’s literature in teaching English in primary schools in Kenya. A cluster random sampling procedure was employed to select 76 teachers from 10 primary schools within Siaya District in the Nyanza Province of the Republic of Kenya. The questionnaire explored teachers’ perceptions of the potential of literature to teach English in primary schools in Kenya, the frequency of utilization, and the environment surrounding utilization. Interviews were also conducted with eight head teachers and one Education Officer in charge of language education in the District. The results show that a significant majority of teachers in Kenya subscribe to a literature based approach to literacy. This positive response was exhibited be most of the teachers regardless of whether they had libraries or not. It was also evident that children’s literature is not widely used. Even teachers with libraries did not use literature on a regular basis. The limited extent of utilization was attributed to syllabus restrictions to the text book, lack of access to books, lack of government subsidies, poor home literacy backgrounds of the students, overcrowded classrooms, low socio-economic status of the parents, and lack of quality children’s books in the book market. The findings of this study led to recommendations to policy makers and curriculum planners regarding implementing a more active literature program in teacher training colleges and the schools, developing and improving library conditions in and around the schools, restructuring the syllabus, providing time for the literature program, supplying professional development for teachers, and educating parents. |
| 1995 | ODEK, JAMES OTIENO | THE RELEVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL PATENT AND PLANT BREEDER’S RIGHTS PROTECTION SYSTEMS TO KENYA AS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: MYTH OR REALITY? (TRIPS AGREEMENT, UPOV CONVENTION) | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | SJD | 271 | This thesis evaluates the pertinence to Kenya of the principles and standards of the TRIPS Agreement in the creation of local innovative and adaptive research capabilities. It also examines the suitability of the UPOV criteria for protection of new plant varieties to enhancing inventiveness in Kenya. The UPOV Convention and the TRIPS Agreement inaugurate comprehensive principles and standards for international patent and plant breeder’s rights protection that have altered the scope of access to technology by developing countries. The TRIPS requirement that new plant varieties must be protected either by patent or an effective sui generis system makes it hard to divorce international patentability from the protection of plant breeder’s rights. This difficulty invites a consideration of how plant breeder’s rights should be recognized and protected internationally. It also solicits an analysis of the question of ownership of plant genetic resources. The proposition advanced in this study is that while the UPOV Convention inaugurates principles and standards that condone the uncompensated extraction of plant genetic resources from Kenya to developed countries, the TRIPs Agreement accords foreign enterprises preferential patent protection in Kenya. This thesis concludes by making an equitable case for the commodification of plant genetic resources and proposes the conferral of ensuing proprietary rights upon groups and communities. A finding is made that the principles and standards inaugurated by the UPOV Convention and the TRIPs Agreement represent a strong emphasis on private rights and a weak recognition of the social obligations of patentees and holders of plant breeder’s rights. The principles also depict a limited role for public interest and institute a non-viable public domain in international patentability. |
| 1995 | OCHIEL, GERALD SYARRA | BIOLOGY AND BIO-CONTROL POTENTIAL OF CORDYCEPIOIDEUS BISPORUS STIFLER AND PAECILOMYCES FUMOSOROSEUS (WIZE) BROWN & SMITH ON THE HIGHER TERMITE MACROTERMES SUBHYALINUS RAMBUR IN KENYA | KONGELIGE VETERINAER- OG LANDBOHOJSKOLE (DENMARK) | PHD | 210 | The thesis focuses on naturally occurring insect pathogenic fungi (Cordycepioideus and Paecilomyces) on termites in Kenya. Data is basic in nature, with emphasis on development of methodology and understanding natural interactions. A general introduction to termite biology, global pest status and distribution, damage and economic importance with particular reference to Africa, is presented. A review of non-chemical termite control methods with focus of botanicals and naturally occurring antagonists is presented. Results of an exploratory survey for termite fungal pathogens and a sampling programme for occurrence of Cordycepioideus bisporus (anamorph) on M. subhyalinus alates, using original sampling methods, at a specific field site are presented. C. bisporus teleomorph and anamorph forms were found on fungus-killed alates. A correlation between alate flights, C. bisporus occurrence and the short rains season (November-December) was established. The specific termite fungal pathogen Cordycepioideus bisporus (teleomorph) and its anamorph forms Hirsutella and Hymenostilbe were diagnosed. Several mycological media were recommended for routine in vitro culture of C. bisporus and a simple method for quantifying ascospores developed. Laboratory transmission of inocula from Paecilomyces fumosoroeus (isolated from alates naturally infected with C. bisporus) and C. bisporus to live termite castes, using several methods (sprays, treatment of cellulosic baits and soil with inoculum), was possible with both fungi but alate-specificity was noted in C. bisporus. A laboratory choice chamber method to study behavior towards different stimuli (fungus-killed alates (C. bisporus) and P. fumosoroseus in vitro) was developed and may be useful for further detailed investigations on termite behavior. |
| 1995 | OBURA, DAVID OBARE | ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY OF CORALS AND RIVER SEDIMENT FROM MALINDI, KENYA (SABAKI RIVER) | UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI | PHD | 326 | Sediment discharge from the Sabaki River near Malindi, Kenya, has increased in recent decades, prompting concern over degradation of coral reefs in the area. Surveys of sediment conditions, coral growth and reef community structure from 1992-1994 revealed that sediment stress is at moderate, not severe levels. On shallow reefs, high wave energy due to monsoon seasonality enables growth of diverse coral communities by reducing settlement of sediment. Some decline in coral diversity was observed on reefs closest to the river mouth, however these are also subject to intense fishing, complicating interpretation of the influence of sediment. On deeper reefs where light reduction from turbidity is highest, dominance by stress resistant corals was enhanced, but coral cover was not uniformly reduced. Sediment effects on variation in growth and evidence of stress at the population level were interpreted in terms of life history strategies of the main coral species. Strategies for growth maximization versus stress resistance indicated a fundamental tradeoff between the two, consistent with hypotheses on metabolic rate reduction on a gradient of environmental adversity. Analysis of genotype-environment interactions in growth measurements in 3 coral species reflected genetic strategies for sexual versus asexual reproduction, and variable versus fixed phenotypes. A model linking habitat characteristics and life history strategies is presented based on these patterns of growth/stress resistance and phenotypic variability. Physiological resistance to general stress is suggested as the primary adaptive strategy to sediment influence, whereby a low metabolic rate (here indicated by growth rate) confers high resistance to adverse environmental conditions by reducing dependence on environmental resources. Mucus secretion and bleaching are postulated as key control systems of a general stress response syndrome, by managing coral-zooxanthellae energy metabolism and thereby symbiotic homeostasis. In this construct, active sediment rejection behaviors including mucus secretion to aid particle removal, are secondary features of sediment stress resistance, hence their low ability to predict species’ distributions relative to sediment influence. |
| 1995 | NYACHOTI, CHARLES MARTIN | EVALUATION OF SORGHUM GRAIN IN BROILER STARTER DIETS | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | MSC | 115 | The feeding value of sorghum grain for broilers was investigated in three experiments. In experiment 1, a non-tannin sorghum (NTS) control and two diets containing a high tannin sorghum (HTS) treated or untreated with Magadi soda (MS) solution were fed from day 7-21. Experiment 2 examined the chemical composition and feeding value of six Kenyan sorghum cultivars fed at 40% of the diet in place of corn in a 5 days trial. Though composition varied, all had similar feeding value. In experiment 3, HTS replaced corn in two diets with or without MS. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WTG), feed efficiency (FE), metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen retention (NR) and digestive organ weights (DOW) were measured. NTS gave better performance than HTS. Generally, HTS birds had higher FI and poorer ME and NR as % of intake with or without MS. MS treatment improved FE and ME of HTS but WTG and DOW were not affected. Tannin content had only modest effects which declined with age. |
| 1995 | NORDBERG, ERIK MAGNUS | HEALTH CARE PLANNING UNDER SEVERE RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS: DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS APPLICABLE AT DISTRICT LEVEL IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFRICA) | KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET (SWEDEN) | FILDR | 136 | Health care in East Africa is provided by a wide range of public non-government and private facilities and by modern and traditional practitioners. Planning and managing this fragmented system at district level and coordinating intersectoral health development are complex tasks, complicated by rapid population growth and in recent years by severe public sector resource constraints affecting particularly health and other social sectors. This has prompted decentralization of decision-making, management training and a need of locally generated and analysed information for use in district health planning. The seven studies forming the basis for this thesis tested low-cost methods to generate, at district level and below in Kenya, health information in support of local planning and management: household interview surveys, descriptive health system analysis, Delphi-type panel study, service output analysis and referral system investigation. In a sub-district cluster sample of 390 households we conducted one cross-sectional interview survey and found 26% of households headed by females, 3% and 11% of men and women respectively had no school education, poor access to water sources and a disease pattern largely similar to but partly different from that of care-seeking patients at clinics. A 12-month interview survey with biweekly visits to the same households documented 9,393 illness episodes, of which 40% were subject to self-medication and 32% led to contact with a modern service provider. The most commonly stated reasons for not seeking care at clinics were that it was perceived as unnecessary or ineffective, that the closest clinic was too far away, or that charges were too high. The Delphi study of local villager perceptions of health problems and prospects confirmed the feasibility of this method and generated findings largely consistent with the household surveys. Referral rates from first to second level of care were very low, self-referral was relatively common and feedback information rare. Service output in the form of major operations in one district over twelve months were used for construction of output indicators comparing facilities and districts. The results support the assumption that the descriptive health system analysis, the cross-sectional household survey, and the Delphi study are feasible and affordable if conducted once every three to five years in any given district. Referral system studies can be integrated into the routine information system. Longitudinal surveys conducted under severe constraints over a full year is at risk of becoming affected by respondent fatigue after a few months to such a degree that reliability suffers. Service output analyses with standardized quantitative indicators can be developed within the routine reporting system and conducted annually for presentation in regular facility and district reports. |
| 1995 | NDUNDA, MUTINDI MUMBUA | WOMEN’S AGENCY AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY: THE EXPERIENCES OF THE WOMEN OF KILOME, KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA) | PHD | 263 | This study examines women’s experiences of formal education in Kenya. The study aims at making visible the cultural, historical, economic and political factors that shaped, and continue to shape, women’s educational and employment opportunities. It also highlights women’s agency exemplified in their struggle to provide their children, and particularly their daughters, with educational opportunities. The study draws attention to the gender and power issues that limit women’s participation in the public sphere. These are issues that policy makers, politicians, and development agents have not and still do not adequately address. The study employs post-positivist research methodologies, particularly feminist methodologies informed by post-colonial critiques. The women in this study are treated as social agents not as victims of men, and of economic and political trends. The women formulate strategies aimed at influencing or shaping the social system in which they are a part. The women’s agency resides in their individual and communal endeavours and is constantly reinvented in the context of political and social change. This research is an analysis of the experiences of 38 women born, raised and partly schooled in Kilome division, Makueni district. It focuses on the educational experiences of rural women living in two villages and a small town in Kilome division, Kenya. I use the women’s discourse to critique the public discourse on education articulated in policy documents produced in the last 30 years since independence in 1963. This study illustrates how women in Kenya have been largely absent at the national level where educational policies are formulated. Policy making has remained male dominated. Policy makers, charged with structuring and restructuring education to meet the country’s development needs, continue to limit women’s agency to the private sphere. The formulation of policies from the male perspective has intensified the public and private dichotomy. Absent in the public discourse on education has been the discussion of how gender, a social construction, has influenced opportunities available to men and women in colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Colonial gender constructions of femininity have continued to limit educational opportunities made available to women in post-colonial Kenya. The Kenyan women in this study are cognizant of how these gendered assumptions shaped, and continue to shape, women’s educational and employment opportunities. They re-negotiate and resist these gendered assumptions and they have become intervention agents for their children’s education. The women’s agency, however, is limited by their lack of economic power. The interplay between gendered cultural assumptions about femininity and the increased costs of schooling imposed by policy makers continue to have a negative impact on women’s education. |
| 1995 | NARMAN, ANDERS G. M. | EDUCATION AND NATION BUILDING IN KENYA: PERSPECTIVES ON MODERNISATION, GLOBAL DEPENDENCY AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES | GOTEBORGS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN) | FILDR | 299 | The starting point for this thesis is the various perspectives and different theoretical consideration in relation to the development discourse. A major theme is a crucial concept related to the rather diffuse understanding of what constitutes development–equality. Kenya and its nation-building process, as an independent state emerging after colonialism is used for the empirical investigation. Modernisation has been a leading approach for the Kenyan development strategy since the formal Independence in 1963. However, to carry this through the country as been under serious pressure from the forces of a global dependency structure. Equality, under modernisation, in Kenya has been measured from a more general economic perspective and by the distribution of educational facilities, as well. From this it is obvious that Kenya has been fairly successful to achieve economic prosperity and to expand the educational system. However, this has happened while a mounting inequality has emerged. This is dealt with primarily from a spatial and tribal angle. With the expansion of educational facilities has followed a regional/tribal stratification and a seriously deteriorating quality. A local community effort to redress the inequalities has been through the establishment of Harambee schools. However, they have turned into some kind of B-status schools, of an extremely low quality. The empirical elaboration is based on official statistics and two case studies–teacher training and diversified secondary education. In the final analysis local alternative development is brought in as a possibility to provide the equal development rejected so far under a dependent modernisation. This involves an attempt to mobilise the local resources and not only a provision of what is defined as needs from outside. |
| 1995 | OMONDI, PAUL | WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONFLICT IN KENYA: INTEGRATING WILDLIFE CONSERVATION WITH HUMAN NEEDS IN THE MASAI MARA REGION | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 369 | Masai Mara, a large nature reserve in south-western Kenya, was created in the midst of semi-arid agro-pastoralist range lands to protect wildlife. Wildlife and indigenous people co-existed for many years, usually with limited conflict; but in recent years, the conflict has intensified, mainly due to increasing human population, changing land use patterns, and altered perceptions of wildlife. This study examines the causes and nature of wildlife-human conflict in the Masai range lands of Kenya, and considers how wildlife conservation and human development needs can best be integrated. Findings indicate that common conflicts are livestock depredation and crop damage, human deaths or injuries, transmission of diseases, and competition for resources. Land surrounding the reserve can be divided into two distinct topographic and agroclimatic regions. The degree of conflict is spatially varied within the region. Upland ranches have high land use potential, high human and livestock population densities, and more development of agriculture. They experience limited conflict with wildlife. Lowland ranches are more arid, have lower human population density and little agriculture, but have high wildlife and livestock population densities and experience a high degree of conflict. These conflicts vary seasonally, and with distance from the protected area. Perceptions of wildlife and attitudes towards conservation are related to past experience with wildlife. The degree of loss effectiveness of damage control, fairness of government compensation, and involvement in wildlife tourism affect the degree of tolerance for wildlife conflict. Various socio-economic factors including level of education, knowledge of conservation priorities, and system of land ownership are related to attitudes towards wildlife. As human activity increases in the region, wildlife is more likely to be displaced. Because most animals are migratory, conflict in the land surrounding the reserve puts the viability of animal population in the protected area in question. A two-phase program for integrating wildlife conservation with human needs is proposed. The first phase involves designation of the region into four zones: Zone A–the protected area, Zone B–the peripheral area, Zone C–multiple use, and Zone D–agriculture. The second phase of the program is the integration of the wildlife conservation with human interests through: community wildlife-damage-control, compensation for loss, sharing of tourism benefits with local people, conservation education, and local participation in wildlife conservation policy. The program provides a framework within which operational decisions can be made, and serves broader natural resource management and community development objectives in the range lands. |
| 1995 | YASINDI, ANDREW WAMALWA | THE ECOLOGY OF CILIATED PROTOZOA IN AN ALKALINE-SALINE LAKE, LAKE NAKURU, KENYA (SPIRULINA PLATENSIS, CYCLIDIUM, FRONTONIA, PARAMECIUM, SPHAEROPHRYA) | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | MSC | 164 | Abundance, biomass and production of planktonic ciliates in Lake Nakuru were estimated between June, 1993 to January, 1994. Lake Nakuru had high abundances of a cyanobacterium (Spirulina platensis), flagellates, algae and bacteria (1.98 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ cells. ml$/sp[-1]$), which provided food for ciliates and other consumers. Small ciliates with $<$50 $/mu$m ESD (e.g., Cyclidium) accounted for 78% of total ciliate abundance and were bacterivores while large ones ($>$100 $/mu$m ESD) were omnivores (e.g., Frontonia) or fed on bacteria, flagellates and diatoms (e.g., Paramecium). Other ciliates were carnivores (e.g., Sphaerophrya). Rotifers were predators of ciliates, but some ciliates fed on rotifers. Ciliate abundances ranged from 1.04 $/times$ 10$/sp4$ to 1.42 $/times$ 10$/sp7$ cells.1$/sp[-1]$ (mean 1.15 $/times$ 10$/sp6$ cells.1$/sp[-1]$). Ciliate biomass ranged from 1.69 $/times$ 10$/sp7$ to 5.0 $/times$ 10$/sp[11]$ pgC.1$/sp[-1]$ (mean 1.82 $/times$ 10$/sp[10]$ pgC.1$/sp[-1]$) and mean production was 6.44 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ pgC.1$/rm/sp[-1].d/sp[-1].$ The variation of ciliate abundance, biomass and production with month, site, chlorophyll a, bacterial numbers, rotifer abundance, and physico-chemical variables is discussed. |
| 1995 | WEST, JOLEE ANN | A TAPHONOMIC INVESTIGATION OF AQUATIC REPTILES (CROCODYLUS, TRIONYX, AND PELUSIOS) AT LAKE TURKANA, KENYA: SIGNIFICANCE FOR EARLY HOMINID ECOLOGY AT OLDUVAI GORGE, TANZANIA (REPTILES) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 477 | Crocodile and turtles are well represented at a number of the Olduvai archaeological sites, although the nature of their association with the lithic artifacts and the other faunal materials has never been investigated using taphonomic methodology. This thesis presents the results of an investigation of the taphonomic factors affecting the preservation and composition of aquatic reptile bone assemblages, particularly Crocodylus, Pelusios, and Trionyx, their potential contribution to early hominid diet, and significance for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. The field research, carried out along the eastern shores of Lake Turkana, Kenya, realized three main objectives: (1) a survey of modern surface assemblages of aquatic reptile remains, (2) a survey and study of aquatic reptile carcasses in ‘kill-site’ contexts, and (3) a survey and mapping of short-term occupation sites of modern people utilizing aquatic reptiles in their diet. These data provide baseline expectations for aquatic reptile remains in various accumulative contexts and allow for the investigation of the biases in sampling and preservation potential that are specific to these taxa as a result of their physiology, habitats, and exposure to predation. The results of the taphonomic study are used to investigate the nature of aquatic reptile remains from various Olduvai Bed I and II archaeological sites. Specifically, this research addresses the site formation processes that operated at particular Olduvai sites, and examines previously offered models of early hominid land-use in light of the evidence for hominid involvement in the accumulation of aquatic reptiles. A new model for the activities of early hominids in the Olduvai Basin during Bed I and Lower Bed II times is offered that brings together archaeological, anatomical, and palaeoenvironmental data indicating that early Homo was restricted to foraging in lake-margin habitats, and that the evolution of H. erectus can be directly linked to the loss of this favored habitat and concomitant anatomical and behavioral adaptations to increasing aridity during Bed II times. |
| 1995 | WAMAE, NJERI CLAIRE | AN IMMUNOEPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI IN MUHAKA, KWALE DISTRICT, SOUTH COASTAL KENYA (FILARIASIS) | TULANE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 204 | This study was designed to determine the relationship between Wuchereria bancrofti infection status, levels of circulating microfilarial, parasite antigenemia and antifilarial antibody responses. The effects of transmission season and concurrent helminth infections on filarial infection and antifilarial antibody responsiveness were also examined. The study was conducted in a population of 328 life-long residents aged $/geq$1 yr, in Muhaka, Kwale District, south coastal Kenya, an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis. Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia and circulating antigenemia were determined before the long rains, a time coinciding with a low transmission season. Acute and chronic manifestations of filariasis were also assessed. The prevalence of microfilaremia increased gradually with age and was significantly higher, p $<$.001 in Kilore (24%) than in Mvumoni (6.3%). The prevalence of antigenemia increased with age and also was significantly higher in Kilore (48.9%) than in Mvumoni (20.5%), p $<$.001. Hydrocele and acute manifestations of filariasis were also significantly more common in Kilore than in Mvumoni. Baseline antifilarial antibody levels at a time coinciding with a low transmission season, were dependent on W. bancrofti infection status, locality, age and clinical status of the participants. Levels of IgG4 were higher in the antigen-positive than antigen-negative persons (p $<$.001) in both communities. In contrast, the levels of IgG3 were lower in microfilaria-positive than microfilaria-negative persons in Mvumoni (p =.053) and in Kilore, levels of IgG2 antifilarial antibody responsiveness were lower in antigen-positive than antigen-negative persons (p =.014). In antigen-negative persons, all four isotypes were significantly higher in Kilore than Mvumoni (p $<$.001, for IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 and p =.055 for IgG3). Follow up serum samples were available from a subset of 123 participants after the transmission season. Comparing antifilarial antibody responsiveness in all pre- and post-transmission samples in Mvumoni, the low prevalence community, there were no significant changes in IgG1, IgG2 or IgG3 levels but IgG4 antibody responses increased significantly (p =.023). Qualitative analyses of seasonal shifts in stage-specific anti-Brugia pahangi IgG1 and IgG4 isotypes in paired sera by immunoblot showed similar antigen recognition profiles. Despite increased exposure to infective larvae following the onset of the rainy season, very few individuals showed new reactivity with previously unrecognized filarial antigens. Antifilarial IgG responses were dependent upon filarial infection status but were not significantly influenced by the presence or absence of infection with either S. haematobium or intestinal helminths. |
| 1995 | WALSH, MARKUS G. | INFLUENCE DIAGRAMS FOR MODELING IMPACT OF LAND-USE INTENSITY IN PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMS IN NORTHERN KENYA | TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY | PHD | 67 | Changes in traditionally mobile pastoral societies in East Africa associated with pressures promoting sedentarization have prompted concern over the sustainability of these production systems. Past rangeland research and development programs in Africa have proven inadequate to alleviate these concerns, largely because of difficulties in translating knowledge about land degradation processes into terms which may be used in design of appropriate and economically justifiable land management interventions. Environmental complexity, lack of reliable data and multiple, frequently conflicting, management goals all contribute to this problem. To resolve questions about the sustainability of pastoral production systems, specialized tools consisting of simple spatial models for estimating landuse intensity and its impact on rangeland degradation risk were developed. The models are based on influence diagram methodology and may be parameterized using remotely-sensed and ancillary data. They provide a probabilistic impact assessment about alternative landuse intensities, on portions of pastoral home ranges, in relation to predefined management goals. Analyses for sensitivity and expected value of information were used to highlight information gaps. The various methods were demonstrated using a long-term dataset from a pastoral ecosystem in Northern Kenya. |
| 1995 | WALKER, PHILLIP RAY | INSTITUTION BUILDING AND THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION: AN ASSESSMENT OF A NONTRADITIONAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN KENYA, EAST AFRICA (KITALE) | WALDEN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 149 | This study seeks to understand how a nontraditional theological Seminary operating in Kitale, Kenya can measure its worth and success in relationship to the students it seeks to educate. Approaching the study from the perspective that an institutions value must be determined by those receiving its services, the researcher used the Academic Institution-Building Model to engage the Seminary’s students in an evaluation of the Seminary. The Academic Institution-Building Model examines nine essential areas necessary for the development of any institution operating in a cross-cultural setting. Four areas, called linkages, deal with the relationship of the Seminary with other institutions. Five areas deal with the internal workings of the Seminary. The Model then examines the relationship between the internal variables and the external linkages in order to reach a Management Efficiency Index. This index is used as a measure of the Seminary’s success in meeting the needs and expectations of the students. |
| 1995 | VERA, YVONNE | THE PRISON OF COLONIAL SPACE: NARRATIVES OF RESISTANCE (WOLE SOYINKA, NIGERIA, NGUGIWA THIONG’O, KENYA, RUTH FIRST, EMMA MASHININI, SOUTH | YORK UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 313 | This study centres on European imperialism in Africa and the resistance offered to it through narrative texts. The study selects prison narratives produced during and after the experience of confinement in colonial and neocolonial Africa. The following four authors and their works are considered: Wole Soyinka’s The Man Died, Ngugi wa Thiongo’s Detained, Ruth First’s 117 Days, and Emma Mashinini’s Strikes Have Followed Me All My Life. A separate chapter is given to each author and major elements which mark each text are uncovered, mainly strategies of resistance to colonialist ideologies and assumptions. The choice of texts meets the need to engage canonical and non-canonical authors as well as to cover various regions within the continent, inviting a variety of issues. Parody marks Soyinka’s mode of resistance, while the political implications of the English language shapes Ngugi’s resistance. Questions of gender and race emerge through First and Mashinini. In Mashinini, orality is interestingly counterpoised. Throughout, the study considers the space of the prison and resistance to that space. The study is distinguished by the argument that the prison not only marks the reproduction of space in Africa, but also epitomizes the imposition and legacies of colonial rule. The use of the prison to silence dissenting opinion is investigated. Prison narratives have received scant attention in the study of literature from Africa. In the focus provided here prison narratives are treated as crucial in any comprehensive investigation of Africa’s historical reality, especially that of colonialism and resistance. The critical method is influenced largely by Edward Said’s theories on the connection between texts and contexts, as well as his links between imperialism and space. Fanon’s work on colonialism and space is also important to this study. The influence of Foucault’s discourse analysis, especially on the evolution of the prison, impacts on my study of space, domination and resistance. |
| 1995 | VENEY, CASSANDRA RACHEL | THE POLITICS OF REFUGEE RELIEF OPERATIONS IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI – COLUMBIA | PHD | 297 | The magnitude of the number of refugees and their needs pose serious economic and political problems for the host country, international community, and international aid agencies. This study examines the political background of the causes that have forced refugees to flee to Kenya. It identifies the principal actors involved in refugee relief operations and the major refugee groups in Kenya. The questions asked center on the political dynamics of refugee relief among the principal actors. One major question examined are the recommendations and suggestions for improving refugee relief in Kenya as they relate to different groups of refugees and their needs. The methodology employed in this study included a combination of personal interviews and personal observations in Kenya. Personal interviews were conducted with representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and refugees in Nairobi, Kenya. Personal interviews with NGO representatives in the three refugee camps visited were also used. Personal observations from the refugee camps were also used. Secondary sources in Kenya and the U.S. were utilized to obtain background information on Kenya and the refugee crises throughout the Horn of Africa. The research concludes that the actors involved in the provision of refugee relief in Kenya have different agendas, constituents, resources, and capabilities that affect how refugee policy is formulated and implemented. Since the Kenyan Government is the principal actor in refugee relief, the other actors operate in Kenya within the confines of the sovereignty Kenya holds as a nation-state. The Kenyan Government has used external and internal political and economic variables to shape refugee policy in an attempt to maintain regime survival. |
| 1995 | TOO, DANIEL KIPKOECH | INCREASING PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF KENYA RANGELANDS THROUGH BRUSH CONTROL AND GRASS SEEDING | COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 226 | Brush infestation of rangelands often results in drastic reductions in desirable perennial grasses. Brush control techniques and seeding have been used to improve the herbaceous biomass in these areas. Field studies were conducted in Kenya in 1992 and 1993 to investigate effects of brush clearing and subsequent management practices on aboveground herbaceous biomass and cover in three woodland communities. Grass seed was applied at the rate of 5 kg/ha, while manure was spread at the rate of 3 tons/ha. Herbaceous biomass, nitrogen content, soil moisture, plant water, and shrub regeneration from cut stems were monitored for three growing seasons. Economic analyses were performed to identify cost effective treatments which could be recommended to local farmers. Greatest aboveground herbaceous biomass occurred in the Acacia woodland (2,950 kg/ha) compared with Commiphora woodland (2,730 kg/ha) or mixed woodland (2,070 kg/ha). Lower rainfall and rapid decline in soil water in the mixed woodland community caused the lower aboveground herbaceous biomass. Complete (3,030 kg/ha) and selective clearing (2,930 kg/ha) significantly increased herbaceous biomass during the second and third growing seasons, while the non-cleared treatment (1,800 kg/ha) consistently gave lower aboveground herbaceous biomass. Partial clearing resulted in slightly less herbaceous biomass, since the plots had mature trees and shrubs that continued to transpire and reduced the radiant flux to understory species. Manure and seeding resulted in 2,800 kg/ha herbaceous biomass as compared with 2,570 kg/ha on seeded plots or 2,380 kg/ha on manure application plots. The general conclusions are that: (1) Both levels of clearing greatly increased aboveground herbaceous biomass and were cost effective irrespective of subsequent management practice. (2) Lower aboveground herbaceous biomass was consistently found for the uncleared treatment, and in a majority of cases, was either not cost effective with added management practices or marginally profitable. (3) Grewia similis generally had about twice the amount of crude protein as did the grass, Cenchrus ciliaris. (4) Shrub regeneration varied according to species and site. The estimated length of time for shrubs to reach pre-treatment levels of stem height would be: Acacia woodland (4-6 years), Commiphora woodland (7-9 years) and mixed woodland (16-22 years). |
| 1995 | TASSEW, ADMASSU | REPORTING A PANDEMIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AIDS NEWS COVERAGE IN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN PRESTIGE DAILIES (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY) | GOTEBORGS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN) | FILDR | 235 | News, especially of the health risk type is theubject of this doctoral study. The study examines the news media’s reporting of our day’s pandemic, AIDS. In so doing, it attempts to discern the attention the prestige papers of Britain, Kenya, Sweden, and Uganda have given to AIDS news coverage through the 1980s. The study also tries to find out if the news coverage of AIDS is commensurate with the real world prevalence of AIDS in the studied years and countries the prestige media came from. The media’s role in setting the agenda for the issue of AIDS is also investigated in one of the countries whose media is in the study. Furthermore, the study also probed at AIDS news to find out if it also performs a risk communication activity. While conducting this examination of AIDS news reporting by the prestige dailies of the two old continents; the study made use of the news value perspective to analyse the selection and then presentation of AIDS news. Theories from risk communication research traditions were also employed while examining the presentation of AIDS news in the news media. Finally, agenda-setting hypothesis was applied when trying to discern and analyse the media presentation of AIDS news and the public perception. Having conducted an empirical investigation of the AIDS news reporting by the four prestige dailies between 1983-1990, the study shows that AIDS news has been given more attention by the European prestige dailies as compared to the African ones. The early years, i.e. 1983-1987, also display a condition whereby AIDS news coverage attracted more attention from the news media. Its other finding is that the AIDS news coverage does not correspond to the real world prevalence of AIDS all the time; and this correspondence is only observed between 1983-1987. The findings of the empirical study for the media agenda-setting suggest that conditions that will be present when agenda-setting occurs are observed. Finally, this study has also found out that the studied AIDS news items do also contain a discussion of risk prevention and protection activities |
| 1995 | STREETMAN, HEIDI DENISE | A CASE STUDY OF EDUCATION FOR STREET CHILDREN IN NAIROBI, KENYA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE POLICY | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | MED | 131 | At the time of Independence from British colonial rule, the Kenyan government believed that the dearth of skilled labor in the country was due to lack of access to education for Kenyans prior to Independence. The Kenyan government, thus, endeavored to expand educational opportunity in the form of universal primary education to foster a literate and highly skilled work force that would be capable of achieving national development. The Kenyan system of community-funded, Harambee schools and formal school system has hosted gross inequities with regard to access, quality of education received. The inequities are exacerbated by an external system of examinations. Still education has been in high demand. The expanded education system inadvertantly has resulted in an increase in the rural-urban migration rate and in a glut of primary school leavers in the urban labor market. Internal migration has created a plethora of squatter settlements in Nairobi. Economic hardships in these areas, especially in light of Kenya’s troubled economy and structural adjustment measures, have resulted in conditions that promote the escalation of numbers of street children. The Kenyan government’s response to the street children crisis has been minimal. This paper examines what is being done by non-governmental and charitable organizations to respond to the crisis, with a special emphasis on what educational provisions exist. It also explores the ways in which other countries have responded to their street children, in order to decipher policies and programs that might be useful in the Kenyan context. Kenyan educational policies of universal primary education and Basic Education for All are critiqued. Alternative policy options are suggested. |
| 1995 | SMITH-AKUBUE, DOROTHY ANN ROBINSON | EVANGELISM AND WESTERN EDUCATION IN WESTERN KENYA: CHURCH OF GOD (ANDERSON, INDIANA), 1905-1949 | WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 307 | This is a study of the impact of the evangelistic approach to western education by the Church of God Mission of Anderson, Indiana, U.S.A. on the Luyia of Western Kenya. It describes the types of schools initiated, their strengths and weaknesses, as a result of this missionary endeavor. The focus of this study also reveals new insights as to the social, religious and political impact of mid-western evangelism and education on the Luyia. Through the use of extensive oral interviews and questionnaires from Western Kenya, his study is able to provide a unique African voice in the assessment of the conversion process and the impact of western education. Besides the oral interviews and questionnaires, the study is based on archival sources in Kenya and in the United States. The western education brought to Kenya by the Church of God fit within the framework of colonial rule and the colonial economy, but it also reflected the views of the mid-western evangelists as to the type of education that would be best for Africans. The missionaries’ emphasis on evangelism first and industrial or technical education second within the educational philosophy of adaptation fit well with the views of Kenya’s European settlers and the colonial state that saw the production of an efficient labor force for the settler-dominated economy as an important goal of western education. Literary, or academic, education was little emphasized by the Church of God in either its schools for boys or girls as few or the mission’s teachers were qualified to teach such subjects. This represented a major shortcoming of the educational efforts of the Church of God in Western Kenya, but this situation caused little concern to the colonial rulers as it meant that Church of God converts were not involved in any serious form of political protest against alien rule. In assessing the impact of the Church of God, it is clear that it was a very minor player in the field of mission education in Western Kenya. Moreover, its schools were characterized by generally poor performance in academic or literary subjects down to 1949. Judged purely from the point of view of evangelism, on the other hand, its efforts were certainly successful for the Christianity took firm root among the Luyia amongst whom the mission established schools. |
| 1995 | SITUMA, FRANCIS D. P. | LEGAL PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY WITH REFERENCE TO AGRICULTURAL AND MEDICINAL PLANTS | FLETCHER SCHOOL OF LAW AND DIPLOMACY (TUFTS UNIVERSITY) | PHD | 584 | This thesis analyses the international and municipal legal and institutional frameworks for the conservation and sustainable use of agricultural and medicinal plants as part of the wider concern of biodiversity conservation. Emphasis is placed on the international policy and legal instruments as well as the domestic legal and institutional frameworks in the East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Since individual States, rather than the international community, are the ones responsible for translating international legal obligations into national policies and programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, an analysis of the position with regard to this subject is made in respect of the East African countries. It is argued that the East African countries have not only failed to translate their international legal obligations into national policies and programmes, but that even their existing legal and institutional frameworks do not provide effective mechanisms for the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for the countries’ economic development. Several reasons are advanced for this failure, the most important one of which is the failure of the political leadership to internalize and incorporate plant genetic resources conservation in the countries’ administrative and development structures. Consequently, national policy and legal responses to the problems of biological diversity depletion are either inadequate or absent. Four themes are central to this analysis. First, although the international community has addressed the problem of loss of biodiversity in various ways, the international legal structure has not allowed the establishment of a policy and legal framework with the requisite authority to monitor conservation at the international level. Second, at the municipal level, the existing natural resource conservation policies and laws in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda are a constraint to the development of effective programmes for the protection of biodiversity, given their colonial origin whose basis was conservation of natural resources for colonial exploitation that did not take into account the interests of the native peoples. Third, successful conservation of biodiversity can be done at the local level through the restructuring of policy and legal frameworks to give legal recognition and protection to the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples. Lastly, the conservation of biodiversity in East Africa can be successfully done only when other competing land and natural resources uses, such as population settlement, energy use, alleviation of poverty and servicing of the international debt, are fully accounted for. Suggestions on how the agricultural and medicinal plants can be conserved and used sustainably in order to meet the developmental needs of the East African countries are made. The conclusion recapitulates some of the salient issues identified in the study for better protection and conservation of agricultural and medicinal plants. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1995 | SIKES, NANCY E. | EARLY HOMINID HABITAT PREFERENCES IN EAST AFRICA: STABLE ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FROM PALEOSOLS (TANZANIA, KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 396 | In order to generate information on the site-specific context of hominid foraging behavior, and understand early hominid land-use patterns and habitat preference, the synchronic variation of hominid activity preserved in archaeological sites is examined in a diversity of floral microhabitats across two Early Pleistocene landscapes. In collaboration with landscape archaeology projects at Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) and Olorgesailie (Kenya), the stable carbon isotopic composition of paleosol (buried soil) organic matter and pedogenic carbonate is used in this thesis to estimate the original proportion of tropical grasses (C$/sb4$ plants) to woody vegetation (C$/sb3$ plants) across the ancient land surfaces. Interpretation of physiognomic types of tropical plant communities is based on a modern East African stable carbon isotopic soil and plant analog data set developed as part of this research. Floral microhabitat reconstructions are supported and supplemented by the stable oxygen isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonates, plus paleoenvironmental evidence obtained by more traditional means. The stable carbon isotopic values obtained from a basal Bed II paleosol a Olduvai Gorge indicate the 1 km$/sp2$ study area near the FLK and HWK localities in the eastern paleolake margin supported a relatively closed riparian forest to grassy woodland $/sim$1.74 Myr. Limited analyses suggest a similar floral context for the $/sim$1.77 Myr middle Bed I FLK Zinjanthropus site. At Olorgesailie, stable carbon isotopic values from a R$/sim$R0.99 Myr upper Member 1 paleosol, excavated along $/sim$3.5 km of outcrop, indicate the ancient land surface near the shore of a freshwater lake supported an open C$/sb4$ grassland, with some wooded grassland. Variability in the distribution and density of excavated archaeological traces over a paleolandscape may be related to hominid activities and resource use, and thus habitat preference. Ecologically and behaviorally based models of archaeological site location, as well as the ecological relationships indicated by studies of modern plant and animal resource abundance and distribution in subSaharan Africa, are integrated into behavioral hypotheses of hominid foraging and land-use patterns in analogous Early Pleistocene habitats. The hypotheses are tested with the paleosol carbon isotopic evidence generated on the floral microhabitat context of the excavated Oldowan and Acheulean assemblages at Olduvai Gorge and Olorgesailie, respectively. Although variation in floral microhabitat context is limited, it is suggested that Early Pleistocene hominids in East Africa may have preferred relatively closed woodland habitats that would have offered food resources, shade, and predator and sleeping refuge. |
| 1995 | SCHOSS, JOHANNA H. | BEACH TOURS AND SAFARI VISIONS: RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION AND THE PRODUCTION OF ‘CULTURE’ IN MALINDI, KENYA (TOURISM) | THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO | PHD | 411 | The dissertation offers an alternative approach to conventional economic and sociological analyses of tourism, through an exploration of the relationship between economic practice in an internationalized tourist industry and local socio-cultural orders. Focusing on ‘tourism entrepreneurs’-Malindi residents working in tourism–the study reveals local notions of the political-economy of tourism, which taken together with socio-cultural conceptions of work, personhood, and agency, provide the logic for local engagement with tourism. From this vantage point, the dissertation argues that rather than being ‘captured’ by the global progress of tourism, locals effectively produce the current arrangement of the tourist economy in Malindi. The dissertation also explores the processes of social and cultural production occurring in the tourist encounter. The dissertation examines how tour guides act as cultural mediators, further investigating the cosmopolitan styles through which these guides deploy the new Western commodities and leisure practices tourism has introduced. These styles, however, do not mark the ‘Westernization’ of Malindi tour guides, but rather articulate distinct strategies through which the guides negotiate their relationship to the global tourist economy, and to their own community. Analyzing the production of images of Kenyan culture created through guided tours, the dissertation explores the historical construction of the safari as the premier touristic representation of Kenya, and how this image is contested by local guides, offering tourists guided tours of Malindi and its surrounding villages. Examining tourist performances of traditional Mijikenda dance, the dissertation addresses the questions of ‘commodification of culture,’ and cultural ‘authenticity.’ The dissertation argues that, for members of the Mijikenda community, the ‘authenticity’ of these dances is linked to the social relations of their production. Arguing against theories that presume tourism and Western tourists have the power to commoditize local culture, the thesis proposes that these socio-cultural and symbolic transactions between locals and foreign tourists can only be understood in terms the indigenous cultures of work, and the local relations of production, which structure these encounters. |
| 1995 | ROTH, RICHARD MICHAEL | AN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CENTRE FOR KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY (CANADA) | MEDES | 172 | Environmental education in Kenya is not being adequately taught due to constraints within the formal education system. A nonformal environmental education alternative is developed which centres around an environmental field studies centre. Programming variations from one day to three or more weeks provides numerous educational options for local students. Programmes for foreign students can be used as a revenue generator, financially self-sustainability including the financing of programming for Kenyans. A strong multiplier effect and outreach programming in local communities provides an adult environmental education component. The incorporation of cultural subject matter into programming provides the local community with a focus around which to celebrate both natural and cultural heritages. Programming, participant selection, marketing, financing, safety concerns, environmental considerations, and staffing needs are addressed. The commitment such a centre will show to nature conservation, education and local community development should appeal to funding agencies or donors. |
| 1995 | ROP, JAYNE CHEPTEPKENY | COST IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE GRAIN STORAGE PROGRAMS: THE CASE OF KENYA | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MSC | 148 | The main objective of this study was to estimate the costs associated with different storage levels of maize for the National Cereals and Produce Board (the NCPB), the grain marketing agency of the Kenyan government. Four storage level scenarios were considered. The first involved a zero-supply security scenario, where the model was required to simply satisfy the demand in each period. The second, third and fourth respectively, involved two, three and four months supply security scenarios, where the model was required to purchase grain equivalent to the demand for those periods. Scenario two, providing two months supply security was not discussed because it posted results similar to scenario one. The hypothesis that a stocks management model can be developed to be used by the NCPB in order to determine the optimal quantities of maize that it handles every year, while minimizing costs, was partly supported under scenarios one and three. However, despite the reduction in costs under scenario one, the lack of inventory and foreign trade was seen to increase the risks and uncertainties associated with variations in production, especially under cases of short supply. Similarly, the lack of foreign trade under scenario three was postulated to increase risks and uncertainties in periods of low production. Under scenario four, the results involved foreign trade, and inventory was positive for most years. However, these results were suboptimal and thus unreliable for policy decisions. Nevertheless, results under this scenario were very similar to the actual performance of NCPB for the period 1980 to 1990. The results of this study show that external trade may not be the solution to a strategy of cost minimization. It was concluded, therefore, that the present strategy of self-sufficiency may be the better alternative. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1995 | QUINN, MICHAEL JOSEPH | ESSAYS ON EDUCATION AND LABOR MARKET FAILURE IN RURAL EAST AFRICA (KENYA, TANZANIA) | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 125 | This dissertation examines the labor and time allocation behavior of small-holding farm households in Kenya and Tanzania. Chapter 1 uses an agricultural household model to test for separation of a farm household’s labor usage from the labor supply of its resident household. Applying this test to a data set of 700 Kenyan households, I find that both household size and household composition are strong determinants of family farm labor usage. Both findings are robust to a variety of empirical specifications. This rejection of separation implies that modelling the consumption side of a peasant household’s behavior and assuming the production side to be perfectly competitive may be improper and lead to erroneous conclusions. Cha pter 2 posits a two period model of educational investment decision-making by farm households. I test whether the ability of households to freely hire in and hire out labor affects the amount of schooling children receive. Using a Kenyan survey of rural households (the same survey as in Chapter 1), I find that the amount of land a household farms is negatively correlated with the level of schooling obtained by the household’s children. This finding implies that human capital investment decisions are not independent from farm production decisions, and is contrary to the theory of producer-consumer separation. Chapter 3 analyzes the labor allocation behavior of ‘mostly-autarkic’ farm households throughout Tanzania. I find that, in general, farm labor markets are not well-functioning, but that the presence of communal farming and efforts by Village Councils to allocate landholdings among households does have some positive effect upon the workings of private labor markets. |
| 1995 | PASLICK, CASSI RENEE | A GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF VOLCANISM ASSOCIATED WITH THE EARLY STAGES OF CONTINENTAL RIFTING IN NORTHERN TANZANIA (EAST AFRICAN RIFT) | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 155 | The volcanic province of northern Tanzania lies at the southern end of the eastern branch of the East African Rift. In Kenya the underlying lithosphere is Proterozoic in age, while in northern Tanzania the rift intersects the Archean Tanzanian Craton. A petrological, isotopic and chronological study was undertaken to determine the source of the volcanic rocks and the relationship between rifting and volcanism. The isotopic compositions of the volcanic rocks indicate that the source is located in the chemically heterogeneous continental lithospheric mantle. Trace element concentrations in the northern Tanzanian lavas suggest that the continental lithospheric mantle in this area has been metasomatized by small degree partial melts from the asthenospheric mantle. Many of the mineral grains present in the samples were not in isotopic or chemical equilibrium with the magma represented by the whole rock chemical and isotopic compositions. This complex petrogenetic history is consistent with the small volume of lava produced in northern Tanzania. It is probable that many mantle-derived melts freeze before they reach the surface and these solidified magmas are the source of the xenocrysts in the erupted lavas. If the volcanic rocks in northern Tanzania are being generated in a rising mantle plume, the direction of the initiation of volcanism should be consistent with the movement of the African plate over this time. Ages obtained for the volcanoes in northern Tanzania show no consistent geographic trend; there is no evidence of a plume track. If the lavas are being generated in the continental lithospheric mantle, the heat source may be a mantle plume but geographic location of volcanism may be controlled by the location of low melting temperature material in the lithospheric mantle. Mantle xenoliths from the Labait cone display a range of isotopic compositions similar to those measured in the northern Tanzanian lavas. While melt from an individual xenolith has isotopic compositions that match those of the lavas, the xenoliths represent a potential Heterogeneous source for the northern Tanzanian lavas. |
| 1995 | PARKER, JOAN CHAMBERLIN | PATTERNS OF BUSINESS GROWTH: MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN KENYA (MICROENTERPRISES, EMPLOYMENT CREATION) | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 189 | While it is clear that micro and small enterprises in developing countries provide an important source of employment and income, two questions remain unanswered: once opened, to what extent and under what conditions are enterprises able to absorb additional employment; and what is the nature of this employment creation process? This thesis explores both the characteristics and process of micro and small enterprise growth, based on the case of Kenya. It first examines the determinants of employment growth based on cross-sectional national data, then analyzes the process of enterprise growth, by transforming a small-sample retrospective survey into a time-series data set. The thesis is based on data collected by the author in two sets of surveys. The first surveys, undertaken in a low-income settlement in Nairobi, Kenya in 1990-1991, included rapid appraisal subsector studies and intensive retrospective interviews with a random sample of subsector participants. The second survey was a national baseline of all micro and small enterprises in 1993, based on a stratified cluster sampling method. The analyses use multiple regression techniques, both for the cross-sectional analysis of extent of growth and for the analysis of the panel data developed from the retrospective survey. Analysis of the extent of growth shows the influence of business starting size, sector, location, and proprietor gender and skills on business growth. Examining the process of growth, the effect of business age on growth is discovered to be highly variable, a finding which contradicts previous research. The process of enterprise expansion is smoother if undertaken in small increments and if the proprietor has more formal education. Enterprises show positive, but small, growth in employment accruing to expanding national incomes or improved community services. Larger growth effects are related to type of industry, human capital endowments, and level of mechanization. In addition, negative external shocks affecting the enterprises cause significant declines in employment, pointing to the high level of risk facing enterprises in the sector. |
| 1995 | MACHYO, CATHERINE NASWA | SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE CAREER AND EDUCATIONAL PLANS OF YOUNG KENYAN WOMEN | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) | MED | 106 | This study examines the influences of socioeconomic status, religion, role models, location, sex-role ideology and students’ perceptions of parental expectations on the educational and career aspirations of Form 4 (Grade 12) woman business education students in Kenya. A questionnaire was completed by 235 students from eight secondary schools. The data were analyzed using Cross-tables and Chi-square procedures of the SPSS/PC statistical package. The study indicates that these business education students had high career and educational aspirations and expectations. For example, even though the majority of the students held traditional views on the roles of women and men, the majority of them aspired for a university education and expected high status careers. The study also indicates a significant relationship (at the 0.05 level), between socioeconomic status, location, role models, and students’ perceptions of parental expectations, and these young women’s career and educational aspirations. Although no significant relationship was found between socioeconomic status and educational aspirations, students from higher socioeconomic status exhibited higher career aspirations. Only religion had no significant influence on students’ plans. The thesis includes recommendations for business education curricula, career guidance and educational policy to further the development of women in Kenya. |
| 1995 | MADERA, EBBY KADINYA | A STUDY OF SOME OF THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH JOB SATISFACTION/DISSATISFACTION AMONG TEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | MA | 70 | The aim of the present study was to identify the various factors associated with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among secondary school teachers in Nairobi, Kenya. The relationship between teacher demographic variables and job satisfaction was also investigated. 191 teachers participated in the study. These teachers were surveyed using a 28 item questionnaire adapted from the Job Satisfaction Survey instrument (Heller, 1992). Factor analysis identified 8 sub scales Administration, Financial aspects, Work conditions, Co-workers, Amount of work, Relationship with students, Parents and community and Career future. The study found a high percentage (60.2%) of teachers in the study not satisfied with their job. ANOVA results showed no significant differences in job satisfaction by gender and position held. Significant differences were found with regards to age, years of teaching and grade. Implications of the findings and suggestions are discussed. |
| 1995 | MAINA, FAITH WAIYESO | A STUDY OF CURRICULUM IN NATIVE BAND-CONTROLLED SCHOOLS IN CANADA: A LESSON FOR KENYAN SCHOOLS | TRENT UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 241 | The purpose of this study is to gather information on the success and development of education curriculum for Native band-controlled schools in Canada and determine whether the same would be appropriate for the Kenyan schools. The information was obtained through a survey with principals of band-controlled schools across Canada. A case study was developed through observations and unstructured conversations with a principal, teachers, students and community members in a Native band-controlled school in southern Ontario. The results indicated that education curriculum developed for Native band-controlled schools in Canada provides valuable lessons that could be adapted and modified for the Kenyan education curriculum. It is clear that students develop a strong identity when their cultural values are reflected in the curriculum. This cultural identity is strengthened by relevant curriculum in community schools because elders and resource people are involved in the development of appropriate teaching materials. Students also develop a positive attitude towards school so that they stay longer to graduate. The study also indicated that when parents, teachers community members directly participate in the education process through the curriculum programs, effective and relevant education is provided. However, the results also indicated that though the Native bands have embarked on a well publicised alternative education process for the last two decades, the change has been slow and has not provided instant results. There is still some concerns about specific areas of local control of education as well as parental role in the educational process. |
| 1995 | GRANBERG, STANLEY EARL | CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT ISSUES FOR TYPES II AND III LEADERS FOR THE CHURCHES OF CHRIST, MERU, KENYA | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION | THM | 193 | Leadership development is recognized as one of the crucial issues of the mission endeavor. The future growth, health and continuation of churches depend on the presence of capable, contextualized leaders. Yet crucial issues for understanding contextualize |
| 1995 | BOYD, ROSALIND ELIZABETH | EMERGENT INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGES TO WESTERN CULTURAL HEGEMONY IN POST-COLONIAL SOCIETIES (SUSANTHA GOONATILAKE, NGUGI WA THIONG’O, YOWERI KAGUTA MUSEVENI, SRI LANKA, KENYA, UGANDA) | CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 250 | The main objective of this project is to trace the various intellectual challenges which have emerged in the post-independence era of former colonial societies of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, as responses to the imposed Western cultural hegemony, the acknowledged legacy of imperialist penetration over the last 500 years. My hypothesis is that the emergent intellectuals or new intellectual formations–incipient and fragmented though they may be in these societies–suggest a fundamental restructuring of world thought which is contributing to the lifting of a ‘hegemonic hold’ (Goonatilake) as a process towards authentic emancipation and a new social order. Although there is considerable evidence of Western cultural hegemony in various domains of these societies, I examine these emergent intellectuals as forums of resistance in three different discourses: educational institutions, especially universities in post-colonial societies; narrative art, with an emphasis on fiction writing; and political praxis, drawn from contemporary post-colonial movements. Each of the three discourses represents aspects of different tendencies in the global process towards the quest for ‘authentic liberation’. To further nuance and delineate these tendencies, I analyze in greater depth the work of three emergent intellectuals reflective of dominant alternative processes corresponding to each of the three discourses selected: first, the work of Susantha Goonatilake, a Sri Lankan engineer and sociologist; secondly, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, a Kenyan writer and former lecturer of English literature; and thirdly, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, President of Uganda and revolutionary leader of a national political movement in the post-independence period. As a global intellectual study, this work has a broad canvas. The conceptual notions and processes of analysis suggested in the work of Raymond Williams and Antonio Gramsci are used to circumscribe the boundaries of the broad framework. Imperialism resulted in an abrupt cutting off of cultural processes that have led to massive distortions, mutations, and ‘aborted discoveries’ within post-colonial societies. I am asserting as active process a new consciousness that is emerging in contemporary post-colonial societies and I tell that story, as much as possible, from the perspective of the liberating process. |
| 1995 | CHEROGONY, MIRIAM JEROTICH | THE IMPLICATIONS OF GRAIN MARKET LIBERALIZATION ON ON-FARM MAIZE STORAGE IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | MSC | 215 | This thesis presents a financial analysis of on-farm grain storage from a farmers perspective in Kenya using storage investment and farm budget data from Nandi district. The study emphasizes the implications of the agricultural market liberalization process being undertaken by the government. To reduce operating subsidies to the National Cereals and Produce Board, the government has encouraged improved on-farm storage structures. The results show that improved storage structures significantly increases income. However, the traditional store show a marginally profitable benefit/cost ratio equal to one possibly explaining the low adoption of improved structures by farmers. The small returns from the traditional stores could be a trade-off for the risk involved. Risk averse farmers might continue to use the traditional store. Although the post-harvest losses for individual farmer are small, the country aggregate involves large losses. One recommendation would be to pursue extension programmes which will reduce the on-farm post-harvest losses for high quality grain could provide an incentive to use improved practices. Finally, the farmers could be encouraged to start cost-efficient cereal banks which will spread out storage costs amongst many farmers. The success of the market reform process depends on the government providing a favourable environment for private traders, for example improved infrastructure, market information systems, credit and reduced trade barriers. This could lead to more integrated local markets and the dampening of seasonal price differentials within the country hence the less likelihood of non-competitive market situations arising. |
| 1995 | CHIRCHIR, ANDREW K. | THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHER TRAINING IN MEASUREMENT AND CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES IN KENYA’S SECONDARY SCHOOLS | UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA (CANADA) | MA | 184 | The purpose of this study was to determine teacher use of measurement principles and the factors influencing this use in the assessment of student achievement in the Riftvalley Province (Kenya). Given that most of the assessment in the classroom consists of instruments developed by teachers, a first step in exploring the utility of measurement principles is to investigate the use of these principles in specific assessment areas. This could lead to the determination and the improvement of the fit between measurement training and teacher classroom assessment practices. The study was designed to provide information on teacher use of measurement principles by considering whether teachers had received training in educational measurement principles, how important they perceived these principles to be, and how often they used the principles in the assessment of student achievement. The study was also designed to determine factors influencing the use of measurement principles in schools. The results show that teachers have been trained in the principles of educational measurement. However, there is some indication that measurement training did not effectively address the assessment concerns of many classroom teachers. Teachers do not feel adequately prepared in test construction, marking, and the reporting of student assessment results. The results on the importance of measurement principles provide some clear indication that teachers attach much importance to the principles for test construction, test administration, marking, and the reporting of student assessment results. Teacher interviews revealed that teachers are overwhelmed by the demands associated with Kenya’s 8-4-4 system of education. On the basis of the study findings, suggestions were made for improving teacher training in measurement and for further research. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1995 | EELES, CHARLES WILLIAM OWEN | PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION OF CONCEPTUAL HYDROLOGICAL MODELS (RAINFALL, RUNOFF, CATCHMENT) | OPEN UNIVERSITY (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | The form of modelling used in this research for the simulation of the rainfall/runoff regime of catchment areas by mathematical models is of particular importance to civil engineers in the building of dams, river bridges and other works affected by high and low flows in rivers and streams. The parametric conceptual models can also be used in the management of water resources and as a basis for the assessment of long term risks associated with water storage and transmission of supplies. The objectives of this research are to examine the problems arising from the conceptual modelling of catchment areas with large data sets, and the effective determination of model parameters using gradient and non-gradient optimization techniques in the field of hydrology. A simple model package was developed from the application and modification of ideas current at the time which allowed a good fit to observed hydrographs to the achieved with the input of rainfall data and data for an evaporation loss function. Nine parameters were available for optimization in this model. The practical demand for the assessment of land use and its variations on catchment water yield led to the development of a more complex model with thirty-five parameters based on the latest vegetation process studies. One of the first modifications was to the criterion for convergence where it was changed from the rate of change of parameter values to that of the model coefficient of determination or efficiency of fit. The least squares objective function was investigated, and retained for model explained variance. However, for parameters involved in the simulation of base flows it was found to be more effective to use a proportional function, whilst for intense storm events an eighth power function exaggerated the information available in the data for determination of surface runoff parameters. The models employ an input data ‘overlay’ technique which allowed the use of large data sets running over many years. The simulation results from land use changes with large data sets from the highlands of Scotland, a clay catchment in Buckinghamshire and montane rain forest in Kenya are compared and contrasted for both models. The results for these catchments using gradient and non-gradient optimization algorithms are also examined, including the use of a genetic algorithm, and recommendations made for the values of algorithm parameters. Hybridized algorithms are developed and tested. A combination of the Rosenbrock and Nelder and Mead Simplex techniques was found to be an efficient hybrid; particularly with the land use model. | |
| 1995 | FOWKE, KEITH RAYMOND | RESISTANCE TO HIV-1 INFECTION AMONG A GROUP OF CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED WOMEN (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY, STD’S, KENYA, NAIROBI, PROSTITUTE) | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | PHD | 221 | Despite intense sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) a small group of women within the Nairobi Prostitute Cohort Study have remained persistently HIV-1 seronegative for at least 3 years. The goal of this project was to determine if these women are resistant to HIV-1 infection and if so, by what mechanism(s). HIV-1 gene amplification confirmed that the majority (91%) of those women were truly uninfected. Survival analysis modelling of the time to seroconversion of all initially seronegative prostitutes suggested that statistically these women should be infected. Multivariate analysis suggested that HIV-1 exposure factors (condom use and the number of sex partners) and acquisition co-factors (sexually transmitted diseases) could not account for the inverse relationship between exposure to HIV-1 and risk of infection. Considering that statistically these women should have been infected but were not, and that differences in HIV-1 exposure or acquisition co-factors could not account for this lack of infection, it was concluded that these women were resistant to HIV-1 infection. What was the mechanism of resistance? Analysis of the cDNA for the cellular receptor for HIV-1, CD4, and in vitro HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells suggested that the resistance to infection was not at the level of the susceptible cell. HLA class I analysis showed that two alleles in particular, A69 and B18, and the general rarity of the HLA haplotype were significantly associated with remaining seronegative. Cellular immune responses to HIV-1 (cytokine production in response to HIV-1 antigens and HIV-1 specific cytotoxic response) were present in resistant women but not low risk seronegative controls. A small group of women within the Nairobi Prostitute Cohort may be resistant to HIV-1 infection. Evidence from this study suggests resistance is not at the level of the susceptible cell but may involve cellular immune responses. |
| 1995 | FULFROST, BRIAN | FOUR HECTARES AND A HOE: MARAGOLI SMALLHOLDERS AND LAND TENURE LAW IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA | MA | 76 | The paper outlines the historical development of Kenyan land tenure reform in relation to a group of smallholders in Maragoli. The transformation of common property into private property has not completely destroyed the authority of local institutions in matters of land tenure and land use. Customary social obligations have continued to play a role in the decision-making process of smallholders in Maragoli. The government in Kenya continues to be uninformed by the socioeconomic realities that affect smallholders. Agrarian law and administration should be built on the kinds of agricultural systems that are being practiced by the majority of the population in Kenya. |
| 1995 | GACHENE, CHARLES K. K. | EFFECT OF SOIL EROSION ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND CROP RESPONSE IN CENTRAL KENYA | SVERIGES LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET (SWEDEN) | FILDR | 158 | |
| 1995 | GAKURE, ROSELYN WANGUI | FACTORS AFFECTING JOB CREATING AND LOW JOB CREATING FIRMS OWNED BY WOMEN IN KENYA (ENTREPRENEURSHIP) | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 172 | The purpose of this study was to identify: constraints which inhibit the expansion of employment in job creating (over 4 employees) and low job creating (4 or less employees) firms owned by women in Kenya, the characteristics of women owned businesses and |
| 1995 | GATHU, FAITH WARIARA | TELEVISION AND THE SHAPING OF CULTURE IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF NAIROBI HIGH SCHOOL YOUTHS’ USE OF FOREIGN TV PROGRAMMING | BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 296 | This study examined the social uses of media technologies, particularly foreign television programs, in the lives of Kenya’s urban youth. It provided baseline information about the types of media technologies available to the youth and the manner in which |
| 1995 | GATONGI, PETER MAINA | THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF SMALL RUMINANTS IN A SEMI-ARID AREA OF KENYA WITH EMPHASIS ON HYPOBIOSIS OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS (TRICHOSTRONGYLUS, OESOPHAGOSTOMUM, TRICHURIS, STRONGYLOIDES) | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 291 | A study on the epidemiological dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants was conducted in a semi-arid area of Kenya over a period of two years. Three major trichostrongylid species were identified; Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Oesophag |
| 1995 | BOOTON, GREGORY CHARLES | MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF LAKE VICTORIA CICHLID FISH (HAPLOCHROMIS, UGANDA, KENYA, TANZANIA) | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 177 | The Great Lakes of Africa contain a striking diversity of freshwater fish, most endemic to a particular lake. Lake Victoria, the youngest of the major lakes, contains hundreds of endemic fish taxa from the family Cichlidae, most historically placed in the genus Haplochromis. Recent revision of this genus has resulted in numerous new genera. While the former Haplochromis taxa of Lake Victoria are known to be closely related, exact phylogenetic relationships among these taxa has not been determined. The explosive speciation of a large number of taxa in a short evolutionary period have made these species interesting to biologists studying evolutionary processes. However, because of the introduction of exotic fish species, and environmental decline, the large number of species previously found in the lake is rapidly disappearing. In the studies presented in this dissertation, the phylogenetic relationship of the Lake Victoria cichlid fish taxa is examined using molecular data. Determination of the phyletic relationship of these taxa to other fish species was studied by sequence determination of the 18S rRNA molecule, widely used in phylogenetic studies. Results determined the relationship of Cichlidae taxa to other teleosts, as well as other fish taxa. Next, to examine the phylogenetic relationships among Lake Victoria taxa, a more rapidly evolving nuclear DNA region was studied, the Internal Transcribed Spacer One (ITS 1), of the ribosomal gene operon. This provided higher resolution among these taxa, but was not completely sufficient to distinguish among all taxa studied. Finally, examination of a nascent method, Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, which screens the entire genome to find phylogenetically informative markers was examined. Phylogenetic trees produced in this analysis were compared to a high resolution morphological tree which has recently been presented. Results indicated areas of concordance, as well as areas of non-concordance between the methodologies. Also, an apparent split between taxa depending upon the geographical origin of the fish was observed. Results also indicated that this method may be useful in unknown species identification in the species conservation program which is currently underway. In summary, results expanded the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among these species |
| 1995 | GITHIRA, PETER NJUGUNA | EXTRACTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES FROM SOILS USING DIFFERENT METHODS (LINDANE, DDT, DIELDRIN, SOXHLET EXTRACTION, SONICATION, HIGH TEMPERATURE DISTILLATION, SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION) | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 226 | The effectiveness of extraction of lindane, DDT and dieldrin from two soils was compared using Soxhlet extraction, Sonication, High Temperature Distillation (HTD) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). The work described in this thesis was carried out |
| 1995 | BOOTH, KAREN MARIE | TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: EXPERTS, WOMEN AND THE STATE IN KENYA’S AIDS CRISIS (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY) | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 470 | This project examines the global politics of ‘technical assistance’ as they shape and are reflected in struggles over solutions to the AIDS crisis in Kenya. Drawing on and refining feminist Nancy Fraser’s analysis of the role of welfare experts in securing state control of women’s bodies through the elaboration of ‘needs talk’ and contextualizing the process in class-centered theories of African underdevelopment, the dissertation focuses on the implications of debates among international health experts at the World Health Organization (WHO) and struggles over donor money among Kenyan bureaucrats, researchers, and consultants for local efforts to help low-income Kenyan women avoid HIV infection. I argue that in Kenya the relationship of scientific knowledge to the making of policies guiding how the national government defines its needy population, decides what is needed, and delivers public services is determined by the actions of groups of ideological and financial brokers within the network linking international, national, and local sites of interventions in crisis. I examine the emergence in Kenya of a post-colonial discourse identifying low-income women as the culprits in the transmission of sexual disease prior to the appearance of AIDS. I then analyze the depoliticization of AIDS from a problem of sexual inequality into a problem of inequality of technical know-how. At the local level, these historical processes have translated into hegemonic control of problem-definition by Canadian, American, and European doctors enforcing a notion of masculine sexuality as promiscuous and fixed and feminine sexuality as subject to control and containment. I conclude by arguing that such a deployment of a supposedly gender and nationality neutral science results in policies for the control of AIDS that are ineffective at best and potentially dangerous for women and men alike. |
| 1995 | HAFIDH, MOHAMED AHMED | THE SWAHILI PERCEPTION OF MIRAA (CATHA EDULIS) AND ALCOHOL USAGE (KENYA) | MIAMI INST. OF PSYCHOLOGY OF THE CARIBBEAN CTR. FOR ADVANCED STUDIES | PSYD | 384 | This study investigated the perceptions of the Swahili people of Kenya regarding miraa and alcohol use. The miraa perceptual questionnaire (MPQ) in Swahili language with four Likert scales was used during the investigation. The MPQ measured the Swahili cu |
| 1995 | HAILEAB, BEREKET | GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOCHRONOLOGY AND TEPHROSTRATIGRAPHY OF TEPHRA FROM THE TURKANA BASIN, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA AND NORTHERN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH | PHD | 384 | |
| 1995 | HARRINGTON, SUSAN TETLOW | BRITISH WRITERS IN TROPICAL AFRICA, 1936-1985: CULTURAL CROSSOVER IN THE TRAVEL AND FICTIONAL WORKS OF ELSPETH HUXLEY, GRAHAM GREENE AND V. S. AND SHIVA NAIPAUL (TRAVEL LITERATURE) | UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK | PHD | 340 | Pairing travel books with novels, this study of theworks of Elspeth Huxley, Graham Greene and V. S. and Shiva Naipaul traces the relationship between Europe and Tropical Africa over a fifty-year period, demonstrating the growing empathy of these authors |
| 1995 | HOFMAN, THOMAS DALE | THE CHURCH AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS: BRAZIL, THE PHILIPPINES, AND KENYA COMPARED | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 453 | |
| 1995 | IMBO, SAMUEL OLUOCH | INADEQUACY OF INDIVIDUALISTIC CONCEPTIONS OF MORAL RESPONSIBILITY (COMMUNITY) | PURDUE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 156 | Individualistic theories of responsibility rely on an atomistic account of human nature. Their point of departure is the disentangled first-person-singular, the individual who is a rights-holder, autonomous, self-regarding and self-fulfilling. The world, |
| 1995 | KADOHIRA, MUTSUYO | ASSESSING TROPICAL ANIMAL DISEASE RISK AT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF AGGREGATION (KENYA, SAMBURU, KIAMBU, KILIFI, BRUCELLOSIS, CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA, INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS, TRYPANOSOMIASES) | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | PHD | 228 | This research investigated the pattern of sero-prevalence for four infectious diseases, representing a broad range of pathogens–bacteria (brucellosis), mycoplasma (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia), viruses (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) and protoz |
| 1995 | KANG, SUNG SAM | DEVELOPMENT OF NON-WESTERN MISSIONARIES: CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR CONTRASTING PROGRAMS (TRAINING) | TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL | PHD | 252 | |
| 1995 | K’AOL, GEORGE ONDEGO | PERCEPTIONS OF CRAFTSMEN AND APPRENTICES REGARDING SELF-EMPLOYMENT SKILL ACQUISITION IN THE KENYAN INFORMAL SECTOR | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 384 | The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which self-employment skills were taught by craftsmen to apprentices involved in informal apprenticeship activities. The results were obtained from structured interviews with 52 craftsmen and 52 app |
| 1995 | KAWASONGA, MARCELLUS AUJA | THE PASTORAL ROLE OF CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS AS PERCEIVED BY PRIESTS AND TEACHERS IN THE ARCHDIOCESE OF KISUMU, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO | EDD | 162 | The researcher investigated the Catholic high school teachers’ pastoral roles in the Archdiocese of Kisumu, Kenya, in 1995. Many changes had affected the Kenyan national educational organization, since independence, 1963. In light of these changes, the st |
| 1995 | KIBAS, PETER BERACHESEBE | IMPACT OF CREDIT ON MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 167 | The purpose of this study was to determine the use and impact of non-governmental organization’s (NGOs) loans on microenterprises in Kenya. The study also identified barriers perceived to be hindering microenterprises from growing. This was an exploratory |
| 1995 | KIMITI, JACINTA MALIA | INOCULATION OF SELECTED AGROFORESTRY TREE SPECIES WITH RHIZOBIUM AND SUBSEQUENT CROP AND SOIL NITROGEN RESPONSES (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, CALLIANDRA CALOTHYRSUS, SESBANIA SESBAN, ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA) | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | MSC | 105 | This study was conducted to test the effect of Rhizobium inoculation on 4 tree legumes: Leucaena leucocephala, Calliandra calothyrsus, Sesbania sesban (commonly used in intercropping systems in Kenya) and Robinia pseudoacacia (a temperate tree legume). Ea |
| 1995 | KULCZYCKI, ANDRZEJ JERZY | ABORTION, RELIGION, AND POLITICS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ABORTION DEBATE IN KENYA, MEXICO AND POLAND | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 265 | This dissertation examines abortion practice, policy and debate in Kenya, Mexico and Poland, where the author conducted extensive fieldwork. It sets out to compare, contrast, and to link the abortion controversy globally by using multiple sources of evide |
| 1995 | GITAU, WANGUI NYAKIOI | MODERNITY AND ITS DISCONTENTS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF KENYAN ELITE’S PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF MODERNIZATION ON INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY LIFE | HARVARD UNIVERSITY | EDD | 172 | For this qualitative study, the author conducted ninety-minute open-ended interviews which were audio-taped. I interviewed members of the Kenyan elite as a way of getting first-person accounts of their experiences with modernization and social change. I i |
| 1995 | BOSS, JOYCE ELAINE | THE POLITICS OF POSTCOLONIALISM: AFRICA, THE WEST, AND CRITICAL REPRESENTATION (JOSEPH CONRAD, EVELYN WAUGH, SALIM BIN ABAKARI, MEJA MWANGI, PENINA MUHANDO MLAMA) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 224 | This study addresses some of the problems within postcolonial studies, an important emergent theoretical field within cultural and literary studies in the academy. Specifically, it examines the way in which received theories of postcoloniality posit a monolithic colonized/postcolonial Other, and in so doing elide important historical and cultural specificities, particularly regarding Africa. This tendency can be seen in two ways: first, the particular Western trope of ‘Savageism,’ markedly different from ‘Orientalism,’ which is used in representing Africa and Africans; and second, the limited attention given to literary texts (as well as other types of texts, such as film) by African writers (and filmmakers), as well as to specific local conditions of textual production, reception, and circulation. The body of this study consists of four case studies which represent some of the types of critical interrogation which might enable the nascent field of postcolonial studies to transcend the terms of its so-called crisis. First, within English literature, it looks at the use of the cannibal motif in the construction of African alterity (in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Waugh’s Black Mischief), as well as the alternative mode of representing Otherness found in Salim bin Abakari’s Swahili travel narratives. Second, it examines the work of Kenyan writer Meja Mwangi as an example of English-language popular literature produced specifically for a non-Western (here, East African) audience. Third, it addresses issues raised by literatures in non-European languages, through a consideration of contemporary Tanzanian Kiswahili literature, particularly works by playwright Penina Muhando Mlama. Finally, it examines two recent African films, Ngangura Mweze/Bernard Lamy’s La vie est Belle and Idrissa Ouedraogo’s Yaaba, as representative of the connections between the issues found in African literature and film. The conclusion iterates the need for the ‘postcolonial house’ to be conceived of as inclusively as possible, in order to transcend the binaries through which the relationship between The West and its Others has historically been articulated. |
| 1995 | BENTLEY-CONDIT, VICKI KAY | INFANT-ADULT MALE INTERACTIONS AS ADULT FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN YELLOW BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS CYNOCEPHALUS) | EMORY UNIVERSITY | PHD | 334 | Previous studies of baboon infant-male relationships have focused on the adult male perspective. Lack of the mother’s viewpoint has left a serious gap in our understanding of these relationships. I focus on the role of the adult female/mother. Results are based on 11 months of focal animal samples on 23 adult female yellow baboons (including 11 mother/infant pairs), 2 years of focal samples on 5 adult males, and a 4$[1/over2]$ year data base from the Mchelelo Troop, Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya. Data analyses reveal that Mchelelo females are manipulating their social relationships to their personal reproductive advantage. Females demonstrate both competitive and cooperative relationships. Higher ranked females use interactions with others’ infants as part of their competitive strategy repertoire against lower ranked females; lower ranked females form cooperative relationships with higher ranked females as a strategy for preventing interactions with their infants by those same higher ranked females. Female-male relationships are also quite specific. Each focal female had 1 adult male classified as a preferred interaction partner and 1 classified as a preferred consort partner. These classifications do not necessarily correspond. Being a female’s preferred interaction/consort partner does not significantly increase a male’s chances of being the ‘most likely’ father of her offspring. Females ‘use’ their infants in female-infant-male relationships to gain access to previously unaccessible males. Infants are social tools which provide the female ‘safe passage’ in otherwise potentially dangerous territory. Befriending these adult males provides the mother/infant pair with both short-term (political) and long-term (evolutionary) benefits. Not only is she able to insure that these adult males will be ‘nice’ to her infant, but she is also able to gain access to that male’s circle of female ‘friends’. It is through access to these other females that a mother can reap the benefits of high rank and potentially affect her long-term reproductive success. Based on the potential reproductive benefits of these social manipulations, it appears these behaviors may have evolved through female-female competition. |
| 1995 | AYIEKO, MONICA AWUOR | HOUSEHOLD ALLOCATION OF LABOR TIME IN TWO TYPES OF SMALLHOLDER FARMING SYSTEMS IN RURAL KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 161 | The study analyzed the effects of gender and farming systems on time allocated to work by agricultural households in rural Kenya. A total of 289 participants were selected from Njoro and Kikuyu divisions. Spot observations, personal observations, questionnaires, and focus groups methods were used to collect data. Ecological zones influenced the amount of time allocated to work. Households in Njoro spent less time on work than households in Kikuyu. Females spent more time on household and agricultural work than males. Younger males spent more time in agriculture than females of the same ages. Female-heads were not different from other women on time they allocated to work. Respondents from female-headed households spent more time in agriculture and household production and less time in income generation than their counterparts from two-parent households. Presence of a husband in a household made members worked more hours doing household activities than when he was away. Age and educational attainment influenced the time females allocated to work. For males, the factors were age, educational attainment, type of family and the size of farm. For every additional year in age, females contributed increasing amounts of time to household and agricultural production while males’ time decreased. To cope with bad weather and economic hardships, livelihood strategies such as reducing consumers, shifting members’ maintenance responsibilities, increasing sources of income and depending on remittances were used. Men were conscious of their reduced time allocated to work in the home, acknowledged the role of women in agricultural production and allowed their spouses to make management and production decisions on their farms. Women were performing male designated chores, conscious of their roles in households subsistence, bias in traditional division of labor and its consequences and were seeking alternative solutions to manage the effects of emigration of men. Mothers were more liberal than fathers in allocating gender designated responsibilities to their children. Boys contributed more time to agriculture than male adults and even their counterpart females. Division of labor in the communities were based on relative power, social ideology, and moral economy. |
| 1995 | AUBREY, LISA MARIE | THE POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION: AFRICAN NGOS AND THEIR RELATIONAL ENVIRONMENT. A STUDY OF MAENDELEO YA WANAWAKE IN KENYA | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 349 | This study examines the politics of interorganizational development cooperation in Kenya. It focuses on the relationships between Maendeleo Ya Wanawake (MYWO) and foreign donors, and the Kenyan government. MYWO is Kenya’s largest women’s organization which claims to be a non-governmental organization (NGO). It is also the oldest women’s organization of its type in Africa. This study attempts to determine the degree of autonomy MYWO maintains in its development partnerships with the Kenyan government and foreign donors, which provide the lion’s share of its financial and technical resources. It further attempts to determine whether or not ‘autonomy’ necessarily leads to more successful development programs. This study is also concerned with whether or not gender is a factor which makes women’s organizations more vulnerable to resource dependencies in male-dominated relationships. Archival research was conducted in England in 1989 and 1992, and fieldwork was conducted in Kenya in 1991-1992 utilizing participant observation and interviews with grassroots women’s groups, MYWO staff and elected officials, Kenyan government Ministry personnel, foreign donors and other relevant persons. This study found that MYWO was not a genuine NGO. It falsified its reputation to secure foreign donor funding. In 1987, MYWO was captured by the Kenyan Africa National Union (KANU) party and government which effectively made it an appendage of the state. KANU controlled its finances, and undermined the power of women. MYWO national elected leaders allowed this to happen as they did not believe in women’s solidarity. They were concerned with individual enrichment and recognition by KANU. Foreign donors in partnership with MYWO were a diverse lot. Some of them provided assistance with relatively few strings attached. Others, however, made programmatic and policy mandates. The conclusion of this study is that the partnerships of foreign donors and the Kenyan government and MYWO offer little hope for the development of Africa. For most of these groups, development is more about satiating their political and economic appetites rather than providing a supportive environment for the maximization of human potential. This study further raises questions about the authenticity of NGOs–Northern and Southern, the indigenousness of women’s groups, and the untenable definitions of organizational autonomy and dependence. |
| 1995 | ANYUMBA, GODFREY | KISUMU TOWN: HISTORY OF THE BUILT FORM, PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENT: 1890-1990 (KENYA) | TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT TE DELFT (THE NETHERLANDS) | DR | 390 | This study of Kisumu, Kenya’s third largest town (190.000 inhabitants in 1990) examines issues related to the structure and the environment of the town in a developing country. The theoretical basis of this investigation are the concepts of ‘culture’, ‘social power’ and the ‘environment’, which have been developed by Professor Anthony D. King in his universal theoretical model of British colonial urbanisation. The history of Kisumu town reflects the changing structure of the political and economic power, culture, society and technology in the pre-British, colonial and post-colonial periods. How did this changing structure affect the physical structure, environmental health and the aesthetic characteristics of the whole town, with its race specific neighbourhoods and its architecture? The study tests several hypotheses. The first hypothesis is the link between the architecture and environmental infrastructure of ‘pre-railway’ Luo society with that of the pioneer colonial town. Secondly, it examines the development of Kisumu’s Asian community with its realisation of culture-specific built forms and environments. Thirdly, it verifies the connections between the colonial development of Kisumu to changing metropolitan models of local government, environmental controls, town planning, engineering and architecture. Last but not least, it examines the new post-colonial interpretations and functioning of the city to explain the transformed urban structure and environment of Kisumu. |
| 1995 | AGAK, JOHN ODWAR | READING LITERACY IN RELATION TO PATTERNS OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN KENYA (IEA READING LITERACY TEST) | UMEA UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN) | FILDR | 228 | How is reading literacy related to academic achievement among 14 year old students in Kenya? This was the main issue of the present study. The IEA Reading Literacy Test was used for measuring reading literacy and the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) was used for measuring academic achievement. It was hypothesized that there are degrees of variation in correlation between reading literacy and each subject area a student opts for at KCPE. It was also hypothesized that there is a variation in performance on reading literacy due to influences caused by background factors (literacy interaction) and voluntary reading processes. Reading literacy was assumed to be broken into latent variables including: a general reading ability factor, a document reading factor and specific passage factors. However, such a measurement model was not successful. The selected measurement model constituted only two latent variables: a general reading ability factor which covers most of the items with very few exceptions, and a documentary factor which entails those items related to identification location and association of information in brief documents. There was postulated also clear evidence that the components of academic achievement, namely, general reasoning and verbal abilities, were present in this study. General reasoning ability proved to be the main factor across most of the subjects at KCPE while verbal ability was connected to the subjects loaded mainly with connected texts to be comprehended. When voluntary reading was explored, a good measurement model was obtained. The measurement model for voluntary reading encompassed seven different types of voluntary reading topical readings from books, magazines and newspapers. Significant relationships between voluntary reading and both reading literacy and academic achievement were observed. An examination of the background factors in the study indicated that they have an impact on students’ performance on reading literacy and academic achievement. A strong relationship between reading literacy and academic achievement was noted especially when latent variables were used. This relationship remained even when the background factors were controlled. The measurement model for reading literacy and academic achievement turned out to be the same. However, there were some differences in terms of performance on reading literacy and academic achievement. |
| 1995 | AKESSON, KARIN SUSANNE | AVIAN MIGRATORY ORIENTATION: GEOGRAPHIC, TEMPORAL AND GEOMAGNETIC EFFECTS (SWEDEN, KENYA, RUSSIA) | LUNDS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN) | PHD | Passerine migrants can make use of both celestial and geomagnetic information for orientation. Theoretically limitations of the magnetic compass (i.e. an inclination compass is impossible to use in vertical and horizontal magnetic fields), topography and time of flight departure may affect the orientation of birds. In this thesis I have used different techniques to investigate how different environmental factors affect the orientation behaviour of migrating birds. Orientation cage experiments under natural sky conditions were used to study the relative importance of celestial and geomagnetic cues for orientation in nocturnal passerine migrants in Sweden, Kenya and during displacement experiments with young wheatears along the Arctic coast of Russia. The initiation of nocturnal migration flights was studied by radiotelemetry and tracking radar. The orientation behaviour of passerines in relation to topographical features was investigated by visual observations of free-flying migrants at night (ceilometer) and by analysis of ringing recoveries. It emerged that nocturnal passerines were highly dependent on visual information for their orientation under natural sky conditions in Sweden and Kenya, and that the scatter in mean orientation increased in a vertical magnetic field. The results suggest that a combination of magnetic and celestial cues are important for proper orientation. Displacement experiments with young wheatears towards west along the Russian north coast (Taymyr to Kola peninsula), demonstrated geographically northwesterly orientation at sites where only visual sunset cues were available in the beginning of the test period. A southerly orientation was found at the last test site when stars became visible. Orientation cage experiments with nocturnal migrants during a nocturnal flight period in Sweden resulted in directional shifts during the night, in agreement with the movements of the sun. A great variation in time of flight initiation in nocturnal passerine migrants, taking place from before the sunset and well into the night, indicate that birds have the capacity to establish flight directions in all different orientation conditions and that there may be differences between species in time of flight departure. In a ceilometer study of free-flying birds at night at the Falsterbo peninsula in southwest Sweden, I found that at least nocturnal passerine migrants at low altitudes fly along coastlines at night and that the birds use the coastlines to compensate for wind drift. Analyses of ringing recoveries of 20 bird species captured at a coastal ringing site at Falsterbo revealed that reoriented movements, within the first ten days after capture, occurred in all species and categories of migrants and that species with smaller average fat deposits showed return movements more often than species with larger fat reserves. | |
| 1995 | MACHARIA, NJOROGE JAMES | THE CATHOLIC METHODS OF EVANGELIZATION IN EAST AFRICA: NINETEENTH TO TWENTIETH CENTURY (COLONIALISM, KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA) | UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA (SPAIN) | DRTH | 255 | |
| 1996 | NJUGUNA, DAFTON GACHOKA | DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF BIO-CLIMATIC BUILDING DESIGN TECHNIQUES IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A PROGRAM FOR KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 308 | Maize streak was observed in 17 of 19 districts of Kenya surveyed in 1994-1995. The highest disease incidence in the farmers’ maize (Zea mays L.) fields (53.5%) was recorded in the Kiambu district in the Central province. Maize streak geminivirus (MSV) was identified from maize, wheat (Triticum aestivum), finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and various grass species including Coix lacryma-jobi, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria velutina, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis macilenta, E. tenuifolia, Panicum maximum, P. trichocladum, Setaria homonyma, S. verticillata and Urocloa brachyura. Among 11 grass species found naturally infected with MSV, D. velutina was the most abundantly diseased. However, P. maximum with streak symptoms was seen in more locations, but in fewer numbers. All grass and maize isolates tested positive for MSV in F(ab$/sp/prime)/sb2$-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DAS-(ELISA). MSV isolates from 11 grass species and five maize plants collected from different districts were transmitted to Poaceae species including maize, wheat, finger millet and various grasses by Cicadulina mbila. The most efficiently transmitted from the 11 grass species was the was the one from E. tenuifolia. Both severe and mild MSV variants were recovered from S. verticillata, D. velutina and P. maximum. Maize resistance-breaking variants of MSV were identified by C. mbila transmission to maize with high levels of MSV resistance. All but two of the mildest MSV isolates were transmitted to a susceptible maize type, H511, by vascular puncture inoculation of maize kernels. The highest Cicadulina leafhopper population density (25/m$/sp2)$ were recorded for field plots of E. tenuifolia. Napier fodder (Pennisetum purpureum) was not seen with streak symptoms during the survey and very low leafhopper densities/m$/sp2$ were recorded on field plots planted to napier grass. Most of the grass species found naturally infected with streak including E. tenuifolia, D. velutina, and S. verticillata appeared to be suitable hosts for both the virus and the leafhopper vectors. These grass species would be expected to be important in the epidemiology of MSV in Kenya. In contrast to earlier claims, napier grass did not appear to play any noticeable role in the epidemiology of MSV. |
| 1996 | STAAL, STEVEN JAY | PERIURBAN DAIRYING AND PUBLIC POLICY IN ETHIOPIA AND KENYA: A COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS | UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA | PHD | 277 | Periurban dairying offers important income opportunities for smallholders in Ethiopia. World milk production is declining, nominal world milk prices continue their upward trend, and urbanization in Africa promises growing domestic demand. Periurban dairy producers can potentially supply both the urban and export markets. This potential has been illustrated in neighboring Kenya, with which Ethiopia shares agro-climatic conditions favorable to dairying. Unlike Kenya, however, Ethiopia has not successfully developed a formal dairy system. Some 88% of urban milk supply continues to pass through informal market channels. This can be attributed largely to government policy directed generally towards exchange rates, agricultural markets and production, and specifically towards dairying. This study examines the impacts of Ethiopian government policy and programs on dairy producers and marketers. The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) methodology is used to identify and quantify price distortions in the dairy market. Domestic market milk prices are found to be lower than export-parity prices, indicating potential milk market failure. This market failure results mainly from a previously-overvalued currency, which precluded dairy exports at official exchange rates. Recent currency reforms, however, have greatly improved the potential of dairy exports. Policy changes are now needed to enable the formal market to capture more of the informal market through producer price increases. Even under current market conditions, however, periurban dairying in the Addis Ababa area exhibits above-normal returns, and so offer important income opportunities for small resource-poor households. Institutional analysis reveals additional non-price policy factors which have impeded dairy development. Policies in the 1970s and 1980s aimed towards socialized agriculture eliminated the private commercial dairy producers who had led dairy development. Land tenure policies helped insure that milk production remained in small backyard urban units selling to the informal market. Policies towards cooperatives precluded the development of the strong role that cooperatives played in Kenyan dairy development. Comparisons between Kenyan and Ethiopian dairy policies are made using the PAM, and show that while Kenyan dairy is more competitive, both have a comparative advantage with respect to world dairy markets due to low opportunity costs of domestic factors. |
| 1996 | NJUGUNA, JACKSON G. M. | EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MAIZE STREAK DISEASE IN KENYA (CICADULINA, ZEA MAYS, TRITICUM AESTIVUM, ELEUSINE CORACANA) | THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 150 | Maize streak was observed in 17 of 19 districts of Kenya surveyed in 1994-1995. The highest disease incidence in the farmers’ maize (Zea mays L.) fields (53.5%) was recorded in the Kiambu district in the Central province. Maize streak geminivirus (MSV) was identified from maize, wheat (Triticum aestivum), finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and various grass species including Coix lacryma-jobi, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria velutina, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis macilenta, E. tenuifolia, Panicum maximum, P. trichocladum, Setaria homonyma, S. verticillata and Urocloa brachyura. Among 11 grass species found naturally infected with MSV, D. velutina was the most abundantly diseased. However, P. maximum with streak symptoms was seen in more locations, but in fewer numbers. All grass and maize isolates tested positive for MSV in F(ab$/sp/prime)/sb2$-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DAS-(ELISA). MSV isolates from 11 grass species and five maize plants collected from different districts were transmitted to Poaceae species including maize, wheat, finger millet and various grasses by Cicadulina mbila. The most efficiently transmitted from the 11 grass species was the was the one from E. tenuifolia. Both severe and mild MSV variants were recovered from S. verticillata, D. velutina and P. maximum. Maize resistance-breaking variants of MSV were identified by C. mbila transmission to maize with high levels of MSV resistance. All but two of the mildest MSV isolates were transmitted to a susceptible maize type, H511, by vascular puncture inoculation of maize kernels. The highest Cicadulina leafhopper population density (25/m$/sp2)$ were recorded for field plots of E. tenuifolia. Napier fodder (Pennisetum purpureum) was not seen with streak symptoms during the survey and very low leafhopper densities/m$/sp2$ were recorded on field plots planted to napier grass. Most of the grass species found naturally infected with streak including E. tenuifolia, D. velutina, and S. verticillata appeared to be suitable hosts for both the virus and the leafhopper vectors. These grass species would be expected to be important in the epidemiology of MSV in Kenya. In contrast to earlier claims, napier grass did not appear to play any noticeable role in the epidemiology of MSV. |
| 1996 | OGOL, CALLISTUS K. P. O. | AGROFORESTRY FOR KENYA: PEST IMPACT AND BIOCONTROL IN A TREE LEGUME-MAIZE INTERCROP (BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, ZEA MAYS, LEUCAENA, HETEROPSYLLA CUBANA, PSYLLIDAE, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE) | UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA) | PHD | 185 | I evaluated the effect of the maize-leucaena agroforestry system on the insect fauna relevant to maize production, to establish if this system has pest management benefits. I also monitored the population dynamics and damage impacts of the leucaena psyllid Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, a new arrival to Africa, and carried out faunistic studies on ground-dwelling beetles and spiders. These studies covered six cropping seasons from September 1992 to August 1995, and were conducted at Mtwapa and Amoyo in coastal and western Kenya respectively. Treatments included monocropped and intercropped (maize, leucaena) plots, weeded and unweeded plots, mulched and unmulched plots and three spacing regimes for leucaena hedgerows. I evaluated the resource concentration hypothesis which suggests that herbivores will be less abundant in diverse habitats because non-host species disrupt the ability of the pest to attack its proper host efficiently. Alley cropping leucaena with maize significantly reduced infestation by stem boring lepidopteran pests and their damage to the maize crop, thus supporting the resource concentration hypothesis. Furthermore, the reduced pest numbers translated into increased yields. On the other hand, abundance and activity of the leucaena psyllid and of herbivorous and detrivorous ground-dwelling beetles was unaffected by the cropping system, and did not support the hypothesis. I also examined possible implications of the enemies hypothesis which posits that vegetational diversity increases both population size and impacts of entomophagous natural enemies that regulate populations of herbivorous anthropod pests. The maize-leucaena cropping system did not increase, and in fact even reduced the abundance and/or activity of some natural enemies of maize stem borers more than in the maize monocrop. The number of ladybirds and ground-dwelling beetles did not differ significantly between treatments. Thus, the enemies hypothesis that natural enemies will be more abundant in polyculture than in monocultures was not corroborated. Studies on the population dynamics of the psyllid revealed that populations were influenced by weather, particularly rainfall, and availability of suitable shoots. New growth of young shoots following rainfall, encouraged psyllid abundance as long as weather conditions were not extreme. Furthermore, damage to leucaena appeared to represent the cumulative and interactive effect of both the feeding activity of psyllids and prevailing environmental/climatic conditions, and did not closely track the actual population of and/or damage by psyllids at a given time. Psyllid populations were generally much higher at Mtwapa than at Amoyo, suggesting possible environmental constraints on population growth. The faunistic studies on ground-dwelling beetles and spiders showed a general increase in abundance within plots during the period of these experiments. The two monocrops had consistently low incidence of both beetles and spiders, while the unweeded plot had highest incidence of spiders, though differences were statistically insignificant. Notwithstanding, my results weakly suggest that vegetational diversity is correlated with abundance of insect population. Implications of this for biological conservation of anthropods are discussed. |
| 1996 | OJIAMBO, BWIRE SEBASTIAN | CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBSURFACE OUTFLOW FROM A CLOSED-BASIN FRESHWATER TROPICAL LAKE, RIFT VALLEY, KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO | PHD | 141 | Three manuscripts are presented describing the hydrogeology and major ions geochemistry and tritium-helium behavior of the ground waters around Lake Naivasha, Kenya, with special emphasis on the subsurface outflow to the south. The first manuscript discusses the hydrogeologic conditions around the lake and indicates that the main subsurface outflow is from around the intersection of Oloidien Bay and the main lake with outflow fluxes ranging from $/rm 18/times 10/sp6/ m/sp3/yr.$ to $/rm 50/times 10/sp6/ m/sp3/yr.$ Ground water level to the north have dropped over the past 20 years. The second manuscript presents the strontium and major ions chemistry and the concentrations of strontium isotopes. The study shows that the waters can be classified into: mixed Ca-Na-HCO$/sb3$-Cl-SO$/sb4$ waters. Na-HCO$/sb3$ waters, and Na-Cl for geothermal waters. Major ions concentrations increase from the lake southwards indicating a southward movement of the water from the lake. NETPATH modeline indicates that water to the south near the Olkaria geothermal field has evolved from a mixture of lake water and ground water similar to that found north of the lake. The water nearest to the southern shores of the lake maintains similar $/rm/sp[87]Sr//sp[86]Sr$ ratios as the lake (0.70552) while wells to the east and deep geothermal waters have radiogenic $/rm/sp[87]Sr//sp[86]Sr$ ratios between 0.70610 to 0.70747 and have the lowest strontium concentrations, 5.0 to 76.0 $/mu$g/L. The third paper covers the study of the distribution of tritium, helium $/rm/delta/sp[18]O$ and $/delta$D isotopes, and nitrogen and neon gases in these waters. The Olkaria geothermal waters are devoid of tritium, and, thus, are at least 40 years old. Wells to north average 20 years old while those south of the lake are 10 years. $/delta/sp[18]$O and $/delta$D isotopes show that about 50-70% of the southern ground water system is derived from the lake. Mean recharge rates range from 0.10 to 1.59 m/yr with a mean of $0.52/ /pm/ 0.40$ m/yr and horizontal velocity from $/rm/sp3H//sp3He$ age dating between Lake Naivasha and well C630D the south is 75 m/yr. |
| 1996 | OMWANDA, LEWIS ODHIAMBO | COMMUNICATION, CULTURE AND REPRODUCTION: ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE ADOPTION IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO (CANADA) | PHD | 296 | This dissertation explored the relationships between social communication, culture and reproductive behaviour. Drawing upon theories of structural and behavioral change, mechanisms of value formation and transformation over time were discussed and used to build upon Lesthaeghe and Surkyn’s (1988) postulation linking the ideational system reproductive behaviour. Accordingly, theories that posit reproductive choices in sub-Saharan Africa as primarily rooted in past practices and traditional value systems were questioned and, instead, interactionist bases of reproductive choice were suggested that accord with communication theories of behavioral innovation and social change. The theories were tested using the 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey data, and results of logistic regression analysis largely confirmed hypotheses linking the ideational system with reproduction in Kenya. In this regard, indicators of social communication and ideational factors rather than those of past demographic experience were found to be the Most consistent and reliable predictors of contraceptive behaviour ever-married Kenyan women. As predicted, greater mass media exposure to family planning information lowered the likelihood that a woman was in a low contraceptive status (i.e., not knowing a contraceptive method or having never used any) and raised the probability of her being in a high contraceptive status (namely, a past or current user). Also, exposure to family planning information through friends and relatives lowered the likelihood of a woman being in a low contraceptive status and raised the odds for her being in a high contraceptive status. In fact, unlike mass media impact, exposure through relatives and friends also increased the probability that a woman would be a never-user intending to use contraceptives in future and reduced the likelihood that she was a never-user not intending to contracept. Given the expectation that friends and relatives would be homophilous with respondents over reproductive norms and values, this finding confirms the contention that the ideational system in Kenya largely supported reproductive innovation. Thus, consistent with this interpretation, indicators of the ideational component of reproductive culture (comprising mainly spousal communication, ideal number of children education and literacy, and husband’s approval of family planning) lowered the likelihood of being in a low contraceptive status and raised the probability of being in a high one, while those of demographic experience (namely, children ever born, marital duration, age at first birth, child mortality experience, and age at first birth) were hardly associated with contraceptive behaviour. Meanwhile. though ethnicity was a consistent predictor of contraceptive behaviour its effects were substantially attenuated by inclusion of indices of mass media exposure into the analytical models. On the other hand, exposure through relatives and friends hand no such impact on ethnicity effects, suggesting a high communality of perception around reproduction within interpersonal networks. The results also show that religion was an important influence on contraceptive behaviour in Kenya, with Christians being more likely to be in high contraceptive statuses relative to those with traditional or no religious affiliation. |
| 1996 | OPIYO, FELICIA A. | RURAL KENYAN LUO WOMEN’S LIVED EXPERIENCES: AN INTERPRETATION (FARMERS, HOMEMAKERS, RURAL WOMEN, WOMEN’S GROUPS, PATRIARCHY) | THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO | PHD | 156 | The purpose of this research was to provide insight into the roles of rural Kenyan Luo women as farmers, homemakers, and members of women’s groups. More specifically, this research explored nine rural women’s multiple roles regarding their work/family expectations and responsibilities, especially in relation to family traditions, household tasks, food production, and income-generating activities. Five women in their twenties and four women in their forties were selected from Kendu Bay in western Kenya. Interpretive inquiry based on phenomenology and hermeneutics was used because it fostered exploration of the meaning of daily life experiences from the perspective of those living it. The major method of data collection was in-depth individual interviews using a series of open-ended questions. Each woman was interviewed three times for one to two hours each time. The transcribed texts were shared with the women for clarification and change. A feminist approach was used because it provided for an open, egalitarian relationship between the researcher and the participants which facilitated conversational dialogue. Through the analysis, themes emerged which created a sense of those threads that flowed through rural Kenyan Luo women’s roles as homemakers, farmers, and members of women’s groups, informing their attitudes and behaviors. Patriarchy was an over-arching theme which influenced all aspects of the women’s lives–marriage, work, and children–and seemed to form the base for the other major themes: conformity and struggle. Conformity was necessary to acquire a good name through respect and reciprocity, and to maintain connection to the community by observation of rituals and taboos. Struggle was exhibited in hard work, conflict between old and new values/practices, and their reflections about life. All themes were intertwined and overlapping and were evident throughout the women’s lives. Together they formed a picture which depicted the interdependence and multiplicity in rural Luo Kenyan women’s lives and explained how their lives work for them as they maintain their traditions in a changing world. The voices of the women reiterated the existence of these themes and through a shared perception of their significance and meaning, greater understanding of their lives was created. |
| 1996 | OPONDO, PATRICIA ACHIENG | DODO PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF WOMEN’S ASSOCIATIONS AMONGST THE LUO OF KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH | PHD | 330 | |
| 1996 | OUMA, JOSEPHINE PAMELA ACHIENG’ | INHERITANCE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CHILLING TOLERANCE IN GRAIN SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH) (LANET, KENYA, COLD TOLERANCE, FATTY ACIDS) | MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 133 | Prevailing low night temperature during reproductive phase can cause reproductive failure in sorghum, and predispose genotypes to attack by ergot (caused by Sphacelia spp.). This study was carried Out to determine: changes in fatty acid composition of leaf polar lipids of sorghum in response to chilling temperatures and the mode of inheritance of chilling tolerance as measured by seed-set under low night temperatures. Three genotypes were subjected to 10 or 24$/sp/circ$C for 7 d in walk-in growth chambers and fatty acids were quantified. The contents of 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 fatty acids, and the degree of unsaturation were increased at 10$/sp/circ$C. Contents of palmitic (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), and unsaturated:saturated ratio were unchanged. Linolenic acid (18:3) content of the glycolipid fraction was significantly higher than the phospholipid fraction. There was a higher ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids in monogalactosyldiglyceride compare to digalactosyldiglyceride and the other phospholipid classes. Linoleic acid (18:2) content of phospholipids increased most in the phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidycholine classes. The greatest decrease in 20:0 occurred in the phosphatidylethanolamine class. All genotypes responded to chilling stress with increased degree of unsaturation and contents of 18:2 and 18:3. Field trials were conducted at Lanet, Kenya in 1994 and 1995. Crosses were made between four cold-tolerant cultivars and three cold-susceptible brown mid-rib sorghums. Tropical genotypes had significantly higher seed-set and seed weight panicle$/sp[-1]$ than temperate genotypes, F$/sb2,$ and F$/sb3$ generations. Percent seed-set of the F$/sb2$ and F$/sb3$ generations was $/ge$ the mid-parent values. Dominance variance was higher than additive variance in all crosses. Additive, dominance, and additive x additive genetic effects were important. Average degree of dominance ranged from 0.39 to 0.96 with dominance toward the cold-tolerant parent. Narrow-sense heritability was 0.12 to 0.64 in 1994, and 0 to 0.22 in 1995. One to three loci were estimated to be segregating for cold-tolerance at flowering. Mode of gene action varied with cross; however, dominant, duplicate and complementary gene action were implicated. Improvement in cold-tolerance can be achieved by selecting in the F$/sb2$ generation for % seed-set under low-temperature at the time of flowering. |
| 1996 | PIKE, IVY LYNNE | THE DETERMINANTS OF PREGNANCY OUTCOME FOR NOMADIC TURKANA WOMEN OF KENYA (MATERNAL NUTRITION, INFANT GROWTH) | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON | PHD | 188 | |
| 1996 | RAJAN, FIROZE HASSANALI SOMJEE | LEARNING TO BE INDIGENOUS OR BEING TAUGHT TO BE KENYAN: THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF TEACHING ART AND MATERIAL CULTURE IN KENYA | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 311 | Several independent African states promote teaching of a national culture as one culture and learning about ethnic cultures as separate and distinct aspects of other cultures of the nation. This is often articulated in development philosophies and political discourses that complement both being modern and being ethnic with almost equal emphasis. This dissertation is about learning African culture in the school system in Kenya. The dissertation reviews the historical development of learning about culture in Kenya and particularly about material culture and the arts from pre-Christian and colonial times to post independence. This last period covers the presidencies of Jomo Kenyatta (1963-1978) and Daniel arap Moi (1978-1996). Exemplification of this learning is investigated first at the general national level and then at three particular regions comprising an all Christian, third and fourth generation school-going agriculturist community, a first generation school-going pastoralist nomadic community and a multi-ethnic urban community. In the three regions, the study examines the present situation as it is in the classroom at the level of contact between the art teacher and the pupil in primary schools during the formative years of children’s growth. This also spans the period described as the golden years of children’s art. Through qualitative and quantitative material and analyses of political discourses and educational and cultural policy documents. The thesis demonstrates that the art and craft curriculum follows the presidential philosophy of Nyayoism. In theory this philosophy promotes modernization and maintenance of indigenous traditions but in practice leans towards modernization, in actual terms, Europeanization. Modernization is attempting to create one Kenyan national culture using schools as a vehicle. The research demonstrates how the present national cultural heritage curriculum focusing on material culture is not likely to be an effective arts educational tool and a medium for transmission of indigenous aesthetic knowledge in three school sites representing three broad cultures and traditions of Kenya i.e. agriculturist, pastoralist and multi-ethnic urban |
| 1996 | SELLEN, DANIEL MARC | PRODUCER RETURNS FROM RESEARCH AND ADVERTISING: THE CASE OF COLOMBIAN MILDS COFFEE | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | PHD | 202 | For more than a decade, many producers of tropical products have suffered from intense competition, stagnant demand, and declining prices. Developing countries, faced with large external debts and economic structural adjustment, have put export promotion high on their list of development priorities. in particular, the declining value of coffee exports has adversely affected welfare in many developing countries. Two strategies with potential to increase producer surplus are investment in advertising (a demand shifter) and investment in research (a supply shifter). Although conceptually similar, two distinct bodies of economic literature have developed the theory and empirically measured gains from these two investments. This study synthesizes these two streams of research within a single discussion and analysis. A model conceptualizes and measures gains from applied research and generic commodity advertising with the aim of deriving investment rules for each in a small, open economy. Combining examples of Kenyan and Colombian coffee producers and North American coffee importers, the study presents an empirical demonstration of the theory with implications for export promotion policy. Results show that Kenya should increase investment in coffee research. Colombia should invest in advertising, but not research. |
| 1996 | SIMIYU, SILAS MASINDE | INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL STUDY OF THE CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHERN KENYA RIFT (TANZANIA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO | PHD | 240 | A significant amount of geophysical and geological data have been recently gathered around the Kenya rift, primarily associated as a result of the Kenya Rift International Seismic Project (KRISP). These data indicate the presence of a major mantle seismic velocity anomaly and crustal thickening beneath the Kenya dome, an uplift centered on the southern part of the Kenya rift. Detailed crustal studies north of the dome show thinning of the crust northward with an increase in lithospheric extension. This study employed refraction and teleseismic data from KRISP, surface geology, gravity data from the UTEP data base and 5,600 new gravity measurements, drill hole data from geothermal exploration wells, and mantle xenolith and petrochemical results to constrain the construction of integrated cross-sectional models of lithosphere by gravity modeling. The approach taken in this study was to first interpret the deep regional tectonics affecting the whole of the East African Plateau on which the Kenya rift is superimposed. It was important to understand rifting in the broader context of the East African Plateau and the interplay between mantle and crustal structures and their contribution to the full spectrum of gravity anomalies. The long wavelength anomalies associated with mantle structures were modeled in a regional sense and the remaining short wavelength anomalies of crustal origin were then modeled in detail. An updated data base of more than 156,000 gravity reading was used to construct a Bouguer anomaly map, a suite of filtered gravity maps and regional profiles across the East African Plateau which were modeled. These models together with gravity maps demonstrate lithospheric thinning beneath the rift valleys and suggest the existence of a deep mantle anomaly centered beneath the East African Plateau associated with the Tanzania craton. The mantle anomaly is widely believed to be a plume and our models indicate that the diameter of its head at 130km depth is about 600 km. In our models, two arms from the plume head with a diameter less than 250 km penetrate the lithosphere to shallow levels under the rifts. In the western rift and the southern part of the Kenya rift (Tanzania), the mantle anomaly is deeper than under Kenya. This study provides additional evidence that the long wavelength Bouguer gravity anomaly over the East African Plateau can be explained by lithospheric heating and thinning by thermal erosion of the cratonic root. A regional model along the axis of the Kenya rift suggests that the rift is propagating southwards into central Tanzania. The result of detailed integrated interpretation of the crustal structure of the southern Kenya rift show the following: (1) there is no north-south crustal thickness symmetry with respect to the apex of the Kenya dome along the rift axis; (2) the rift graben master fault is on the western flank and there is no evidence for half-graben polarity (master fault side) reversals along the entire southern part of the Kenya rift; (3) the pre-existing lithospheric contrast between the Archean and Precambrian tectonic grains plays a significant role in the rift’s location and structural geometry; (4) along axis crustal thickness is less related to crustal thickening by underplating than pre-rift crustal type and thickness. |
| 1996 | SLAY, KAY DENISE | A CHEMICAL STEW FOR EAST AFRICAN FARMERS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF KENYAN HIGHLAND FARMERS AND CANCERS OF THE NOSE AND THROAT | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON | MA | 111 | The hypothesis of this thesis is that there is a relationship between use of agro-chemicals by Kenyan farmers and the high rate of nose and throat cancers experienced by this population. After identifying suspected key factors and weaving together their historically documented confluences, the method of Rules of Inference in Epidemiology is applied to the hypothesis to evaluate indicators of a causal relationship. The factors identified as indicators of this causal relationship include (1) physical isolation of tribes, (2) colonial plantation farms in areas of traditional tribal lands, (3) squatters (Kenyan men required to work as farm laborers), (4) agro-chemical introduction/use and (5) occurrence of nose and throat cancers in men. These factors interwoven within a time-frame and observed with the detachment of several decades affords the researcher a perspective not previously attainable |
| 1996 | WANJOHI, ELSIE WAIRIMU | PERCEPTIONS OF AGRICULTURE STUDENTS FROM KENYA TOWARD THEIR USE OF METHODS AND MEDIA FOR COMMUNICATING AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION | OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY | EDD | 103 | Scope and method of study. Between October 1995 and January 1996, a survey of Kenya students studying in agriculture-related programs in the U.S and Canada was conducted to determine the perceptions of methods and media used in communicating agricultural information in Kenya. The study also sought the participants’ perceptions of the usefulness, effectiveness, future use, problems and hindrances encountered in using methods and media, and training needs of the selected methods and media. The response rate was 81 percent. Findings and conclusions. Of the nine selected methods, they were found to be effective and frequently used. The respondents indicated they sometimes used media and perceived them as effective. Of anticipated use of methods and media, the respondents would primarily like to use video tapes and field days. The respondents indicated that critical problems and hindrances exist, especially transport, access, and training. The study findings showed there is need for additional training especially in the use of the selected media. |
| 1996 | SKELTON, SHAUN | THE EFFICACY OF COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES ON HEALTH INNOVATION IN RURAL KENYA (RURAL COMMUNITIES) | THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 202 | |
| 1996 | VERSCHUREN, DIRK | RECENT AND LATE-HOLOCENE PALEOLIMNOLOGY OF LAKES NAIVASHA AND SONACHI, KENYA (HOLOCENE, LAKE NAIVASHA, LAKE SONACHI) | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 320 | Lakes Naivasha and Sonachi (Eastern Rift, Kenya) together form a complex of four limnologically and sedimentologically distinct, but hydrologically interconnected shallow lake basins: the main basin of Lake Naivasha, Crescent Island Crater, Lake Oloidien, and Lake Sonachi. This system constitutes a natural laboratory to study how basin hydrology, morphometry, mixing regime, and sedimentation patterns affect the formation and preservation of climate-proxy signatures in the lake-sediment record. This study calibrates climate-proxy signatures in $/sp[210]$Pb-dated sediment profiles from each basin against documentary evidence of climatically driven lake-level and salinity change over the past century. The results demonstrate that continuity and temporal resolution of a climate-proxy record strongly depend on the persistence and quality of the local depositional environment, as determined by the physical and chemical limnology of the particular lake basin. Further it is found that at all timescales gradual environmental change will be recorded as an apparent steplike event when change in the selected climate proxy is controlled by limnological or sedimentological thresholds. Calibration of the recent sediment record in all four basins is then used to interpret the lithostratigraphy of an 8.20 m-long sediment profile from Crescent Island Crater, representing the last 1500 years of climatic history in equatorial East Africa. Ecological aspects of the dissertation focus on the potential of fossil assemblages of aquatic invertebrates to resolve past water-level fluctuations in African lakes on a timescale of decades. Analysis of the stratigraphic distribution of fossil Chironomidae, Ostracoda, and Cladocera in recent sediments of lakes Oloidien and Sonachi form the basis for an investigation of the mechanisms regulating aquatic-invertebrate communities of shallow fluctuating lakes in tropical Africa. The results indicate that in addition to salinity, also mixing regime and availability of preferred substrate are important proximate causative factors driving the immigration, local expansion, and extinction of individual invertebrate species. It is argued that analysis of fossil invertebrate assemblages can be a valuable complement to quantitative methods of paleosalinity inference because of its ability to reconstruct lake-level change independently from salinity change. |
| 1996 | TYNDALL, BRADLEY P. | THE ANATOMY OF INNOVATION ADOPTION: THE CASE OF SUCCESSFUL AGROFORESTRY IN EAST AFRICA (GREVILLEA ROBUSTA, OAK, KENYA, FARMING) | COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 212 | |
| 1996 | TURAY, THOMAS MARK | PEACE EDUCATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | MA | 159 | This study was designed to examine alternative ways in which NGOs in Kenya offer peace education programmes for adults, with a view to identifying basic characteristics underlying these programmes and applying them to a West African country. Using a qualitative case study approach, the study examined the African Association for Literacy and Adult Education and Abantu for Development. The data are based on documentary analysis, observations, semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Major concepts (development, adult education, non-formal education and non-governmental organization) are defined. A theoretical overview of ‘peace education’ and ‘peace research’ is also provided. The study involved a detailed descriptive analysis of the organizations’ structures, programmes and activities, and their major accomplishments and constraints. The findings reveal that both organizations conceptualized ‘peace’ and ‘peace education’ from very broad perspectives and provided diverse peace education programmes for adults. |
| 1996 | TAYLOR, SANDRA | CULTURAL APPLICATION OF THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE IN THE TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE (KENYA) | SAINT MARY’S UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 172 | One of the main critiques of the process of the transfer of knowledge is that little consideration is given to the cultural context in which the knowledge is to be integrated and applied. This study promotes the inclusion of the cultural dimension in all phases of international development planning. Before transferring the specific theoretical principles of practice to another curriculum, baseline data are gathered. These data identify the parameters of socio-cultural factors which influence the content and context of international development planning. The theoretical component of this research identifies culture as a system of symbolic meaning and views culture as an organizing system for society. Qualitative methodology is selected to gather and analyze data and a case study is described. A health profession program from a Canadian university and a similar post-secondary education program in Kenya, Africa, initiated a proposal for a partnership project which involved the transfer of current theoretical knowledge from the Canadian program to the Kenyan health profession program. The themes which emerge in the analyzed data concur closely with a conceptual framework of cultural inquiry. In response to the need to reflect the centrality of culture in various dimensions of international planning, it is recommended that this framework serve as a useful guide for identifying socio-cultural factors. Knowledge of the socio-cultural factors will serve as valuable baseline data in guiding further planning, research and practice |
| 1996 | SWALLOW, KIMBERLY ANNE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INSTITUTIONS, AND TECHNIQUE CHANGE: INTENSIFICATION OF CATTLE-FEEDING TECHNIQUES BY THE GIRIAMA OF KENYA’S COAST PROVINCE (DEVELOPMENT) | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 384 | In order to strengthen economic development policy, abroad definition of economic development is offered: the mutually reinforcing increase in collective institution-building and individual ends-meeting capacities. A conceptual framework based on this definition is presented that unites into a cohesive whole concepts from literature on economic development, technique change, and collective action. The framework is focused on the institution-building capacity of a group of resource users and the ends-meeting capacities of the group’s members. The elements of the framework are: extra-local factors such as national policy; physical-technical factors; the characteristics of the broader local social system; the characteristics of the resource-user group; the group’s institutional regime; and short-term patterns of interaction and production. To flesh out linkages between elements of the conceptual framework, a case study was done of the Giriama of Kenya’s Coast Province. Emphasis was placed on one Giriama village located in the coconut-cassava agro-ecological zone. An historical analysis of the economic development of the Giriama was done using secondary literature. Field work focused on understanding short-term patterns of interaction and production behavior with respect to cattle-feeding techniques. Quantitative data was provided by single-visit questionnaire interviews and longitudinal monitoring. Analysis focused on the factors that affected use of a variety of means of access to others’ land and feeds. Customarily, interactions over access to fellow villagers’ fallowed land and crop residues for cattle grazing took place in the public-action sector. Intensification of land use and the emergence of commercial-dairying meant that land owners placed increasing value on their fallow growth and residues such that they began to look for ways of realizing, if only gradually, the exclusive rights implied by the title deeds that they held. Indeed, it was found that the majority of interactions over access to others’ land or feeds were not conducted through the public-action sector. Rather they were conducted through bargaining transactions that represented the grey area between the three collectively-defined action sectors: private, public, and collective. One factor that affected the adoption of commercial dairying was the greater tendency for interactions over feeds for these enterprises to be conducted in the collective- or private-action sectors, or the grey area between them. The factors that affected the capacity of the village to choose and implement institutions to define action sectors for transactions over land and feeds were analyzed, and implications for policy were examined. |
| 1996 | STOCK, WADE STEVEN | CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION AND RAPD MARKER DEVELOPMENT FOR TAN SPOT RESISTANCE IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM, PYRENOPHORA TRITICI REPENTIS) | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | MSC | 109 | The overall objectives of this thesis were to determine the number and chromosome location of tan spot Pyrenophora tritici-repentis died, necrosis resistance gene(s) in the cultivar wheat Chinese Spring (CS) and to develop RAPD markers for identified gene(s). CS (resistant/insenstive) and Kenya Farmer (KF) (susceptible/sensitive) have contrasting reactions to the P. tritici-repentis isolate 86-124 (nec$/sp[+]$chl$/sp[-]$) and Ptr necrosis toxin, respectively. Analysis of F$/sb1$, F$/sb2$ and F$/sb2$-derived F$/sb3$ families from the reciprocal cross CS/KF identified a single, nuclear, recessive gene governing resistance to isolate 86-124 and Ptr necrosis toxin. It was proposed that the necrosis resistance gene be named tsn1. No linkage existed between the leaf rust resistance gene Lr18, previously mapped to chromosome 5BL, and tsn1. The identification of a single resistance gene allowed the opportunity to develop a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. The genomic DNA of CS and KF were screened with 420 arbitrary sequence 10-mer primers. Since a low level of genomic polymorphism (10.6 percent) was resolved with agarose gel electrophoresis, a sub-set of 74 primers was analyzed using temperature sweep gel electrophoresis (TSGE). TSGE resolved 73 genomic polymorphisms. Two polymorphisms specific to chromosome 5B sequences were identified between CS and CS(KF 5B). RAPD analysis was conducted using a single plant from each of 65 F$/sb2$-derived F$/sb3$ families from the reciprocal crosses CS/KF and CS/CS(KF 5B). Each F$/sb2$-derived F$/sb3$ family was homogeneous for disease reaction to both the isolate 86-124 and Ptr necrosis toxin. Linkage analysis identified that the polymorphic fragments amplified by the primers UBC195 and UBC102 were 23.4 $/pm$ 5.7 cM and 27.4 $/pm$ 6.9 cM from tsn1, respectively. USC195 and UBC102 were tightly linked, 4.2 $/pm$ 2.5 cM apart. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1996 | MUIRURI, PERLITA WARUTHU | AN EXAMINATION OF KENYA’S ATTEMPTEDTRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY | THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY MA | MA | 151 | |
| 1996 | KAREITHI, PETER JONES | POWER WITH RESPONSIBILITY: A FRAMEWORK FOR A FREE AND DEMOCRATIC PRESS IN AFRICA (KENYA, ZAMBIA) | UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS | PHD | 276 | As political liberalization spreads through Africa, there arises the urgent question of what to do with the continent’s existing undemocratic press systems. What should be the fate of government- and party-owned radio and television stations andnewspapers? Who should decide what should or should not be broadcast or published by such media under the new regimes? How, if at all, can previously undemocratic institutions be turned into tools for promoting anddefending democracy? What kind of new media are required in the struggle for democracy on the continent? What lessons learned from Africa’s past history, and from media systems elsewhere in the world, can benefit this process? This dissertation is an attempt to provide answers to these questions and lay out some of the options that should frame thetheorizing about the role of the press in a pluralistic African society. The dissertation combines political economy and critical cultural studies to examine the application of competing development and press theories in Africa and their implications for the media in the continent. Itconceives news as socially produced knowledge and explores the origins of thenotion of news as objective truth versus that of news as ideology, and the implications of these notions for the role of the media in thedemocratic process in Africa. Two case studies–Kenya and Zambia–are used to tryand explain the historical circumstances and economic, political and social context in which the current press system in African developed; howthose factors overdetermined the press, and how the factors were, in turen, overdetermined by the press. Toward the end, it examines the philosophy underlying some of the foreign aid-driven efforts to reform the Africa press and the possible direction of such reforms. Finally, it offers an alternative social democratic press model based on Africa’s unique political, social and economic conditions–a model that emphasizespublic information as a social product, rather than a private commodity for sale–and conceives media that are an integral part of other social institutions, rather than independent of them. |
| 1996 | KELLY, ALISON JACQUELINE | INTRA-REGIONAL AND INTER-REGIONAL VARIABILITY IN THE EAST TURKANA (KENYA) AND KENYAN MIDDLE STONE AGE | RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY – NEW BRUNSWICK | PHD | 486 | In this research, a systematic technological analysis of six Middle Stone Age lithic assemblages from East Turkana, Kenya and five previously excavated Kenyan Middle Stone Age assemblages from Prospect Farm, Prolonged Drift, Lukenya Hill, and Muguruk wasundertaken. The study both expanded the archaeological evidence available for this relatively understudied part of African, but made it possible to assess the role of different variables in creating previously observed differences in the morphology and typology of Middle Stone Age assemblages. Specifically, by holding levels of site disturbance and raw material constant, it was possible to examine the role of raw material procurement and transport, degrees of lithic reduction, and lithic manufacturing techniques in influencing assemblage variability. The results indicate that on both the intra-regional and inter-regionallevels in Kenya, Middle Stone Age assemblage variability results almost exclusively from the patterning of raw material procurement andtransport and the degree to which raw materials are reduced. Little role is played by the adoption of different manufacturing techniques. In fact, the only two techniques which seem to have been utilized were prepared/Levallois and casual core reduction. Moreover, a preliminary exploration of Middle Stone Age assemblages from other regions of Africa produced similar findings. Lastly, a comparison of Middle Stone Age lithic reduction tactics and techniques patterns to those found within the Acheulian and the Later Stone Age indicates that, while the Middle Stone Age patternis somewhat more complex than that of the Acheulian, it is not as variableas that found within the Later Stone Age. The less variable Middle StoneAge pattern of technological organization may exist because earlyanatomically modern Homo sapiens were not as behaviorally complex as later humans. On the other hand, Middle Stone Age hominids may not have been subjected to the same selection pressures as later modern humans and therefore maynot have developed the same technological adaptations. Until future researchers examine the variables which may have led to the differencesin Middle Stone Age lithic technology observed here, however, it will be difficult to determine which, if either, of these arguments is correct. |
| 1996 | KOYAME, MUNGBALEMWE | TAX EVASION AND THE DEMAND FOR CURRENCY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A PANEL STUDY OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 110 | The purpose of this dissertation is to empirically analyze the relationship between tax rates and tax evasion and tomeasure the magnitude of tax evasion in several African countries. I build a taxpayer behavioral model based on income tax evasion by combining the utility maximization approach initiated by Allingham and Sandmo in 1972 and the currency-equation approach initiated by Tanzi in 1980. The sizeof the underground economy is used as proxy for tax evasion. The model results in a currency-equation that is estimated using data from a panel of eight African countries (Zaire, Botswana, Malawi, Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Senegal and Nigeria). The study covers the period 1979-1990.The estimated currency-equation is, then, used to test the effect of changes in tax rates on tax evasion and to measure the size of the underground economy and the magnitude of income tax evasion for each of the eight countries. The results of this study show that tax rate has aconflicting effect on tax evasion depending on how the tax variable is measured.When the top bracket statutory tax rate is used as the tax variable, tax rate has a positive effect on tax evasion. However, when the effective income and total tax rates are used as tax variables, tax rate has a negative effect on tax evasion. This study also shows that, due to socio-cultural factors, taxpayers in former British colonies evade less taxes than taxpayers in former Non-British colonies. The measured size of the underground economy as percent of GNP is about 17.5 percent in Zaire,2.4 percent in Malawi, 1.5 percent in Botswana, 9.4 percent in Zambia, 3.5 percent in Kenya, 3.2 percent in Zimbabwe, 10.2 percent in Senegal, and 8.3 percent in Nigeria. While, the measured magnitude of income tax evasion as percent of GNP is about 0.7 percent in Zaire, 0.2 percent in Malawi and Kenya, 0.3 percent in Botswana and Zambia, 0.4 percent in Zimbabwe and Nigeria, and 0.5 percent in Senegal. This study’s outcomes can be used in the sampled countries for the improvement of the managing of the economy, of the measurement of macroeconomic variables, and in the prescription of economic policy. |
| 1996 | LEWIS, SIMON KEITH | BY EUROPE, OUT OF AFRICA: WHITE WOMEN WRITERS ON FARMS AND THEIR AFRICAN INVENTION (OLIVE SCHREINER, KAREN BLIXEN, ELSPETH HUXLEY, DORIS LESSING, NADINE GORDIMER, SOUTH AFRICA, DENMARK, ENGLAND, ZIMBABWE) | UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA | PHD | 373 | By Europe, Out of Africa: White Women Writers onFarms and Their African Invention analyzes the cultural role of white women writers on farms in Africa, paying particular attention to the inventive oscillations in their work. Focussing on Olive Schreiner and KarenBlixen, but extending beyond them to Elspeth Huxley, Doris Lessing, and Nadine Gordimer, the study takes its structure from Blixen’s famous opening to Out of Africa, ‘I had a farm in Africa,’ and deconstructs the apparent simplicity and certainty of that statement. Section one shows how the ability to talk as ‘I’ involves complex negotiations of racial, gender, and class identity. While Blixen’s African experience enables her toforge an aristocratic identity by representing the loss of her farm in termsof pastoral elegy, the mission-raised Schreiner presents her farm with relentless realism, looking for her Utopia in the future when women can take their place in the world without restriction. Section two, leaning heavily on the work of Raymond Williams in The Country and the City,looks at the politics of landscape in Schreiner and Blixen, attempting toweigh the ideological baggage that comes with literary accounts of rural lifein English. A comparison between Elspeth Huxley’s detective fiction, Doris Lessing’s The Grass is Singing, and Blixen’s account of the death of a Kenyan farm-laborer called Kitosch shows how the European discourses of ethnography, detective fiction, and colonial law all work together to claim disciplinary control over Africa and Africans. Section threeargues that ‘Africa’ is a European invention, remarkably consistently used by Europeans as a site to write their own history. Ranging from images of Africa in Vergil and Petrarch, through what Martin Bernal calls the ‘fabrication’ of Ancient Greece from 1785 on, to the canonical status of the racist image of Africa in Heart of Darkness, this section concludes that Europeans have not just written themselves through ‘African’ experience, but attempted to write themselves into the African landscape through their graves and memorials. |
| 1996 | LUVAGA, EBBY SIMANI | A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FACTORS RELATED TO ECONOMIC EDUCATION IN HARAMBEE AND GOVERNMENT SECONDARY SCHOOLS OFBUNGOMA DISTRICT, KENYA | OHIO UNIVERSITY | PHD | 130 | The study investigates the extent to which theteaching of economics in the secondary schools of Bungoma District, Kenya is related to the type of school; teachers’ highest degree earned and in services attended; gender of student population; and teachers’ attitudes toward conditions under which economics is offered to students. The subjects were 129 teachers of economics and economics-related subjects from Harambee, Private and Government schools of Bungoma District. A 26-item questionnaire survey was used to reach the target population.The survey consisted of three parts: (1) The School; (2) Demographic Data;and (3) The Economics Program. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select schools from the five Divisions of Bungoma District, and a random sample of teachers to respond to the questionnaire. Statistical results from Independent t-tests reveal that there are no differences in themean scores of teachers from Harambee and Government schools in regard to frequencies of in service attended and attitudes toward conditions under which economics is offered to students. Cross tabulation results alsoshow that there is no relationship between the type of school, the gender of the student population, the academic certification by teachers, and the offering of economics to students. Differences that are insinuated in the literature could be attributed to chance. Open-ended questions and comments reveal that economics as is taught in Kenya falls short of equipping students with the necessary skills to be better citizens. The emphasis placed on preparing for national examinations has clouded the main reason for learning and understanding economics. Similarly, issuesof limited resources, overcrowded curriculum and the apathy of studentsneed to be resolved before economics can be better established. The research recommends bilateral feedback from both teachers and students; anin-depth look at economics under the new 8.4.4 system; inclusion of materials by local authors in the syllabus to alleviate the fear of economics; and training teachers of economics. Suggestions for future research include replicating the study nationally using a large sample; educatingteachers on survey taking; studying the impact that the examination system has on the teaching of economics; and studying the infusion technique ofteaching economics. |
| 1996 | MASINDE, GODFRED LUBANO | THE DYNAMICS OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUMVARIATION IN WESTERN KENYA (VACCINES, MALARIA) | TULANE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 85 | In an area of intense transmission, a malaria vaccine could reduce infection due to the parasite types represented in the vaccine, but have no detectable effect on the overall frequency of infection if there were multiple parasite types and immunization did not protect against heterologous parasites. These studies were performed to determine whether immunization with SPf66 decreased infection with parasites containing the 11 amino acid peptide from merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) present in SPf66, or increased infection due to heterologous parasites containing alternate (heterologous) MSP-1 sequences. Based on this 11 amino acid peptide (YSLFQ KEKMVL) from MSP-1 in SPf66, 3 forward primers (S,Q,V) were designed to amplify the MSP-1 sequence present in SPf66, and 3 additional forward primers (G,H,I) to amplify the alternative MSP-1 sequence (YGLFHKEKMIL). This strategy was validated by PCR amplification and dideoxy sequencing with 14 cloned laboratory isolates, which demonstrated that each of the 6 forwardprimers amplified one MSP-1 sequence or the other, but not both. This technique was then used to examine filter paper blots from an SPf66 vaccine studyof 85 subjects in Saradidi, KENYA. In that study, the prevalence ofinfection with YSLFQKEKMVL or YGLFHKEKMIL type parasites was unaffected by immunization with SPf66 (based on amplification with the S and G primers $/rm/lbrack p/ge 0.12$ as analyzed by chi-square), the Q and H primers $/rm/lbrack p/ge 0.13/rbrack ,$ or the V and I primers $/rm/lbrack p/ge 0.18/rbrack ).$ These results suggest that SPf66 does not exert a selective effect in vivo. Because the Block 1 sequence in SPf66 istypical for the MAD20 and RO33 allotypes of MSP-1 (YSLFQKEKMVL), immunizationwith SPf66 should select for the alternative K1 allotype in Block 1 of MSP-1 (YGLFHKEKMIL), and may by linkage also select for K1 (increase the frequency of K1) in the adjacent Block 2 of MSP-1. To test thishypothesis we typed parasites by PCR using MSP-1 allele-specific primers flanking Block 2 to distinguish K1, MAD20 and RO33 parasites. The results ofthese studies indicate that there were no significant differences in the frequencies of these Block 2 allotypes among persons who received SPf66 im, SPf66 sc or the placebo (hepatitis B vaccine im) $/rm (p/ge 0.17).$ These findings suggest that immunization with SPf66 also does not exerta selective effect on Block 2 of MSP-1 in vivo. As a control we used PCRto amplify the polymorphic Block 3 region of MSP-2. Because MSP-2 is on a different chromosome from MSP-1, there should be no linkage between selection for Block 2 MSP-1 allotypes after immunization with SPf66 and the frequencies of different Block 3 MSP-2 types. We found nosignificant differences among 10 MSP-2 genotypes between SPf66 im and placebo, or between SPf66 sc and placebo $/rm (p/ge 0.1$ by Fisher’s exact test). We found a significant difference between genotype 548/559 for SPf66 im and placebo or between SPf66 sc and placebo, prior to immunization withSPf66 (p = 0.05 and 0.03 respectively). Because these samples were collected before immunization with SPf66, the effect could not be due to immunization with SPf66. These studies have developed a molecular method to indirectly assess vaccine efficacy. |
| 1996 | MBAGA, LENNO MWAMBURA | ASSESSMENT OF FORMAL AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN KENYA: INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION ON KENYA’S YOUTH CAREER CHOICES AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF FARMING CAREERS | THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 130 | |
| 1996 | MBATIA, PAUL NYAGA | PROVISION OF HEALTH CARE BY THE STATE INKENYA: A FRAGILE STATE VERSUS CIVIL SOCIETY | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 285 | |
| 1996 | MBUGUA-MURITHI, JUSTINA TATA | STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL: WOMEN, EDUCATION AND SELF-HELP GROUPS IN KENYA | OHIO UNIVERSITY | PHD | 151 | The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify the survival strategies adopted by rural women in Kenya to obtain education and economic opportunities in order to enhance the quality of life and economic well being for themselves and their families. Thestudy also established the educational backgrounds and socio-economic needsand achievements of the women and their families. The major question of this research was: What survival strategies do women adopt in order toovercome their economic and educational disadvantages? Four research questionswere used to address the investigation of the main question. This study triangulated with three sets of instruments for data collection: (1) a written survey or questionnaire, (2) structured and semi-structured and group-focused interviews, and (3) personal observation. A total of 204or 85% of women were surveyed. Six of the respondents were further interviewed. Frequencies, percentages, means, averages, Chi-square statistics and analysis of variance were coupled with qualitative data from interviews and personal observations to analyze, summarize and make recommendations of this research study. The data analysis revealed that the typology of women participating in the women’s groups in the 1990shas changed and they now have more younger, single and well educated women than in the past. Chi-square statistics further revealed that there were significant associations between the level of women’s education and the number of children they had with their attitude towards education. The survival strategies adopted by the women included utilizing thediversity of talents from among their membership and the learning of skills thatare integrated with the goals of the group. Recommendations included appropriate and relevant training of the women with future research focusing on the investigation of the success, failure, duplication and effectiveness of women’s groups in both rural and urban settings. The educational component of these groups remains of vital importance for governments, donor organizations and grassroots agencies. |
| 1996 | MELTON, JERRY WEARY | THE INFLUENCE OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATIONON FORENSIC DNA TYPING (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE) | THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 256 | The extent of variation and heterogeneity in the hypervariable control region of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was investigated in 2,602 individuals from 39 African, Asian, and Europeanor European-derived populations for the purpose of determining the utilityof the mtDNA locus for forensic DNA typing. Sequence-specificoligonucleotide (SSO) typing, a non-radioactive hybridization method, was used to detect polymorphic nucleotide variation in a 1.1 kilobase mtDNA control region polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product amplified from the genomic DNAof maternally unrelated individuals, while other SSO types were inferredfrom published nucleotide sequence data. Analyses of molecular variance(AMOVA) incorporating measures of genetic distance between SSO types were usedto partition the total variation into variation among populations and variation within populations. Overall, most populations displayed high diversity for SSO types, with mean diversity for continental groups exceeding 0.94, while the frequency of types which occurred in more than 10% of individuals in any population was low. However, some African populations displayed low diversity for both SSO types and nucleotide sequences. Heterogeneity was absent for European populations (p $>$ 0.001), although there was a single type which was observed atfrequencies of $>$18% in all populations. Statistically significant heterogeneitywas minimal for Asian populations (4.5%; p $<$ 0.002) and substantial for African populations (30%; p $<$ 0.001). When considering that adesirable locus for forensic DNA typing should have (1) high diversity, (2) low frequency of population-specific types, and (3) low heterogeneity, we concluded that mtDNA is a valuable locus for forensic DNA typing in all populations, especially European and Asian populations, but that further sampling of forensically significant African-derived populations ofNorth America is needed, especially given that the populations sampled forthis study included many African populations possessing SSO types not likelyto be observed in North America. In addition to the above analyses, thiswork includes a study of the genetic affinities of modern Polynesians with southeast Asian populations determined by mtDNA analysis, and a study of mtDNA nucleotide sequence variation in the pastoralist Mukogodo of central Kenya. |
| 1996 | MILLER, ELLEN RUTH | MAMMALIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF AN OLD WORLD MONKEY LOCALITY, WADI MOGHARA, EARLY MIOCENE, EGYPT (NORTH AFRICA) | WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 372 | Wadi Moghara is a fossil locality with a mammalian fauna that has not been studied since the preliminary work of Fourtau in the early part of this century (Fourtau, 1918, 1920). Faunal comparisons were made between fossil mammals from Moghara and selected other Miocene faunas from Africa and Eurasia, in order to determine which mammals were present at Moghara, and the temporal and biogeographic relationships of the Moghara fauna. New fossil specimens are described and a systematic revision of the Moghara mammals is presented. Results from testing temporal hypotheses showed that the Moghara fauna is about 18-17 Ma, roughly the same age as the fauna from Rusinga Island, Kenya. Resultsfrom testing biogeographic hypotheses showed that there no evidence insupport of the proposition that a North African Faunal Province existed in the Miocene. Instead, early Miocene North African localities appear similarto each other because they are part of a larger Rusingan faunal complex. Biogeographic analyses also highlighted the fact that the Moghara faunais unusual in being dominated by a diverse array of anthracotheres, a phenomenon probably attributable to the fact that the reconstructed paleoenvironment of Moghara as a wooded fluviatile system likely represents ideal anthracothere habitat. The Moghara fauna contains two kinds of primates: an early cercopithecoid, Prohylobates tandyi, and anas yet unnamed hominoid. Study of the morphology and systematics of the Moghara primates, and a preliminary assessment of their paleobiology, indicated that: (1) only one genus of early Miocene monkey,Prohylobates, can currently be recognized; (2) P. tandyi is older than some species of Prohylobates but probably does not represent the earliest evidence foran Old World monkey; (3) early cercopithecoids appear to have beenassociated primarily with wooded fluviatile systems; (4) early Miocene apes apparently made use of a number of paleoenvironments not used by the first cercopithecoids; (5) the disparity in distribution and diversity ofearly Miocene apes versus monkeys likely reflects a paleobiological reality of the early Miocene; (6) members of Prohylobates have transitional morphologies that make them structurally intermediate between a basal catarrhine ancestry and modern cercopithecoids. |
| 1996 | KARANU, FRANCIS NYAGAH | HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS: PROTEASE ANTIGENS AND INVOLVEMENT OF CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTES IN PROTECTIVE IMMUNERESPONSES | WASHINGTON STATEUNIVERSITY | PHD | 77 | Haemonchus contortus is a significantgastrointestinal nematode pathogen of sheep and goats worldwide. Methods to control H. contortus infections heavily rely on use of anthelmintics to which the parasite is able to rapidly develop resistance. Vaccination against H. contortus is an alternative approach that could contribute significantly to control efforts. However, lack of information of parasite antigensand mechanisms of protective immunity greatly hinder the practicalapplication of this approach. The goals of this project were to (1) identify and characterize protease antigens released in excretory-secretory (ES) products of adult H. contortus, with the aim of evaluating theirpotential to induce protective immunity and (2) investigate the requirement ofCD4+ T lymphocytes in the protective immune responses induced by gut antigens from adult worms. Protease antigens in ES products were investigatedusing Kenya isolates of H. contortus, and compared with previouslycharacterized ES proteases from a USA isolate of the parasite. Extensive inter- and intraisolate heterogeneity in H. contortus ES proteases was demonstrated involving Mr, pH characteristics and protease classification. These experiments did not identify ES proteases that are conserved among disparate geographic isolates of H. contortus. Therefore, ES proteasesdid not meet a basic criteria to be considered as vaccine candidates.Antigens derived from the gut of H. contortus were shown by others to induce protective immunity against the parasite. Understanding the mechanismsof that immunity may contribute to development of vaccines against H. contortus. Therefore, in the second part of this research, therequirement of CD4+ T lymphocytes in protective immune responses induced by gut antigens was investigated. Gut antigen-immunized animals were significantly depleted of CD4+ T lymphocytes by intravenous injectionof a mAb which recognizes the CD4 surface antigen. Results demonstrated that CD4+ T lymphocytes contribute to immunity induced by gut antigens, but also suggested that antibody works synergistically with the CD4+ T lymphocytes to confer the protective immunity. With these results, specific parasite proteins capable of stimulating protective CD4+ T lymphocyte responses in sheep and goats can be identified. |
| 1996 | MUCHIRI, ERIC MICENI | EVALUATION AND VALIDATION OF DIPSTICKHEMATURIA BY REAGENT STRIPS, AND EFFECT OF TREATMENT IN A COMMUNITY-BASED SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM PROGAM IN AN ENDEMIC AREA OF KENYA | CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES) | PHD | 115 | The primary objective of this study was to evaluatethe use of dipstick hematuria as a surrogate for S. haematobium infectionfor a chemotherapy-based control program in an endemic area. Children aged 4 to 19 years in schools with or without treatment programs for schistosomiasis, and a subgroup of villagers were examined to determine the impact of chemotherapy on sensitivity and specificity of dipstickfor detection of schistosomiasis. Overall, the dipstick hematuria was sensitive (92.2%) and specific (86.1%) in schools in villages with high prevalence of infection whereas in schools with low prevalence the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 77.6% and 97.2%.Sensitivity and specificity were lower (72.7% and 65.1%) for village residents than for school children. In multiple regression analysis to determine independent variables for infection, hematuria by reagent strips was the most important indicator of infection in all the study groups. Age, history of past and current hematuria were other factors significantly associated with infection as determined by S. haematobium eggs. The relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve using prevalence in different schools showed the predictive value of dipstick hematuria increased with prevalence of infection. At 35% prevalence of infection, the positive predictive value reagent strips for infection was greater than 80%. Overall, the results confirm that hematuria is an important indicator of S. haematobium infection, and is effective in identifying subjects with morbidity for treatment. Its simplicity in use under field conditions with no requirement for special laboratory equipment, favors the use of reagent strips over the Nuclepore filtration technique in S. haematobium morbidity control program in endemic areas. It is concluded that the approach is feasible for endemic areas, particularly among unscreened populations. |
| 1996 | K’OLEWE, OCHIENG’OLEWE | THE SEARCH FOR RELEVANCE IN THE KENYAN SECONDARY SCHOOL HISTORY: A CASE STUDY OF HOW THE STRUGGLE FOR KENYAN INDEPENDENCE IS EXAMINED | WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY | EDD | 218 | The Kenyan government has continuously recognized the potential socialization role of Kenya’s history, in particular the topic on Kenya’s struggle for independence, as a means of engendering a senseof national consciousness among students. This case study focuses on howthis struggle is examined in the current secondary history syllabus, as part of the effort to formulate and implement a relevant syllabus. A qualitative case study design was used to facilitate the study. Consequently, the findings and results are based on the analysis of a triangulation ofdata, which was collected in Kenya, through interviews, observations, and documents. There were three groups of participants: teachers, administrators, and students. The search for relevance at the syllabus formulation level has meant the partial inclusion of parents andreachers in the process, although it still remains the domain of the Kenya Institute of Education. Also, non-educational factors, particularly in the socio-political environment, has continued to influence what isconsidered relevant. Likewise, topics which are considered controversial–like mau mau–have been omitted. Unlike the pre- 8-4-4 education system, thereare more textbooks written by Kenyans on the struggle. Not only do they provide new information to the students, but they also play asignificant role in perpetuating and reinforcing some of the general historical ‘myths’ about Kenya’s quest for independence. The translation of the syllabus guideline into relevant practice, by teachers, is influenced by their perceptions of their role as teachers of history, their interpretation of the constructs–nationalism and nationalists–and their attitudes towards students learning. Conversely, students perceptions of the relevance of the unit are influenced mainly by the social folklore surrounding the struggle. However, their main interest is in passing exams. In conclusion, the search for a relevant syllabus which relatesthe students lives to what is taught, is hampered by: (1) the alienation of teachers from the formulation process, (2) reification of historical knowledge, (3) the audible silences resulting form the omission of the role of women and the mau mau, and (4) the taken for granted knowledge about what constituted the struggle. |
| 1996 | MUNYAE, MARGARET MARY | GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE RELATIVE INFLUENCEOF JOB REWARDS ON JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL TECHNICIANS IN KENYA | IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 187 | This study sought to apply exchange-based models ofjob satisfaction and organizational commitment developed for industrialized economies to a developing country by testing for differential effects of job rewards on satisfaction and commitment for male and female agricultural technicians in Kenya. Four categories of rewards, namely, intrinsic, organizational extrinsic, convenience extrinsic, and social extrinsic rewards, were analyzed. The analysis commenced with an assessment of gender differences in workplace experiences and in the levels of satisfaction and commitment. This was necessary because the basis for the differential effects of rewards is the existence of equalor higher levels of satisfaction and commitment for women, relative to men, in the presence of dissimilar workplace experiences (with women having inferior experiences). Using t-tests, gender mean differences in job rewards and in satisfaction and commitment were examined. Women werefound to have inferior workplace experiences and to be significantly lower in satisfaction than men. No differences were found for commitment. It was speculated that women’s lower level in satisfaction was due to women comparing themselves to men, the absence of legal legislation to protect women, and women’s inflated expectations due to the gains they have made in education. The lack of differences in commitment was viewed in termsof the limited chances for cross-sectoral mobility and the increasingnumbers of women who are breadwinners. Regression analysis was used to assessthe differential effects of rewards and to construct separate models formales and females utilizing only rewards that were significant in thesubsequent step. The results demonstrated that the exchange-based models of satisfaction and commitment can be applied successfully to a developing economy. Variables from the four categories of rewards had significant effects for both men and women. Overall, the rewards operated similarlyto influence satisfaction for men and women. Their effects on commitment, however, appeared to vary by gender. The separate models explained about 60.5% and 53.4% of the variance in satisfaction for males and females, respectively. For commitment, the explained variances were 59.7% formales and 65.7% for females. |
| 1996 | MUTESHI, JACINTA KHASIALA | WOMEN, LAW AND ENGENDERING RESISTANCE: AN AFRICAN PEDAGOGICAL PROJECT (KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | 222 | As African Kenyan women begin to challenge their current conditions of marginalization, inequality and dependency within the legal arena, they are faced with a difficult and complex task. The Kenyan legal system is a site of multiple bodies of law: customary law, received English common law, Kenyan statutory law and the Kenyan constitution. All these systems of law have developed over time in a context of values, meanings and structures that have been selectively reflective of men’s perspectives and exclusionary of women’s concernsand interests. This thesis is primarily concerned with the Kenyan legalsystem and more specifically with the discourses and practices of African customary law, for as the personal law of the people of Kenya, it is law that Kenyan women are most frequently up against. The thesis project is thus to identify and analyze instances of Kenyan women’s diverseattempts at resistance, particularly in the area of law, over the period from1964 to the present. I will document and examine how Kenyan women’sdemocratic politics have emerged in terms of their struggle to articulate their issues, express their political strategies, create priorities and choose particular responses in the areas of marriage and property laws,violence against women, democracy and politics. The thesis will also analyze how the actions by Kenyan women have involved individual and collectiveforms of activism and struggle, both inside and outside Kenyan courts |
| 1996 | MUTONGI, KENDA BEATRICE | GENERATIONS OF GRIEF AND GRIEVANCES: AHISTORY OF WIDOWS AND WIDOWHOOD IN MARAGOLI, WESTERN KENYA, 1900 TO THE PRESENT (TWENTIETH CENTURY) | UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA | PHD | 244 | This study explores the different ways in whichwidows in the small rural community of Maragoli, western Kenya conceived and expressed their grief (kehenda mwoyo) in the twentieth century, particularly how they used grief as an effective means of presentingtheir sufferings so as to better their conditions. Widowhood represented an especially burdensome situation since Maragoli husbands acted, at leastin theory, as economic providers and protectors of their wives, and also endowed them with a source of social recognition. Because husbands held such important economic and social roles, wives experienced their husbands’ deaths as an immediate loss of material goods and social control. Widows were thus severely marginalized by their husbands’ passing, and they turned to members of their communities to minimize orto overcome the deprivations caused by this marginalization. Drawing on personal interviews with individual widows, archival records, court records, wills, relatives’ memories, lamentations–among other sources, the author examines the widows’ plight and the creative responses they employed to ease their problems. The widows’ strategies allows us to examine gender relations, and also to discern some of the larger changes in twentieth century Maragoli, and how they affected Maragoli widows. |
| 1996 | MUTUNGA, MUTINDA WA | AKAMBA THEOLOGY AND THE ECOLOGY OF MARRIAGEAND FAMILY IN CULTURAL CONTEXT: A PROVERB ‘KALULA KATUNE KATUNIVAW’A NI KUNENGELEANILW’A’ (KENYA) | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION | DMISS | 311 | The Akamba Church in Kenya, like any other ethnic Church, is facing acute social and moral decay at the expense of modernity. Therefore, this dissertation is seeking to call for a contextualized theology and the ecology of marriage and family byadapting biblical principles so that the Church in Ukambani can experience true relationship with their Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ cooperatively. Western Christian missionaries did not respect Akamba marriage andfamily systems because of their negative attitude toward Africans as a whole. They concluded that Africans were fundamentally evil and needed to be converted into a new and superior civilization. From this kind of attitude, the Akamba began to doubt whether the God of the missionaries had come to save their families or to destroy them! So, the author proposed a construction of a contextualized Akamba theology and ecologyof marriage and family in the light of the Scripture by considering four things. First, a discovery of traditional Akamba marriage values(Chapters 2-3). Secondly, the impact of western Christianity under the British colonial rule in Kenya (Chapters 4-5). Thirdly, biblical principles of marriage and family and how they apply to the Akamba culture (Chapter6). And, lastly, contextualization principles to teach the meaning of Missio Dei to the Akamba people, (Chapters 7-8), because God wants to talk to them in their own language by using their forms and meaning. Africansneed to cast out the fear of becoming syncretistic as they begin to contextualize the gospel message knowing that, mundu akolaw’a too ni kithuma kya ng’ombe yake, i.e. ‘a person can set a sound-sleep when sleeping on his/her own cow’s hide.’ Also, Ithaa ya ngwatyo yailaa sua umwe, i.e. ‘a rented necklace makes someone beautiful only one day.’ And Africa will not benefit theologically so long as her children continueto operate under neo-colonialistic Christian theology. |
| 1996 | MWANTHI, MUTUKU ALEX | PRESENCE OF THREE PESTICIDES IN RURALDRINKING WATER SOURCES IN KENYA | THE UNIV. OF TEXAS H.S.C. AT HOUSTON SCH. OF PUBLIC HEALTH | PHD | 89 | A cross-sectional study on the use of threepesticides and their presence in drinking water sources was conducted in Githunguri/Kiaria community between January 1994-March 1995. The main objective of the study was to determine the extent to which some of the pesticides used by the Githunguri/Kiaria agricultural community were polluting their drinking water sources. Due to monetary and physical limitations, only DDT, its isomers and metabolites, carbofuran and carbaryl pesticides were identified and used as surrogates of pollution for the other pesticides. The study area was divided into high and low lying geographic surface areas. Thirty-four and 38 water sampling sites were randomly selected respectively. During wet and dry seasons, a total of 144 water samples were collected and analyzed at the Kenya Bureau of Standards Laboratory in Nairobi. Gas chromatography was used to analyze samples for possible presence of DDT, its isomers and metabolites, while high pressure liquid chromatography was used to analyze samples for carbofuran and carbaryl pesticides. Six sites testing positively forDDT, its isomers and metabolites represented 19.4% of the total sampledsites, with a mean concentration of 0.00310 ppb in the dry season and 0.0130ppb in the wet season. All the six sites testing positively for the same pesticide exceeded the European maximum contaminant limit (MCL) in thewet season, and only one site exceeded the European MCL in the dry season. Those sites testing positively for carbofuran and carbaryl represented 5.6% of the total sampled sites. The mean concentration for thecarbofuran at the sites was 2.500 ppb and 1.590 ppb in the dry and wet seasons respectively. Similarly, the mean concentration for carbaryl at thesites was 0.281 ppb in the dry season and 0.326 ppb in the wet season. Onesite testing positively for carbofuran exceeded the European MCL and WHO set limit in the wet season, while one site testing positively for the same pesticide exceeded the USA, Canada, European and WHO MCLs in the dry season. Similarly, one site which tested positively for carbarylpesticide exceeded the European MCL in both seasons. Out of the 2,587 community members in the study area, 333 (13%) were exposed through their drinking water sources to the three pesticides investigated by this study. As a public health measure, integrated pest management approaches (IPM), protection of the wells and education of the community is necessary to minimize the pollution of the environment and safeguard the drinkingwater sources from pollution by the pesticides. |
| 1996 | NAKAMURA, CHIAKI | SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUTRITION IN TSAVO NATIONAL PARK, KENYA (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | MSC | 255 | |
| 1996 | NANGAMI,MABEL NAMUBUYA | MATERNAL ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AS PATHWAYS TO INFANT HEALTH IN KENYA: THE ‘MATATU’ HAS MANY ROUTES TO ITS DESTINATION | THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL | PHD | ||
| 1996 | NATHANI, NJOKI C. | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INDIGENOUS FORMS OF FOOD PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES: A KENYAN CASE STUDY | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | 301 | This study examines the central role played by womenin food processing practices, but does not limit itself to one gender; rather, it investigates the various roles played by family members in the processing activities. By making indigenous food processing practices a focal point, this investigation offers insights into perspectives on social structures, the impact of both modern and indigenous technologies on women and the relationship between environment and gender relations. The thesis advanced in this study is that indigenous food processing practices on-going activities that have not remained static, but have evolved with time. The study further examines how such variables aswater, firewood, time and socio-economic and environmental factors have influenced processing patterns with particular reference to changesgender roles. To carry out the investigation, the researcher conducted participant and non-participant observation, distributed 200 questionnaires, conducted unstructured interviews among 77 women and carried out both life histories and in-depth interviews with 14 women.The study utilises a feminist perspective as a framework for understanding issues about development in an African context. The study focus on how local initiatives, practices, strategies and knowledge intersect with national processes of development. The researcher examines local/traditional knowledge about food processing and how such knowledge intersects with modern technological knowledge and the process of social development in the case of Kenya. The findings of the study show that women cope with meagre resources; increased hours of food processing; decreasing family labour, incomes, natural resources and participationin decision making; and, limited access to modern processing technologies. The study posits that women have had to return to their indigenous knowledge for survival strategies in their shrinking economy. |
| 1996 | NDEGE, GEORGE ODUOR | DISEASE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE: THEPOLITICS OF COLONIAL HEALTH CARE IN WESTERN KENYA, 1895-1939 | WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 357 | This study analyzes the interrelationship between disease and the politics of British colonial health care in westernKenya in the period 1895 and 1939. Based on a wide array of archival and secondary sources, the study contextualizes the evolution anddevelopment of British colonial health care system within the wider context of socio-economic changes in colonial western Kenya. The impact of various diseases on the nature, tempo and direction of socio-economic change in colonial western Kenya is examined. The responses of the BritishColonial Office, the colonial state, African, European and Asian communities are also analyzed. The relationship between disease and socio-economicchange in colonial western Kenya was complex, dynamic and interactive. Just as disease influenced socio-economic change, so too did such changes impact epidemiological patterns. Changed resource management practices enhanced vulnerability to diseases, the rapidity of their spread, as well as the high rates of infection. Yet colonial health care was neither conceived nor envisioned as a social welfare scheme. Furthermore, it was bestoweda presumed supremacy over African therapeutic practices. Nevertheless, African traditional therapeutic systems maintained their viability and continued to co-exist with western colonial health care. The expansionof colonial health care was gradual, uneven, and underpinned by politicalas well as economic considerations. Colonial health care was as much ahealth issue as it was one of political and economic control. Moreover, disease created a dramatic and compelling opportunity for segregationist tendencies, colonial patronage and social control in colonial western Kenya. In the final analysis, therefore, colonial health care was very much a part of the political and economic struggles that characterized colonial Kenya. Its developmental course was shaped by myriad factors: African political, economic and social demands; crises such asepidemics, war and famine; Indian as well as European political and economic struggles for dominance; the colonial state; and the humanitarians aswell as the colonial office in Britain. |
| 1996 | NG’ANG’A, LUCY WAMAITHA | THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IN KENYA: OBJECTIVE MARKERS IN RURAL AND URBAN SCHOOL CHILDREN | MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | PHD | 264 | This thesis is based on research carried out as part of a major cross sectional study of the epidemiology of childhood asthma in Kenya focusing on the impact of urbanisation. Study outcomes were lung function level and airway responsiveness to exercise and to methacholine. The hypotheses examined were that asthma occurred more frequently in urban than rural areas, and that the differences were due to the differences in the distribution of host and environmental risk factors. The analysis was based on the results of 485 rural and 586 grade 4 school children, aged 8-12 years. Host factors to which urban children were more frequently exposed than rural children included–pre-term birth (but higher average birth weight) and shorter periods of breast feeding, personal and family history of asthma and allergy, and sensitivity to house dust mite. Urban children were also more frequently exposed to motor vehicle fumes. Environmental risk factors to which rural children were more frequently exposed than urban children included sleeping in the kitchen, sharing a bed and having no mattress. Wood was the most common domestic fuel in rural homes and gas and electricity in urban homes. Separate kitchens, paternal smoking, and animals in the homestead were more common in rural compared to urban homes. Rural children were older but smaller in size compared to urban children and urban-rural differences in lung function level were almost entirely due to these differences. Urban children were more likely to exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness to exercise than rural children. This difference did not, however, persist when adjusted for age, host and environmental factors. Urban children were also more likely to exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine than rural children. This difference increased when adjusted for host factors, but diminished and was no longer significant when adjusted for environmental factors. When adjusted simultaneously for age, host and environmental factors, this difference increased but was no longer statistically significant. These findings are consistent with the view that host susceptibility to airway hyperresponsiveness, arising from either a genetic predisposition and/or other early like events, interacts with exposure to environmental factors to produce asthma in urban children. |
| 1996 | NG’ANG’A, PATRICK | OSTRACODE TYPOLOGY AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN CARBONATES: A COMPARISON OF METHODS IN PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION, LAKE TURKANA, KENYA | DUKE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 150 | The purpose of this study is to compare thesensitivity of two climate proxies in a 12 meter core from Lake Turkana, Kenya. The climate record inferred from oxygen isotopes in primary carbonates is compared to that obtained by changes in the ostracode species abundance taken to represent past chemical changes in the lake. Spatial andtemporal variability of the isotopic composition of primary biogenic (skeletal)and abiogenic (non skeletal) carbonates were investigated in modernsediments and results were used to infer paleohydrological changes in the lake ina 4.4 ka record. The abiogenic calcite (micrite) is precipitating with $/partial/sp[18]$O values that are about 0.6$/perthous$ to 2$/perthous$ below equilibrium values whereas the biogenic calcite (ostracodes) are precipitating shells with $/partial/sp[18]$O values at about 0.3$/perthous$ to 2$/perthous$ above equilibrium. The extent of interaction between inflow and basinal waters adversely affects the reliability of the isotopic signal of climate change. Micrite and ostracode $/partial/sp[18]$O values in the core covary. This suggeststhat both are responding to environmental forcing and are useful for paleoenvironmental interpretation, at least on a time scale of centuries to millennia. Twenty-six ostracode taxa were identified in 17 lakes in East Africa. Species appear to be more sensitive to the chemical composition of the lake waters than to temperature changes induced by altitude. Darwinula stevensoni occurs abundantly in Lakes Baringo, Chala and Edward. Limnocythere africana occurs abundantly in Lakes Manyara, Duluti, Baringo, Ol Bolossat and Turkana. In Lake Turkana, species diversity is highest in the nearshore regions and decreases with water depth. The ostracode typology was used to infer paleohydrochemicalchanges in Lake Turkana during a 4.4 ka period. From 5.4 ka to 4.5 ka, the dominant species are Darwinula stevensoni, Gomphocythere angulata and Ceracella species. This indicates that at this time the lake waters had alkalinities that ranged between about 3600 and 8700 $/mu$eq/l,salinities that ranged between about 250 and 540 mg/l, and a pH of about 8.8. Increasing but fluctuating abundances of Limnocythere africana, Potamocypris producta and Hemicypris intermedius between 4.5 ka and 2.3ka suggests a lake with fluctuating but highly alkaline waters. Salinities could have been as high as 3000 mg/l, with alkalinities as high as30,000 $/mu$eq/l and a pH above 9.5. Conditions similar to today seem to have been achieved at around 2 ka. Comparison of the ostracode, diatom and $/partial/sp[18]$O records in the core LT84-2P suggests that in a closed basin like Lake Turkana, different climate proxies have a different response times. The response is first in the ostracodes, then in the $/partial/sp[18]$O of the carbonates and then in the diatoms. After closure, sensitivity to changing climatic conditions is highest in the ostracodes, then in the diatoms and lowest in the $/partial/sp[18]$O of the carbonates. The ostracode record seems to be useful under highly alkaline conditions where preservation of diatom frustules is poor. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
| 1996 | MORTON, ALLAN GAVIN THAYER | ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORMATION: EXPERIMENTS IN LAKE MARGIN PROCESSES (TAPHONOMY, SEDIMENTATION, KOOBI FORA, KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 339 | There are many natural processes that can affect the archaeological record, including biological factors and physicalagencies. The potential processes available for study are vast and as a result, within this work a selected set of site formation processes will be considered in detail. Of the extensive array of natural processes atwork in site formation, a predominant part of the equation is the action of sedimentation. Various past studies in site formation are based on sedimentation in a fluvial environment and have dealt with lake margins only in a cursory manner. It is this geomorphological process in a near shore environment that will be examined for its effect uponarchaeological sites and the material artefact record. This dissertation reports on an extensive series of site formation experiments conducted at Koobi Fora, Kenya. The primary goal of this taphonomic inquiry is to provide a means of increasing the confidence level of archaeological interpretations by instituting a series of indicators for the identification of formation processes. The results of this work offer vital information not only for archaeological sites with a known lacustrine component, but virtuallyany occurrence with an uncertain depositional history. Due to the fact that the majority of Early Stone Age sites in East Africa have been recovered from Fluvio-Lacustrine sediments, a better knowledge of the processes occurring at a lake margin is vital to enhancing the strength of inferences made from their analysis. |
| 1996 | CLEMENTS, PAUL | DEVELOPMENT AS IF IMPACT MATTERED: A COMPARATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS OF USAID, THE WORLD BANK AND CARE BASED ON CASE STUDIES OF PROJECTS IN AFRICA (INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT) | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY | PHD | 544 | There is room for improvement in foreign aid.Projects, the main vehicles of development assistance from rich to poor countries, routinely suffer from deep design flaws and/or management weaknesses. Project evaluations suffer from pervasive bias, so development agencies’ summary accounts of their projects’ impacts are routinely unreliable. Project management is difficult enough in the best of circumstances, yet managers within donor and implementing agencies use project resources to promote their own and their agencies’ interests. Outcomes are often unsatisfactory not just because projects are difficult, but becauseimpact is not the effective priority. This is a great opportunity. The average project could be much more cost-effective, or so this comparative organizational analysis of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the World Bank, and CARE International suggests. While each of these agencies’ weaknesses arise from its particular stakeholders and history, all three could improve their operationsthrough a common set of reforms. The core reform is the professionalization of the evaluation function, so evaluations could be expected to be methodologically sound and largely free from biases that donor and implementing agents may introduce. Then project supervisors within donor agencies should be given the resources and responsibility to manage for impact. For USAID this involves reducing the many political influences that detract from the agency’s development focus. The World Bank would have to take greater responsibility for project outcomes. CARE wouldneed support from its donors to pursue such reforms. These conclusions arise from research informed by the rational, natural, and open systems approaches within organizational sociology (Scott, 1987). The studydraws on published and internal documents, interviews, and detailed casestudies of twelve projects in Uganda, Kenya and Malawi. The only widely used and methodologically coherent framework for project impact analysis is thatof economic cost-benefit analysis. Yet it misses many significant impactsand the concern for the poor that motivates much foreign aid. The study develops a ‘Capabilities Approach to Project Analysis,’ drawing on workof Amartya Sen, that responds to these deficiencies. Its application to family planning projects is particularly significant. |
| 1996 | AGESA, RICHARD UGUNZI | MIGRATION AND GENDER WAGE DIFFERENCES IN KENYA | THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MILWAUKEE | PHD | 104 | The division of labor in many traditional rural societies particularly those of Africa entails that men acquire morehuman capital investment relative to women. Therefore, men, both single and married, migrate to urban areas in greater numbers to take urban jobs. Differences in skills thus create an earnings gap between men and women. This study has two themes. The first essay views the household as the decision making unit as far as migration is concerned. The household is assumed to maximize a common von Newman Morgenston utility function defined over three time periods. The model explains the characteristics which influence the family to migrate together as a unit (jointmigration) and those which motivate one member–typically the husband in hiscapacity as the household head–to move first and the rest of the family toremain in the rural area, to join the migrant in the urban area at some future time period (sequential migration). The imbalance in marketable skill levels results in men commanding a higher urban wage relative to women, leading to the second essay, an examination of the gender earnings differences in the urban areas. The findings strongly support the theoretical model. Namely that family migration patterns can beexplained very well within the context of an inter-temporal expected utility maximizing framework of the household in the case of married couples.The evidence suggests that the uncertainty related to migration and thewife’s household production opportunities are the key motivations forsequential migration. Age, family size, and the level of education of the husband influence joint migration. The widely used Oaxaca model, and therecently developed Cotton/Newmark technique are used to derive estimates ofgender discrimination in earnings. The results suggest that a considerable earnings gap exists between male and female wages, and that much of it is directly attributable to discrimination. The discriminatory component of the earnings gap appears to be considerably greater than the portion of the earnings differentials that can be explained by differences in productivity characteristics of males and females. |
| 1996 | ANZALA, AGGREY OMU | ROLE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN ACCELERATED HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY, PUMWANI, SEX WORKER, KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | PHD | 171 | The course between initial infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is highly variable. We have previously shown that over 50% of the women in the Pumwani sex worker cohort in Nairobi, Kenya progress very rapidly to AIDS following HIV-1 infection with median duration of four years. We have also shown that morefrequent condom usage within this cohort is associated with a slower disease progression. Several aspects of our study population could account for the more rapid disease progression including high incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) experienced by these women. The goal ofthis project was to determine whether STI influence parameters potentially related to accelerated disease progression including HIV-1 plasmaviremia and CD4 T cell count. Thirty-two HIV-1 positive and 10 HIV-1 negative women in the Pumwani cohort were serially seen over a 1-5 monthduration. Specimens for STI diagnosis, CD4 and CD8 T cell counts, quantitation of HIV-1 plasma viremia and plasma cytokine concentration were obtained at scheduled visits. Statistical analysis was performed with two sample T-tests. Acute bacterial STI resulted in increased plasma viremia, Th$/sb2$ type cytokines, TNF-$/alpha$ and sTNF-$/alpha$ receptor and decrease in CD4 T cell counts. Evidence from this study suggests thatSTI influence parameters potentially related to accelerated disease progression and may therefore alter the course of HIV-1 infection. |
| 1996 | BUCHMANN, CLAUDIA | FAMILY DECISIONS AND SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS: THE DETERMINANTS OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY KENYA | INDIANA UNIVERSITY | PHD | 266 | In most developing regions, educational participation varies widely by gender, ethnicity, and class. Yet we have a limited understanding of factors that lead to the large differences ineducational participation in the developing world. This dissertation promotes a greater understanding of educational inequality in developing countriesby examining the national-, local-, and family-level factors that determine educational participation in Kenya. By drawing on recent theoriesrelated to the family economy and the fragile state, it develops a conceptual framework to account for the complex interactions between macro-level institutions and the characteristics of individuals and families that determine patterns of educational participation. This framework extends and refines current theories of education and stratification to makethem more comparative and comprehensive in scope. Qualitative andquantitative methods are used to investigate the multi-level determinants of educational inequality. First, using district- and national-level secondary data, a multiple regression analysis examines the determinants of district-level enrollment rates. It investigates how local levellabor markets, the availability and quality of schools, and other social-structural factors influence enrollment rates. The resultsindicate that school supply and quality and adult literacy are important factors for determining school enrollments. Then with data from a survey of 597 Kenyan households, a series of logistic regression analyses examines individual characteristics, family background, parental perceptions, and ethnic and regional factors as possible determinants of three aspects of educational participation: school enrollment, access to tutoring, and enrollment in boarding school. The results reveal that families make rational decisions about children’s schooling based on their knowledgeof the child’s academic ability, their expectations for the future, andtheir perceptions of the educational system and the labor market. The findings also indicate significant ethnic, gender, and urban/rural distinctionsin educational participation. The statistical results are supplemented by descriptive data from secondary sources, informal discussions, and group interviews. These qualitative data provide rich details and situate the findings in a broader context. The outcome of these methods is a study that bridges the gap between qualitative and quantitative techniques in order to understand the complex set of factors determining differencesin educational participation in contemporary Kenya. |
| 1996 | BUNYI, GRACE WANGARI | LANGUAGE, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SELECTION IN KENYA: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF TWO SCHOOLS | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA) | PHD | 337 | This thesis is an investigation of the process of social reproduction through language and education in post colonialKenya. The thesis focuses on the use of English as the language of instruction and the unequal distribution of knowledge of the language among the different social groups in Kenya. Ethnographic research methods are used to examine the linguistic and other symbolic resources that childrenfrom two socio-economically differentiated communities have access to, and the educational processes that they experience in their schools. The finding of the study is that social reproduction is carried out through differential educational treatments. Children from Gicagi, the socio-economically and politically dominated community do not haveaccess to English and other symbolic resources valued in the school. At the same time, for Gicagi children, there are risks and benefits associated with schooling. Consequently, Gicagi children’s participation in school is ambivalent. In school, Gicagi children receive an inferior curriculum.It is argued that they are thus less likely to attain academic success and social mobility based on education. On the other hand, children fromPark View, the socio-economically and politically dominant community have access to English and other symbolic resources valued by the school. At the same time, there are no risks involved in Park View children’s participation in school. In addition, Park View children receive a superior curriculum in the school. It is argued that they are thus more likely to attain academic success and subsequent social mobility. The study underscores the importance of examining the sociological consequences of using English, a language that only the children of the elite have access to, as the medium of instruction in Kenya. Pedagogical implications of the study have to do with the need for more sociolinguistic studies that can help teachers identify spaces in the interactional processes for making teaching-learning a more academically enabling experience for the students. |
| 1996 | CAMERON, KENZIE ALYNN | DEVELOPING AND TESTING A MEASUREMENT MODELFOR PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO CONDOM USE: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY | MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY | MA | 74 | |
| 1996 | LAX, BEVERLE MICHAELE | THE VERBAL SYSTEM OF KIGIRYAMA(KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OFWISCONSIN – MADISON | PHD | 359 | This dissertation is a descriptive study of the Kigiryama verbal system. It is the most comprehensive study on the topic because it incorporates a wide scope of analysis. The study addressesthe morphophonemic processes which operate in the Kigiryama verb, toneclasses and tonal behavior of verbs, and it addresses the derivational and inflectional systems of the Kigiryama verb. As is the case with most minority African languages, the linguistic literature on Kigiryama is scarce. This study contributes information on these topics to the fieldof Bantu linguistics, and is useful for cross-linguistic studies and dialectal studies of Kigiryama. As a descriptive work, this study also contributes towards the development of corpus planning and literacy projects concerning Kigiryama. It also has wider implications of the promotion of positive socio-cultural dynamics. The data used in thisstudy are mainly taken from primary sources. The empirical data were collected on the coast of Kenya. The methodology used for data collection included the elicitation of word lists and verbal questionnaires. These data were tape-recorded and transcribed for analysis to provide basic information concerning the verbal system. Various genre of oral texts were also collected, transcribed and translated to provide data on the range anduse of Kigiryama verb forms in particular contexts. The approach taken in the analysis of the data to provide the description of the Kigiryama verbal system is eclectic. The approach mainly borrows from structuralist and generative traditions. The sources directly referred to that provide the matrix of the framework for the description of derivation in the verbal system of the language include Palmer’ s Grammatical Roles and Relations (1994); and for inflection in the verbal system concerning tense and aspect, Comrie’s Tense (1985), and Aspect (1976), and a distinctivefeature system designed by Bennett (1996). Though this study is comprehensive, it is not maximal; it focuses on the single word verb, while the periphrastic verbs are not addressed in this study. Also, this study does not account for a tonal analysis for all of the verb forms found in Kigiryama. These are important areas for further research. |
| 1996 | CHIURI, WANJIKU LOIS | THE EFFECTS OF CHANGE IN LAND TENURE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON GENDER RELATIONS AND THE SUBSEQUENT CHANGES IN HIGHLAND ECOSYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF IRURI-KIAMARIGA COMMUNITY IN NYERI DISTRICT, KENYA (AGIKUYU) | UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO (CANADA) | PHD | 210 | This thesis contributes to the growing debate on environment and gender in rural Africa. It notes that change in accessand control of land and its resources affects how men and women relate to resources, and how they relate to each other as men and women, parentsand siblings, rich and poor. Therefore, in addressing development planningin rural Africa a focus was made on gendered access to and control of land and its resources. For areas such as Kenya, with an agricultural based economy and a 75% rural population, the majority of whom are women, a gendered planning approach is imperative. This thesis reviews the evolution of land tenure among the Agikuyu of Kenya from pre-colonial to present. By way of a case study in Nyeri District, Kenya, it describesand examines the indigenous land tenure and resource management and the consequential gender relations. It goes on to examine how these relationships changed as access and control of land and its resources changed. Observations from the study are: highland ecosystems demand particular management practices; indigenous fragmented tenure of cultivated land and the accessibility of the conditions offered the best ecosystem management approach and equal social status for women and men. It has been established that local people are capable of criticalanalysis and development of adaptive mechanisms to deal with change. Recommendations are made that planning efforts benefit by incorporating local knowledge into the process. A gendered approach is necessary since women and men were found to have developed different adaptive mechanisms due to gendered access to and control of land and its resources. It is also recommended that resource policies reflect co-ownership of land between spouses and equal inheritance rights for girls. |
| 1996 | JURAGA, DUBRAVKA | LITERATURE, HISTORY, AND POSTCOLONIALCULTURAL IDENTITY IN AFRICA AND THE BALKANS: THE SEARCH FOR A USABLE PAST INFARAH, NGUGI, KRLEZA, AND ANDRIC (NURUDDIN FARAH, SOMALIA, NGUGI WA THIONG’O, KENYA, MIROSLAV KRLEZA, CROATIA, IVO ANDRIC, BOSNIA) | UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS | PHD | 317 | This study examines the role of literature andhistory in the construction of postcolonial cultural identities in two Africanand two European societies. I examine in detail the works of one writer from each of these societies. Nuruddin Farah is a Somali writer who explores his society’s Italian and British colonial background. Ngugi wa Thiong’o writes about Kenya and its British colonial heritage. My other twowriters come from Croatia and Bosnia, two European countries that have much in common with the postcolonial nations of Africa. Miroslav Krleza is a well-known writer from Croatia (an ex-Austro-Hungarian domain) and Ivo Andric, the Nobel-prize winner of 1961, is from Bosnia (a former part of both the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires). All four of thesewriters are intensely focused (though often in significantly different ways) on the histories of their societies, seeking to recover material from the past that can contribute to the development of viable culturalidentities in the present. I investigate the ways each writer explores hiscountry’s history of resistance to colonial/imperial power. Further, I examine the use of this history by each writer to counter existing subalterncolonial identities imposed by the traditions of colonialist historiography.These four writers employ a number of different strategies in their work and draw upon traditions that offer a variety of alternatives to the mainstream tradition of European bourgeois aesthetics. In all four cases these techniques are derived from sources that include indigenous oral traditions, European modernism, and European leftist literature. I pay particular attention to the ideological positions that the writers themselves occupy and to the ways these positions are reflected in their writing. Andric and Farah write from essentially bourgeois ideological standpoints and therefore reflect the strivings of the emergent(decadent, per Fanon) bourgeoisie of their societies, while Krleza and Ngugidirectly oppose bourgeois ideology and espouse Marxist ideas as a potentialsource of positive energies for their literary projects. |
| 1996 | DARLING, WILLIAM GEORGE | THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF FLUID PROCESSES IN THE EASTERN BRANCH OF THE EAST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM (GROUNDWATER, ETHIOPIA, DJIBOUTI) | OPEN UNIVERSITY (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | The East African Rift System is the world’smajor continental rift. While much geophysical and petrological attention has been paid to it, at least in the eastern branch (‘Eastern Rift | |
| 1996 | DESAI, GAURAV GAJANAN | DANGEROUS SUPPLEMENTS: AFRICANSELF-FASHIONING AND THE COLONIAL LIBRARY (POSTCOLONIAL) | DUKE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 348 | This dissertation is an elaboration and analysis of the concept of the ‘colonial library’ and its relationship to the epistemological and political colonization of Africa. After the first introductory chapter in which five methodological caveats arepresented, I proceed to develop a genealogy of the concept of ‘rationality’ in Africanist discourse. The texts examined in this second chapter rangefrom those of philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists and eugenicists,the primary aim being a reconceptualization of the debates over rationalityin the period of high colonialism in Africa. I continue in this chapter to relate the colonial discussions of African mental ability to pedagogical concerns, but my primary focus remains on the epistemological configurations rather than their more specific institutional manifestations. The third chapter focuses on the discipline of anthropology and begins by revisiting the troubled relationship of that discipline to the practices of colonialism. I relate some of the debates that took place during the postcolonial critique of anthropology withsome of the more recent debates that have surrounded the personal historiesof theorists such as Heidegger and Paul de Man. My aim here is toinvestigate the very nature of cross-historical allegations and the attribution of political complicity. The chapter then moves on to discuss three symptomatic moments in colonial anthropology as they are manifested in the work of Edwin Smith, Bronislaw Malinowski and Jomo Kenyatta. It endswith a consideration of how a ‘native’ anthropologist such as Kenyatta enters and supplements the archive of a colonial anthropology. The finalchapter continues this thematic of a nativist intervention with a considerationof the Tiv historian Akiga Sai. This chapter is a close reading of the text Akiga’s Story, revolving around such issues as the construction of scientific and historical validity, the arrival of writing, the construction of gender and the problematics of a monetary economy. The project of this dissertation, then, is to present a set of readings drawing upon a newer socially, culturally and politically sensitivemethod of literary critique and to supplement the already growing field of colonial discourse studies with a specifically Africanist contribution. |
| 1996 | HUSTON, DEWEY O. | BRER RABBIT IS DYING: THE DEMISE OF TRADITIONAL MORALITY AMONG THE KIKUYU PEOPLE OF KENYA AND AN EFFORT TO RECLAIM IT | ASBURY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY | DMISS | 271 | Kikuyu traditional enculturation, as demonstrated by the oral literature, contained moral ideals consistent with the universal moral values Jesus taught in the Sermon on the Mount. These Kikuyu moral ideals are distinct proof that God created all humans in God’s own image and has written universal moral law on their hearts (Romans 2:15). Prior to the intrusion of Western ideology, the Kikuyu community emphasized character first and skills second. Intrusion by forces of Western colonialism and missions changed the culture of the Kikuyu, but none was greater than the power of schools. Western education, as introduced by Christian missions, gave prominence to knowledge and materialisticvalues, thus replacing traditional enculturation with Western ideals. Modern Kikuyu youth strive to emulate the Western lifestyle, hoping to gain all the benefits of Western education and technology. Consequently, Kikuyu youth of the twentieth century have lost respect for their African heritage, suffer a generational gap, and have developed a sense of inferiority and discontinuity with their tradition, resulting in a state of anomie. Kikuyu Christian leaders can resolve this moral crisis by believing again in their cultural heritage, declaring the exigency of traditional Kikuyu moral values, and combining the best of the past with modern Western culture. |
| 1996 | FUREY, DARREN JOSEPH | A COLONIAL AFFAIR: IMPERIALISM AND STRUCTURES OF IMPRISONMENT IN THE WRITINGS OF NGUGI WA THIONG’O (KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) | MA | 157 | During the Industrial Revolution, British colonial practice was influenced by the historical convergence of three types of social reform–land, labour, and prison–which resulted in three new methods of controlling people–farm, factory, and penitentiary. The example of Britain’s settler colonialism in Kenya demonstrates that as British forces conquered and occupied territories inhabited and used by indigenous peoples, the British employed their new technologies of enclosure in almost the same order as they were developed at home. In other words, the capitalist imperative of enclosure to control informed the new imperialism in Africa. I discuss this convergence as it is represented in the writings of the Kenyan oppositional writer Ngugi wa Thiong’o. In particular, I examine Ngugis historical representation of imprisonment as both an individual and a communal (or national)phenomenon in both colonial and neocolonial Kenya since the arrival of the Britishin the nineteenth century. |
| 1996 | GATIMU, MARGARET WANGECI | STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF RIOTS AND BOYCOTTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA’S KIRINYAGA DISTRICT | PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY | EDD | 414 | This research addressed the question: What individual and systemic factors (correlates and variables), define optimal and pathological functioning in marriage and family interaction in contemporary Kenya? Traditional, modern, and post-modern paradigms of Kenyan experience, existence, and ethos were researched to provide dataon the levels of adaptive and pathological functioning. Beyond this, an appropriate therapeutic and theological approach to maladaptive functioning was sought. An ethnographic-clinical method was utilized in data collection for insight into the individual (systems of personhood) and systemic (cultural value system and contexts of embeddedness) correlates of optimal and pathological functioning growing out of data which is unique to the Kenyan context. Ethnographic-clinical data was collected from 20 respondents using a seventeen item questionnaire in a semi-structured interview format. The research provides evidence that correlates of optimal and pathological functioning in marriage andfamily are effectively defined through the development of a bi-cultural personality. This bi-cultural personality is integrated around the core cultural value of interdependence. This Kenyan core value (interdependence) is enriched and informed by Western conceptions of individuated interdependence rather than merged or symbiotic interdependence as these were/are experienced in traditional, modern (colonial) and post-modern experience in Kenya. All examined aspects of functioning in the Kenyan research sample were found to have a religious ontology. This religious ontology informed the Kenyan model of the Relational Self-in-Community. The study concluded that interdependenceis the organizing principle to the Kenyan theories of personality, roles, life cycle, marriage and family therapy, and practical theology. A blue print for an integrative therapeutic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of maladaptive functioning was developed. |
| 1996 | GICHAARA, KATHERU JONATHAN | RITUALIZATION OF TIME, HISTORY AND HOPE IN KENYA’S SOCIAL MEMORY AS A PARADIGM FOR AN EMERGING AFRICAN THEOLOGY | EMORY UNIVERSITY | PHD | 307 | By an critical study of the ritual role and functionof the concepts of time, history and messianic social hopes in the Kenyan context, we suggest the key elements on which the emerging African theology is to be understood and predicated upon. Ritual events are the occasions through which the power and meaning of time, history andsocial hopes are made present and celebrated. Two dominant civic ritual days in Kenya’s social memory, Kenyatta and Jamhuri are taken to explicate the above. Kenyatta day as celebrative commemoration for the Kenyans resistance against British colonialism, is explicated in the light of the biblical Passover. The peak of this resistance was the Mau Mau movement which was supported by the African Independent Church, while the missionary churches were generally in sympathy with the colonial government. Similarly, Jamhuri Day celebrates the coming of Uhuru (Freedom), while anticipating the social-economic ‘salvation’ throughthe Harambee movement. Jamhuri day will be presented in the light of the Eucharist which prefigures Eschatological hopes. In conclusion wepropose a working paradigm of ‘Harambee Liberatory Community of Hope’, whose inspiration is a combination of Martin Luther King Jr.’s idea of the ‘beloved community’ for the U.S.A. and elsewhere; the concrete practices of the ‘base communities’ for South America; and the concept andpractice of ‘Small Christian Communities’ in Tanzania. The import of the ‘Liberatory Community of Hope’ for Kenya is that ethics and not dogma,is the fulcrum upon which the emerging Africa Theology is to be predicated upon. It is a theology which is informed and shaped by time, socialmemory and social-messianic hopes. |
| 1996 | GITHEKO, JASON MUNYIRI | IMPLEMENTING A TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN SMALL BUSINESS CENTERS IN KENYA: BARRIERS AND USER CONCERNS | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 202 | Problem. The performance of African institutions has been negatively affected by the difficulty of communicating with other institutions. Despite several attempts to use low-cost computer networks to alleviate this problem, little is known about the factors that influence the success of implementation. Purpose. This study aimed to examine the process of implementing a FidoNet Bulletin Board System(BBS) in Kenya with a focus on: (a) factors that should be considered; (b) barriers to implementation; (c) changes in the concerns of BBS users;and (d) change in BBS users’ perceptions regarding the utility of the BBS.The Concerns-Based Adoption Model developed by G. E. Hall and colleagues and E. M. Rogers’ diffusion of innovations model constituted the conceptual framework. Method. A case study approach was adopted with the case consisting of four Small Business Centers (SBC) and a network services provider. Observations and interviews were conducted during site visits over a four-month period. Concurrently, modems and communicationsoftware were installed and SBC staff trained in their use. Two questionnaireswere pre- and post-administered to participants to measure changes in user concerns and in their perception of the BBS’ utility. Results and Conclusions. The categories of factors that need to be considered were: (a) effective promotion of networking; (b) the nature and reliability of telephone services; (c) computer systems maintenance; (d) security of equipment; (e) human resource concerns; (f) communication andcoordination with project participants; (g) finance and budgetary priorities; (h) cooperation among networking service providers; and (i) government procedures and regulations. The categories of barriers identified were: (a) interpersonal and inter-organizational conflicts; (b) technical difficulties; (c) financial constraints; (d) regulatory problems; (e) skill and motivational problems; and (f) inadequate decision support systems. At the end of the study, users still displayed the profiles of new or non-users of the innovation (BBS) and their perception of utility of the BBS showed no change; consequently, it was concluded that substantial change in user concerns and perception of utility may take much more than four months. A number of recommendations are made and several areas of further study suggested. |
| 1996 | GITHUMBI, STEPHEN KAMAU | FORMATION OF MISSIOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL VALUES IN WORLD VISION’S PROJECTS AMONG THE POOR IN NAIROBI (KENYA) | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION | DMISS | 216 | The growth of urban poverty in the cities of Africais reaching alarming proportions. One of the most concrete expressions of this disturbing reality is the emergence of slum communities. Nairobi, once a thriving metropolis, is surrounded by over fifty slum settlements in its environs. Over seventy-five percent of the residents of Nairobi actually live in the slums. In response to the problem of poverty, World Vision International initiated small enterprise programs in three major slums in 1986. This study emerged out of the premise that development is not value free. This study seeks to compare the planned and actual missiological and developmental values formed in three major slums in the city of Nairobi. Thus, it investigates the kingdom values as undertakenby a large Christian evangelical development agency. This study begins with an analysis of the socio-political and historical roots of poverty in Nairobi. Next, the study examines critically the place of contemporary theories of development ostensibly employed to alleviate poverty. Basedon the field research and the theoretical background analyzed, the study concludes there was some conformity between planned and actualizedvalues. However, significant differences emerged where World Vision’s profilewas viewed as apathetic to the goals and objectives of the local churches. Given the central role the church plays in the welfare of the local communities, the inevitable conclusion was that World Vision will needto review the implementation of its missiological values in the projects. |
| 1996 | GOVINDARAJAN, MUTHIAH | BELOW-GROUND INTERACTIONS AT THE TREE-CROP INTERFACE IN THE HIGHLANDS OF KENYA (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, ZEA MAYS, ALLEYCROPPING, AGROFORESTRY) | UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA | PHD | 130 | Competition for growth resources between woody and nonwoody (crop) species is said to be the main reason for crop failurein hedgerow intercropping (alleycropping) in the semiarid tropics. However, the mechanisms of such interspecies competitions have not been clearly understood. Results of a series of investigations on these aspects, conducted in the highlands of Kenya, are reported here. In the first experiment, soil-water changes and root dynamics in a leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam de Wit.) and maize (Zea mays L.) alleycropping system were monitored. Soil water content decreased more rapidly and total root density of leucaena and maize (expressed as cm root-length cm$/sp[-3]$ soil) increased under the hedgerow intercropping system compared to the sole crop system. Furthermore, the intercropped maize had higher root density than sole-cropped maize i.e., when maize was grown alone.Nutrient contribution through root turnover of the woody species in a cropping season of about 120 days was estimated as 7 kg N and 0.2 kg Pha$/sp[-1]$. The influence of pruning the above-ground biomass of the woody specieson the extent of water availability in the system was examined in another study. Soil water availability was higher under the periodically-pruned hedges than under the unpruned tree. Maize produced more roots whengrown under unpruned trees than with hedges or as a sole crop. A third study showed that above-ground pruning of leucaena reduced the number and distribution of its structural roots; however, when the root system was modified artificially by placing a galvanized-iron-sheet barrier around the tree up to 100 cm soil depth, the number and distribution of structural roots increased. In summary, when grown with a woodycomponent, maize produced more roots than under sole-cropping condition and root production was high when soil water availability was less. Soil waterwas depleted more rapidly under hedgerow intercropping than under maize-sole-cropping condition. Above-ground pruning seemed to influence the structural root ($>$2 mm in diameter) distribution of the woody species, but its effect on fine-root ($<$2 mm in diameter) density wasnot clear since root density was also influenced by soil-water status.Future research should focus on the effect of time and frequency of pruning the woody species on its root dynamics and influence on growth ofalleycrops. |
| 1996 | HARTNELL, MALCOLM RICHARD | STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHURCH PLANTING AMONG THE DIGO OF KENYA | FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION | THM | 167 | Even though the missionary enterprise in East Africa began near Digo territory in the mid-19th century, the Digo have remained indifferent to Christian influence. In an effort to rectify this situation, several missions initiated new church planting activities among the Digo in the 1980s. This study is an investigation into the cultural factors affecting evangelism and church planting among the Digo of Kenya. Through library research and participant observation, the salient features of Digo world view and sociocultural behavior are described. The dynamics of innovation within Digo culture are also surveyed with special reference to the Digo adoption of Islam. This data is then applied to the investigation by identifying and analyzing those aspects of Digo culture that have a bearing on church planting. Utilizing a communication model, proposals are advanced with the aim of maximizing those factors likely to facilitate church planting and neutralizing those which present potential obstacles. |
| 1996 | HOLTZMAN, JON DAVID | TRANSFORMATIONS IN SAMBURU DOMESTIC ECONOMY: THE RECONSTITUTION OF AGE AND GENDER-BASED PROCESSES OF PRODUCTION AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION AMONG A KENYAN ‘PASTORAL’ PEOPLE | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 294 | The Samburu of northern Kenya have experienced arange of transformations in age and gender-based domestic relationships, concomitant with widespread socioeconomic change. While pastoralism has historically been their sole economic pursuit, factors related to their integration within the colonial and independent Kenyan state have led to the adoption of alternative economic activities. As new economic activities rise in importance within the Samburu household basedeconomy, the forms these activities assume are influenced by existing patterns of age and gender-based relationships, while at the same time serving to reshape these relationships. Domains including migratory wage labor,small scale agriculture, brewing, and transformations in dietary practices are examined within a model of Samburu social organization which emphasizes processes internal to domestic groups. Quantitative and qualitative research methods are employed within four Samburu communities differingin environmental factors and proximity to trading centers. Quantitative methods employed include a variety of socioeconomic surveys administered within a sample of 642 households. Qualitative methods include partial life history interviews, other less formal interview methods and participant observation. Extensive historical data is included from archival sources. The study explicates the ways in which the Samburuhave actively engaged with externally driven change–particularly with non-pastoral activities which have received little attention in analyses of East African pastoralists. Additionally, by examining processes internal to domestic groups, the study addresses recent critiques of the household as a unit of analysis focussing on its portrayal as a single interest unit. An approach is developed which retains the household as a unit of analysis, based on its emic salience as the center of Samburu economic organization, while accounting for well defined poles of differing interest between individuals and sub-groups within it. With in a model of Samburu domestic processes which characterizes the household as the locus of economic activity within overlapping fields of interest, processes of cooperation, conflict and negotiation are analyzed as the adoption of non-traditional activities reshapes Samburu socioeconomiclife. |
| 1996 | DORSEY, BRYAN SPENCE | DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: A PATHTO SMALLHOLDER PROSPERITY AND IMPROVED FOOD SECURITY IN CENTRAL KENYA | UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER | PHD | 282 | Smallholder agricultural production in Kenya makes a substantial contribution to improved food security at both local and regional scales. Central to the question of food security is the relationship between diversification, commercial specialization, land availability, labor and synthetic agricultural inputs. This dissertation research establishes direct links between the scale, process, and output of agricultural production by examining the dynamics of agricultural intensification and diversification. In the context of this research, diversification refers to varied cash and food crop production on the farm. Few, if any, studies have specifically addressed the case of diversification as a means to increase agricultural productivity and thereby improve conditions of food security. One of the leadinghypotheses probes the relationships between diversification and areal scale of production. Analysis of variations in farm generated income among smallholders is also pivotal to identifying the more beneficial means of increasing agricultural production. Results are derived from a smallfarm survey conducted in an area of high agricultural potential in the Kirinyaga District of Kenya’s Central Province. Secondary data focus on the problems associated with synthetic fertilizer and plant treatment inputs, such as banned pesticides. Solutions or ‘sustainable’alternatives to high input production are then proposed. Specific analyses of primary data indicate that smallholders cultivating three to four acres of land are highly diversified in this case. Whether or not diversification decreases beyond a particular scale is uncertain; however, it isexpected that large scale production is not conducive to diversified production, yet this is a question deserving further research. Empirical evidencefrom this study shows a clear positive relationship between diversificationand farm generated income, as well as farm product commercialspecialization. Almost all smallholders in the study area specialize in coffeeproduction, but those who were most diversified were more economically successfuland relied less upon subsistence-oriented food crop production. Increased productivity, linked to diversification and commercial specialization,is inferred as a positive contribution to food security. Conclusionsinclude policy recommendations in order to integrate findings with current agricultural development plans in Kenya. |
| 1996 | IKENYE, NDUNG’U J. B. | AN INVESTIGATION OF INDIVIDUAL AND SYSTEMIC CORRELATES OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY FUNCTIONING IN CONTEMPORARY KENYA WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERDEPENDENCE AS THE CORE VALUE TO THE ORGANIZATIONOF THEORIES OF PERSONALITY, ROLES, LIFE CYCLE, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY T | NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY | PHD | 436 | This research addressed the question: What individual and systemic factors (correlates and variables), define optimal and pathological functioning in marriage and family interaction in contemporary Kenya? Traditional, modern, and post-modern paradigms of Kenyan experience, existence, and ethos were researched to provide dataon the levels of adaptive and pathological functioning. Beyond this, an appropriate therapeutic and theological approach to maladaptive functioning was sought. An ethnographic-clinical method was utilized in data collection for insight into the individual (systems of personhood) and systemic (cultural value system and contexts of embeddedness) correlates of optimal and pathological functioning growing out of data which is unique to the Kenyan context. Ethnographic-clinical data was collected from 20 respondents using a seventeen item questionnaire in a semi-structured interview format. The research provides evidence that correlates of optimal and pathological functioning in marriage andfamily are effectively defined through the development of a bi-cultural personality. This bi-cultural personality is integrated around the core cultural value of interdependence. This Kenyan core value (interdependence) is enriched and informed by Western conceptions of individuated interdependence rather than merged or symbiotic interdependence as these were/are experienced in traditional, modern (colonial) and post-modern experience in Kenya. All examined aspects of functioning in the Kenyan research sample were found to have a religious ontology. This religious ontology informed the Kenyan model of the Relational Self-in-Community. The study concluded that interdependenceis the organizing principle to the Kenyan theories of personality, roles, life cycle, marriage and family therapy, and practical theology. A blue print for an integrative therapeutic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of maladaptive functioning was developed. |
| 1996 | CHIARELLI, DONNA | DOLLARS FOR DRUGS? AN EXPLORATION OF THEBAMAKO INITIATIVE AS AN APPROPRIATE INTERVENTION FOR MEETING WOMEN’S HEALTHCARE NEEDS IN KENYA | CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 273 | The Bamako Initiative (BI) is an Africa-wide primary health care strategy based on the supply and sale of essential drugs supported by UNICEF and the World Health Organization. This thesis explores, through a case study analysis of the Sigoti Location Bamako Initiative site, whether Kenya’s Bamako Initiative is appropriate for women: namely, whether it integrates women’s voice into its design, through women-centred definitions of priorities, and whether it incorporates mechanisms for women’s empowerment, enabling women to exert greater control over their health development. Experience from Sigoti suggests that where community-financing of health care is incompatible with local realities, the BI is less than successful in meeting women’s broad health care needs. The Sigoti BI site was characterized by uncertainty and conflict between various key actors because they lacked the requisite knowledge, negotiating skills, and above all, resources,to manage their BI site effectively. |
| 1996 | HYNDMAN, M. JENNIFER | GEOGRAPHIES OF DISPLACEMENT: GENDER, CULTURE AND POWER IN UNHCR REFUGEE CAMPS, KENYA (UNITED NATIONS HIGHCOMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, PERSECUTION, VIOLENCE) | THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA) | PHD | 338 | The end of the Cold War marks a period of human displacement greater in scale than any other this century. The number of refugees in 1995 numbered over 16 million; a conservative estimate of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the same year was 26 million. Approximately 36% of the worlds’ refugees and half of all IDPs arelocated in continental Africa, suggesting an uneven world geography of forced migration. This research analyzes the ‘safe spaces’ where displacedpeople seek protection from threats of persecution and violence. In particular, it examines the major humanitarian organization providing assistance to involuntary migrants, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), both at its headquarters in Geneva and in the context of refugee camps administered by the agency in Kenya. As resettlement targets in countries like Canada, the U.S., and Australia decline, many states hosting large numbers of refugees are lessinterested in allowing refugees to integrate or settle locally. In the case of Kenya, most refugees have the choice between returning home on a voluntarybasis or staying in the camps. A few are resettled abroad and many more seek unofficial livelihoods beyond the borders of the camps. Questions oflegal status, social and spatial segregation, and camp management constitutethe major themes of this study. The legal framework which defines refugee status and entitlements originated after the Second World War and has, with few exceptions, become increasing irrelevant to crises of displacement in African locations. Ad hoc measures on the part of UNHCRto accommodate refugee who fall outside the 1951 definition have been flexible but insufficient. Camps have become more permanent, suspending refugees in ‘safe spaces’ without many political, social, cultural, and economic rights. The organization of the camps is scrutinized in detail for its relation to colonial administrations, the impact of its designand operations for refugee women and men, and the correspondence of UNHCR policy to practice in the field. The research contributes to thepractice, politics, theory, and geography of humanitarian responses to humandisplacement. |
| 1997 | GANG, G-YOUNG | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LITHIC MATERIALS RECOVERED FROM SHURMAI (GNJM 1) AND KAKWA LELASH (GNJM 2) ROCK SHELTERS, KENYA (STONE AGE) | TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY | PHD | 287 | This dissertation compares lithic materials excavated from Shurmai (GnJm 1) and Kakwa Lelash (GnJm 2), two deeply-stratified dry rockshelters located in the Mukogodo Hills of the Laikipia and Isiolo districts of Central-North Kenya. This analysis forms a key part of the reconstruction of the sequence of human occupation in the region back to the Middle Stone Age. Lithic components from these two sites are analyzed and compared in terms of their raw material, techno-morphological attributes, function, and styles. The analysis reveals that there are both differences and similarities in the raw material procurement strategies, morphological attributes of artifacts, and stylistic variations between the Middle and the Later Stone Age occupations at these two archaeological sites. However, there is little difference in technology and the functional attributes of the tools through time. The two sites indicate that from the Middle to the Later Stone ages the changes in the lithic industry were gradual. |
| 1997 | FLEISHER, MICHAEL LAWRENCE | KURIA CATTLE RAIDING: A CASE STUDY IN THE CAPITALIST TRANSFORMATION OF AN EAST AFRICAN SOCIOCULTURAL INSTITUTION (TANZANIA, KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 360 | The agro-pastoral Kuria people of East Africa, whose population straddles the border between Tanzania and Kenya, are actively engaged in an illicit livestock trade in which cattle stolen in Tanzania are run across the border for cash sale in neighboring Kenya, which is a more affluent country than Tanzania, where the demand for beef is greater and beef prices are considerably higher than in Tanzania, and which lacks sufficient cattle of its own to meet the rising beef demand. The beef from these stolen Tanzanian cattle fills the butcher shops of Kenya, fuels Kenya’s meat-packing and tanning industries, and is reportedly also shipped to buyers in such faraway destinations as Israel, the Scandinavian countries, and the Persian Gulf. Kuria cattle raiding is by no means a new phenomenon, but it has undergone a profound transformation in the course of this century–from its precolonial roles of demonstrating the mettle of new warriors and enlarging the community cattle herd to an illicit, ofttimes quite violent, cash-market-oriented enterprise–in response to the pressures exerted by the colonial economy, capitalist penetration, and the policies of the post-colonial Tanzanian state. This dissertation, based on field research carried out in a Kuria village in the Tarime District lowlands, in northern Tanzania, between 1994 and 1996, endeavors to document and analyze that transformation. In contrast to other research done in East Africa, notably in Kenya, which ties declining cattle populations, the monetization and diminishing size of bridewealth payments, and the commoditization of cattle to the privatization of land, the diminution of individual land holdings, and the availability of investment opportunities other than in livestock, this research reveals market-oriented cattle theft to be the driving force behind the steep, ongoing decline of this northern Tanzanian region’s cattle herd as well as of the fast-diminishing hectarage of land under agricultural production in the area and of the tonnage of both food crops and cash crops being produced there as well. |
| 1997 | FLEISHER, MICHAEL LAWRENCE | THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | PHD | 360 | The agro-pastoral Kuria people of East Africa, whose population straddles the border between Tanzania and Kenya, are actively engaged in an illicit livestock trade in which cattle stolen in Tanzania are run across the border for cash sale in neighboring Kenya, which is a more affluent country than Tanzania, where the demand for beef is greater and beef prices are considerably higher than in Tanzania, and which lacks sufficient cattle of its own to meet the rising beef demand. The beef from these stolen Tanzanian cattle fills the butcher shops of Kenya, fuels Kenya’s meat-packing and tanning industries, and is reportedly also shipped to buyers in such faraway destinations as Israel, the Scandinavian countries, and the Persian Gulf. Kuria cattle raiding is by no means a new phenomenon, but it has undergone a profound transformation in the course of this century–from its precolonial roles of demonstrating the mettle of new warriors and enlarging the community cattle herd to an illicit, ofttimes quite violent, cash-market-oriented enterprise–in response to the pressures exerted by the colonial economy, capitalist penetration, and the policies of the post-colonial Tanzanian state. This dissertation, based on field research carried out in a Kuria village in the Tarime District lowlands, in northern Tanzania, between 1994 and 1996, endeavors to document and analyze that transformation. In contrast to other research done in East Africa, notably in Kenya, which ties declining cattle populations, the monetization and diminishing size of bridewealth payments, and the commoditization of cattle to the privatization of land, the diminution of individual land holdings, and the availability of investment opportunities other than in livestock, this research reveals market-oriented cattle theft to be the driving force behind the steep, ongoing decline of this northern Tanzanian region’s cattle herd as well as of the fast-diminishing hectarage of land under agricultural production in the area and of the tonnage of both food crops and cash crops being produced there as well. | |
| 1997 | ETTYANG, LINUS IKAPELAKIS | INTERBIRTH INTERVAL ANALYSIS OF FERTILITY:THE CASE OF KENYA IN 1993 | UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA | MS | 84 | This study parsimoniously explores the phenomenon of the variation in the pace of reproduction. Factors affecting this process in Kenya are examined using the data from the Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 1993. Hazard modeling techniques were applied in the bivariate and multivariate analyses. Interesting results were arrived at. The analysis shows the salience of lactation length, parity, child survival chances, retrospective and prospective interbirth intervals, maternal age, and education as explanations for the hazard rate of childbearing, the criterion variable. The effects of socioeconomic predictor variables such as ethnolinguistic groups, rural residence, religion, and region on the hazard function are also described. There is systematically a lack of empirical evidence for the effects of religion,and the interaction term for polygyny and contraception. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed. |
| 1997 | DELUCA, MICHAEL ANTHONY | REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY AND PREGNANCY LOSS IN A SETTLED TURKANA POPULATION (MORULEM, KENYA | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON | PHD | 190 | This dissertation has addressed reproductive ecology in a settled Turkana population from Morulem, Kenya. The primary purpose of the research has been to investigate factors likely to explain observed difference in rates of spontaneous abortion between settled and nomadic Turkana. Fieldwork was conducted in Morulem, Turkana District, Kenya from September, 1992 to July, 1993. A total of 275 women were interviewed, 92 of which were asked to participate in the pregnancy loss study. Information was collected monthly on menstruation, diet, and health. A series of standard anthropometric measurements were also taken on a monthly basis for each woman. Early morning urine samples were collected twice weekly and tested for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Statistical analysis included univariate, multivariate, and hazard analysis. Results show that when controlling for parity, age is significantly correlated with duration of residence in town. When controlling for age, parity is inversely correlated with a number of anthropometric measures and duration of residence in town. Age and parity are highly, positively correlated; age and residency are positively correlated; parity and residency are negatively correlated, Therefore, women who have been settled in Morulem a longer period of time tend to have fewer children than recently settled women of similar age. Pregnancy was confirmed by hCG assay for 32 (35%) of the 92 participants. Fourteen (44%) of the pregnancies spontaneously aborted. No annual variation in conception rate was found. Experiencing malarial symptoms during pregnancy significantly increased the risk of experiencing a fetal loss (P $<$ 0.025). Settled Turkana women have lower parity levels than their nomadic age-mates. It has been proposed that these differences are due to settled women having higher levels of intrauterine mortality than nomadic Turkana women. This research supports the assertion that settled Turkana women have a high rate of intrauterine mortality, higher than nomadic Turkana women. The higher level of intrauterine mortality is derived in large part by higher levels of malarial parasitization among the settled Turkana. |
| 1997 | COLEMAN, SUSAN | GENDER PHYSIOLOGY AND THE ALLOCATION OF LABOR IN SUBSISTENCE HOUSEHOLDS (KENYA, WOMEN, WORK | UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII | PHD | 192 | This dissertation is a study of the inter-relationships between human physiology, the calorie costs of labor, and food production in the subsistence household with special emphasis on gender differences. Two economic models depicting the above relationships are formulated-one a cost minimizing model and the other a profit maximizing model. An empirical analysis follows which explores the effects of physiological and household characteristics on labor and calorie allocations using data from subsistence households in Kenya. The results of the study suggest: (1) Physiological characteristics influence subsistence household labor and calorie allocation. (2) Differences between males and females in the allocation of subsistence household labor and calorie allocation can be explained by physiological differences. (3) Households may exhibit cost minimizing behavior that could lead to the perpetual overwork of women. |
| 1997 | CHEGE, CHARLES NJUGUNA | PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS AND RESOURCES IN KENYA (1996) (ALCOHOL ABUSE, SUBSTANCE ABUSE, FAMILY, MARRIAGE, ADOLESCENT) | ROSEMEAD SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLA UNIVERSITY | PSYD | 117 | Kenyans’ psychological needs have rapidly increased in number and complexity since Kenya gained independence from Britain in 1963. This study was designed to assess what the current needs are and what resources are being utilized as well as to make recommendations to inform and stimulate further research and action from policy makers and other agencies. Respondents (N = 103) from 6 occupation groups (9 psychiatrists, 16 physicians, 22 counselors/psychologists, 19 high school guidance counselors, 15 religious workers, and 22 community workers) participated in the study. They were drawn from the 8 administrative provinces in Kenya, ensuring representation from four recognizable demographic settings (Major-Urban n = 39; Urban n = 13; Rural-Urban n = 42, and Rural n = 9). Descriptive statistics, chi-squares, and analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to analyze the data. Current major needs appear to represent a variety of diagnostic categories from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM; United States Department of Health and Human Services, 1989). Regarding resource development, respondents ranked Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Teenage/Adolescent Problems, and Marriage and Family Problems respectively, as the most pressing problems. The most widely used current resources are Resourceful People in Community, Religious Settings, and Traditional Healers respectively. Recommendations based on this study are also given. |
| 1997 | BUGLASS, IAN | THE DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: RHETORIC OR REALITY (ETHIOPIA, KENYA, CAMEROON, SIERRA LEONE) | UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA) | MA | 124 | This thesis is an investigation of the democratization process gaining momentum in sub-Saharan Africa. Following independence in the 1950’s and 60’s, many states were ruled by undemocratic military or single-party regimes; however, between 1989 and 1991, strikes and widespread political protests spread throughout the continent with citizens demanding democratization of political systems through the introduction of multi-partyism. Following a review of pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial political systems, this thesis will discuss the problems countries in sub-Saharan Africa have had establishing human rights, despite forty-nine countries ratifying the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981), designed specifically to enhance the political, civil, social, economic, and cultural rights of African citizens. Democratization was supposed to reduce the frequency of human rights violations, but has yet to make a significant impact. After reviewing the human rights situation in selected African countries, this thesis will analyze democratic transitions in Ethiopia, Kenya, Cameroon, and Sierra Leone, and assess the problems each is confronting. To conclude, the requirements for effective, functional democracy in sub-Saharan Africa will be reviewed. |
| 1997 | BERGMAN, JEANNE LOUISE | A WILLINGNESS TO REMEMBER: THE PERSISTANCE OF DURUMA CULTURE AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY (KENYA, SPIRIT POSSESSION, UNILINEAL DESCENT, COLONIALISM | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | 432 | This dissertation explores non-narrative forms of collective memory. Based on fourteen months of fieldwork among the Aduruma, one of the nine Mijikenda peoples of coastal Kenya, it describes the ways that the Aduruma encode historical knowledge in non-narrative structures, symbols and practices. The first chapter locates the Aduruma in relation to neighboring peoples and in African historiography. Chapter II addresses divination practices (mburuga), through which the experience of human suffering is expressed, given form, and made sense of in terms of a set of cosmological categories. These categories organize the subsequent chapters of the thesis. Chapter III describes Duruma sacred spaces, including the makaya, palisaded hilltop villages, and the now-extinct societies of elders, and suggests that the Aduruma refused to initiate new elders as a form of resistance to British colonial administration. Chapter IV explores the relationships among the Duruma double unilineal descent system, changing patterns of marriage and inheritancet societies. Historical changes in social organization are manifested in Duruma architecture, and the matrilineal principal persists in the configuration and practices of the remaining two secret societies. In Chapter V, the complex world of Duruma spirit possession is described and analyzed as a theater of Duruma history. In the conclusion, I argue that, even as Duruma knowledge of the past is preserved in non-narrative domains (landscape, architecture, spirit possession, etc.), Duruma ‘forgetting’ must also be addressed. The two critical features that the Aduruma have ‘lost’ are the initiations of ruling elders, which occurred during the colonial period, and, in the last twenty-five years, their oral historical traditions. I suggest that these two domains–political institutions and narrative history–are related to the primary forms of power in each era, and that Duruma ‘forgetting’ may be interpreted as ‘counter-memory,’ acts of resistance to colonialism and to post-colonial national integration, respectively. | |
| 1997 | BARUT, SIBEL | LATER STONE AGE LITHIC RAW MATERIAL USE AT LUKENYA HILL, KENYA (LAND USE, HUNTER GATHERERS | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN | PHD | 354 | This dissertation is based on ten months of fieldwork carried out at Lukenya Hill, Kenya, and the National Museums of Kenya in Nairobi, from September 1993 to June of 1994. Lithic raw material use and typology in five Later Stone Age (LSA) assemblages are described and used to infer prehistoric settlement patterns around Lukenya Hill. Through a survey of LSA occurrences in sub-Saharan Africa and a review of paleoenvironmental conditions in the continent’s major climatic zones, I argue that arid savannas such as the Athi Plains posed the continent’s greatest challenge to humans. I discuss the methodology of the study of lithic raw material use and technological organization, evaluate the progress of such studies in African archaeology, and develop a set of expectations for settlement patterns and raw material use at Lukenya Hill in light of the area’s particular food and lithic resources. Excavations carried out at GvJm62 in 1994 are reported and the site’s formation processes are examined through stratigraphic and sedimentological study. Raw material and typology in lithic assemblages from GvJm62 and from sites GvJm16, GvJm19, GvJm22, and GvJm46 are described and compared. Electron microprobe analysis of obsidian artifacts from GvJm62 identified the source localities of raw materials. Differences in typology and raw material source use among the Lukenya Hill sites show that the sites differed in function, size, and duration of occupation. Earlier assemblages are based on the expedient production of local quartz flakes and scrapers. They were longer-term occupations and part of less mobile adaptations. Later assemblages include larger amounts of chert and exotic obsidian used to manufacture microliths. These occupations were shorter-term and part of more mobile settlement patterns. Settlement pattern changes may have been related to changing population densities, inter-band social relationships, or environmental change. |
| 1997 | BAJOR, WILLIAM J | DISCUSSING ‘HUMAN RIGHTS’: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXPOSITION ON ‘HUMAN RIGHTS’ DISCOURSE (SUDANESE, EXILE) | UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS (UNITED KINGDOM) | PHD | 412 | This thesis examines how the displaced Sudanese in Egypt, Kenya, and the United Kingdom discuss the topic of ‘Human Rights’. Whereas many studies on ‘Human Rights’ are primarily concerned with the opinions of outsiders, an attempt is made here to provide an alternative perspective in that the focus of this dissertation is on how the displaced Sudanese, themselves, discuss ‘Human Rights’ in view of their situation as exiles. The thesis begins historical evolution of the ‘Western’ concept of ‘Human Rights’ and investigating the historical relationship between Anthropology and ‘Human Rights’. Attention is paid to the role of the doctrine of ‘cultural relativism’ in the discipline of Anthropology. After briefly looking at Sudan’s geographical and social makeup, I explain the difficulties I encountered as an independent scholar conducting research on ‘Human Rights’ and Sudan. This is followed by descriptions of the fieldwork locations. What comes next is the heart and soul of the thesis. After giving brief descriptions of the interviewees, I analyse how the interviews were conducted and explain how the issue of ‘Politics’ dominated practically every discussion with the interviewees. Next, excerpts from nineteen interviews are presented for the reader to get acquainted with the conversations between the interviewees and myself. Finally, an examination is made of how ‘Human Rights’ is employed as a manipulative device (or tool) by the interviewees. This is essentially the crux of the study. The chief aim of the thesis is to present various ways the notion of ‘Human Rights’ can be (and is) interpreted and utilised by the displaced Sudanese in the context of their own circumstances as exiles. |
| 1997 | ALWI, ALI | AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR PALM AND RELATED OILS (VEGETABLE OILS) | COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 194 | With the rapid expansion of palm oil area and replanting of oil palm plantation, particularly in Indonesia and Malaysia, world palm oil production will increase significantly. The improvement of processing technology also will lead to further increase in world palm oil supply. Indonesia and Malaysia as the major producers and exporters of palm oil, in the world oils and fats market are still facing market distortions, especially from the EC, U.S. and other major importers. The market become more competitive because most importing countries are also producers of palm oil substitutes such as soybean oil, sunflowerseed oil, rapeseed oil and olive oil. Trade regulations through tariffs and non-tariff barriers, and internal support to farmers have a great influence over import demand, especially in countries producing competitive products to palm oil. Changes in trade policies of the importing countries will affect the quantity and price of world palm oil demand. Furthermore, it may have a direct impact on the price and quantity of Indonesian and Malaysian palm oils. In this study, based on the SWOPSIM modeling framework, world trade of palm oil and related oil is divided into nine regions: Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Pakistan, the European Community, the United States, India, Kenya and the Rest of the World. Based on the quantity supply and demand of the oils in the world market, the commodities included in this model are: palm oil, soybean oil, sunflowerseed oil, and rapeseed oil that represent about 75 percent of world vegetable oils. Eight scenarios of various trade policy changes in the international market of palm and related oils have been analyzed in this simulation model. In general, trade liberalization will affect world price as well as domestic producer and consumer prices. The changes in domestic prices will affect domestic supply and demand, which in turn will affect world trade of palm oil and other related oils. The price and cross price elasticities as well as supply growth, income and population also have a significant impact on the net trade of palm and other related oils. |
| 1997 | ABDOU, ABDELLA A | STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND PRIVATE INVESTMENT IN AFRICA (KENYA, MALAWI, MAURITIUS, ZIMBABWE) | THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA) | PHD | 200 | This study examines the effect of structural adjustment programmes on private investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. The impact of the three main components of structural adjustment macroeconomic adjustment, sectoral reforms, and institutional adjustment–on factors that affect private investment, and hence on private investment is delineated theoretically and investigated empirically. The study deals with the effect of restrictive fiscal and monetary policies, and devaluation on investment, the relationship between public and private investment, the importance of credit availability for capital formation, the effect of external debt on investment decisions, and the impact of privatization and deregulation on private investment. The econometric investigation specifies an investment model that takes into account the structural characteristics of developing countries. Data on four African countries–Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, and Zimbabwe–for the period of 1970-92 is used for the econometric analysis. The equations are estimated by the method of ordinary least square for the four countries separately, as well as using pooled cross-section time series approach. A dummy variable is used to take into account the structural break that may have occurred due to the debt crisis and structural adjustment programmes after 1982. The results show that structural adjustment has failed to revive private investment in Africa. The results on the relationship between many of the economic variables included in the study and private investment tend to be weak. The discussion on the institutional adjustment and its impact on private investment shows that the reforms do not seem to have succeeded in encouraging African entrepreneurship or attracting foreign direct investment. |
| 1997 | GANG, G-YOUNG | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LITHIC MATERIALS RECOVERED FROM SHURMAI (GNJM 1) AND KAKWA LELASH (GNJM 2) ROCK SHELTERS, KENYA (STONE AGE) | TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY | PHD | 287 | This dissertation compares lithic materials excavated from Shurmai (GnJm 1) and Kakwa Lelash (GnJm 2), two deeply-stratified dry rockshelters located in the Mukogodo Hills of the Laikipia and Isiolo districts of Central-North Kenya. This analysis forms a key part of the reconstruction of the sequence of human occupation in the region back to the Middle Stone Age. Lithic components from these two sites are analyzed and compared in terms of their raw material, techno-morphological attributes, function, and styles. The analysis reveals that there are both differences and similarities in the raw material procurement strategies, morphological attributes of artifacts, and stylistic variations between the Middle and the Later Stone Age occupations at these two archaeological sites. However, there is little difference in technology and the functional attributes of the tools through time. The two sites indicate that from the Middle to the Later Stone ages the changes in the lithic industry were gradual. |
| 1997 | THOMAS, LYNN M. | REGULATING REPRODUCTION: STATE INTERVENTIONS INTO FERTILITY AND SEXUALITY IN RURAL KENYA, C. 1920-1970 (RURAL SOCIETY) | THE UNIVERSITYOF MICHIGAN | PHD | 415 | `This dissertation reveals how state interventionsinto fertility and sexuality contributed to the reconfiguration of gender and political relations in colonial and early post-colonial rural Kenya. Drawing on extensive oral and documentary research in Kenya and England, it explores how African men and women, local leaders, and government officials have contested and constructed relations of authority through medical and legal interventions surrounding clitoridectomy, abortion, childbirth, population counts, and extra-marital pregnancy. It traces these political struggles from family compounds, administrativemeetings, court hearings, and hospitals in the case study area of Meru District, located on the northeastern slopes of Mt. Kenya, to central government offices in Nairobi to the Colonial Office and House of Commons inLondon. This dissertation contributes to literature on gender and the state, and provides historical background for current concerns about fertility and sexuality in Africa. Chapter One examines how campaigns to regulate clitoridectomy and eradicate abortion enabled male colonial officers and local leaders to position themselves as guardians of ‘the Meru tribe’and to wrest partial control of women’s bodily practices away from women’s councils. Chapter Two explores the colonial state’s uneven efforts to introduce biomedical maternity services in rural areas, arguing thatboth Europeans and Africans viewed such services as a challenge to relationsof gender and generational authority and moral order. Revealing how post-World War II welfare and development initiatives entailed extending official knowledge beyond male taxpayers and challenging African beliefs that counting children endangered their lives, Chapter Three examinesthe history of the 1948 East African census and the demographic discourses which surrounded it. Chapter Four reconstructs the history of the 1956ban on clitoridectomy in Meru to demonstrate how relations of gender and generation constrained the elaboration of a more interventionistcolonial state in the post-War period. By examining the formulation of laws pertaining to pregnancy outside of wedlock and court cases which ensued from such laws, Chapter Five analyzes the discourses through which politicians, administrators, parents, and young people debated changing patterns of courtship and marriage negotiation in late colonial andearly post-colonial Kenya. |
| 1997 | THOMPSON, JOHN JOSEPH | COOPERATION IN THE COMMONS: THE EMERGENCE AND PERSISTENCE OF RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM AND COLLECTIVE ACTION IN FARMER-MANAGED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN KENYA | CLARK UNIVERSITY | PHD | 417 | In resource management, we are nearing the point where a new theory of common property resources may be emerging to take us beyond the image of the ‘tragedy of the commons’ which has dominated policy discourses and popular perceptions for so long. Such a theory must explain resource-use successes as well as failures, and the emergence and persistence of cooperation among users under certain conditions and the lack of it under other circumstances. Through a detailed study of the development and performance of two farmer-managed irrigation systems and their institutions, as well as a broader analysis of the political ecology of irrigation development and agrarian change, this study analyzes the factors affecting peasant farmers’ individual and collective choices and actions with regard to irrigation management and horticultural crops production and marketing in Kenya. A combination of formal surveys, Participatory Rural Appraisal, hermeneutics, and narrative analysis, within the framework of an action-oriented theory of human geography, was used to examine the resource management strategies, complex social networks, and productive relationships of various men and women farmers. The roles of key external support agencies also came under scrutiny. The Irrigation and Drainage Branch of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Horticultural Crops Development Authority were used as institutional windows through which to view the policies of the state and the influence of the market on farmers’ ability and willingness to manage their systems collectively. The case studies demonstrate that reciprocity and collective action in common property resource management can emerge and persist, even in marginal environments. The study reveals a number of lessons regarding self-governing irrigation systems, including: how the creation of ‘hydraulic property’ gave farmers a sense of ownership which encouraged them to invest in their systems and their organizations; the interrelationship between the process of constructing the systems and the development of self-governing institutions for managing them; the central role of leadership in ensuring effective management of resources; and how individuals are not motivated solely by the intended outcomes of collective action, but also by the benefits of participating in the process of action. |
| 1997 | VELICKOVIC, JEANNE MARIE | THE ROLE OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS DURINGTHE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE NATIONAL PARTY AND THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN | PHD | 399 | The aim of the study is to demonstrate the importance of political organizations during the transition to democracy. I illustrate the limitations of an elite-focused approach to transitions, and develop an organizational approach as alternative. Key assumptionsare that political organizations are important actors during the transition, and that organizational variables affect the course and outcome of the transition. The core of the study is an examination of the role of political organizations during the transition to democracy in South Africa. In particular, I analyze and compare the National Party (NP) and the African National Congress (ANC). The analysis focuses on the organizational structures and decisionmaking procedures of the NP and the ANC both before and during the transition. I also examine the linkages between leaders and followers. An examination of the NP and the ANCshows that the nature of an organization influences organizational structures and decisionmaking procedures, and the organizational linkages between leaders and followers. These organizational factors have a direct impact on a transition to democracy. The study shows how the organizations of the NP and the ANC differed, and also how organizational context affectedthe process and outcome of the democratic transition. The South African case supports the claim that the process and outcome of negotiations would have been different if political elites had acted on their own. A lessdetailed comparison between South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria and Zambia confirms that organizational variables affect the course of the transition process,and its prospects for success. The study contributes to the literatures on elites, state and civil society, new institutionalism and transitions. |
| 1997 | WAWERU, SIMON NDIRANGU | REGIONALISMS IN EAST AFRICA: A REAPPRAISAL (KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA) | DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA) | MA | 151 | Over the last decade, and with the ending of the Cold War, ‘new’ forms of regionalism have assumed an important place in the rhetoric of contemporary international relations. This thesis examinesthe nature of such regionalism in East Africa (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania). Firstly, it questions the validity of theories of regional integrationand cooperation based on the European experience in the African context. Secondly, it asserts that regional cooperation frameworks of the past and present have not taken full cognizance of the role played by socialforces in shaping regional identities. It is suggested that the state bureaucratic approach to regional integration adapted by the three East African countries has been subversive of civil society to the extentthat the state remains the dominant actor in the formulation andimplementation of policy. An evaluation is made of the role of gender, environment, informal sectors and security within the context of the new regionalism emerging at the turn of the century. |
| 1997 | YANG, JIACHENG | PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM 110 KD RHOP-3 PROTEINAND RHOP-3-SPECIFIC IGG AND IGM RESPONSES DEFINED BY ITS C-TERMINAL RECOMBINANT PROTEIN (MALARIA, RHOPTRY, IMMUNOGLOBULIN) | CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY | PHD | 276 | Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry proteins participate in merozoite invasion of human erythrocytes. To examine biological function and human serological responses to the 110 kD component (Rhop-3) of the high molecular weight rhoptry protein complex (Rhop-H, 140/130/110 kD), two cDNA clones RH3 2-1 (554 bp) and RH3 3-5 (1164 bp) were identified from strain 3D7 of P. falciparum. Both recombinants have only one amino acid substitution relative to strain FC27. RH3 3-5 specific antibodies localized to the rhoptries by immunoelectron microscopy, reacted with native Rhop-3 of P. falciparum and 105/115 kD proteins from P. yoeliiand P. chabaudi adami extracts, respectively, on immunoblots. RecombinantRH3 3-5 representing the C-terminal 1/3 of the Rhop-3 protein was used to survey seroprevalence to the protein in different geographic areas by ELISA. While Rhop-3 and P. falciparum (strain FCR-3)-specific IgG assays were species specific, IgM assays were not. IgG prevalence for the recombinant was 30% in a holo-endemic area of Papua New Guinea (PNG). In Kenya, the prevalence was 43% and 36% respectively in a hyperendemicarea (Mombasa) and in a meso-endemic area (Turkana). By contrast, IgG seroprevalence to the parasite was 48, 90 and 97% in these populations, respectively. The pattern of recognition of Rhop-3 was more similar (1.7 fold maximum difference) than the extract (5 fold difference),suggesting polymorphism of parasite antigens and conservation of Rhop-3. InMombasa, Rhop-3 specific IgG activities correlated between maternal and cordsera. Fetal antigen-specific IgM reactivity was generally not detected, suggesting that parasite antigens including Rhop-3 cannot cross the placenta. Rhop-3 and FCR-3 extract-specific IgG and IgM were alsoexamined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in sera from Zambian children with cerebral malaria. Sixty-nine percent (33/48) of the CSF were IgGpositive for the parasite, but anti-Rhop-3 IgG and IgM reactivities were not detected. Serological responses against the parasite antigens were lowin these children. Results of erythrocyte binding and in vivo immunoprotection studies in mice demonstrated that the recombinant maynot contain erythrocyte binding and/or invasion domains. However, the conserved serological responses suggest the presence of important B cell epitopes in the C terminus of Rhop-3. |
| 1998 | REYNOLDS, CURT ANDREW | ESTIMATING CROP YIELDS BY INTEGRATING THE FAO CROP SPECIFIC WATER BALANCE MODEL WITH REAL-TIME SATELLITE DATA AND GROUND-BASED ANCILLARY DATA (KENYA) | THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA | PHD | 184 | The broad objective of this research was to develop a spatial model which provides both timely and quantitative regional maize yield estimates for real-time Early Warning Systems (EWS) by integrating satellite data with ground-based ancillary data. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Crop Specific Water Balance (CSWB) model was modified by using the real-time spatial data that include: dekad (ten-day) estimated rainfall (RFE) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites derived from the METEOSAT and NOAA-AVHRR satellites, respectively; ground-based dekad potential evapo-transpiration (PET) data and seasonal estimated area-planted data provided by the Government of Kenya (GoK). A Geographical Information System (GIS) software was utilized to: drive the crop yield model; manage the spatial and temporal variability of the satellite images; interpolate between ground-based potential evapo-transpiration and rainfall measurements; and import ancillary data such as soil maps, administrative boundaries, etc. In addition, agro-ecological zones, length of growing season, and crop production functions, as defined by the FAO, were utilized to estimate quantitative maize yields. The GIS-based CSWB model was developed for three different resolutions: agro-ecological zone (AEZ) polygons; 7.6-kilometer pixels; and 1.1-kilometer pixels. The model was validated by comparing model production estimates from archived satellite and agro-meteorological data to historical district maize production reports from two Kenya government agencies, the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and the Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS). For the AEZ analysis, comparison of model district maize production results and district maize production estimates from the MoA (1989-1997) and the DRSRS (1989-1993) revealed correlation coefficients of 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. The comparison for the 7.6-kilometer analysis showed correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.94, respectively. Comparison of results from the 1.1-kilometer model with district maize production data from the MoA (1993-1997) gave a correlation coefficient of 0.94. These results indicate the 7.6-kilometer pixel-by-pixel analysis is the most favorable method. Recommendations to improve the model are finer resolution images for area planted, soil moisture storage, and RFE maps; and measuring the actual length of growing season from a satellite-derived Growing Degree Day product. |
| 1998 | ONDIGI, SAMSON ROSANA | STUDENT ATTITUDES, VALUES AND BELIEFS TOWARDS VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF FOUR YOUTH POLYTECHNICS IN GUSII | UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA | PHD | 251 | The present study has been designed to investigate Kenyan students’ attitudes, values and beliefs towards vocation training. The main purpose was to determine if students are satisfied with their vocational training for future work. The researcher chose to look at the Youth Polytechnics because of the central role these grassroots training institutions are expected to play in catering to both primary and secondary graduates (and dropouts) who do not have the opportunity to pursue further education or have no immediate skills for any particular job in the labor market. The main objectives of these Youth Polytechnics are: (1) to train youths with specific technical skills and knowledge that will equip them for future work, and (2) to prepare individuals to be self-employed and self-reliant. In order to investigate the students’ attitudes, values and beliefs towards vocational education, four Youth Polytechnics were randomly picked from three districts in Gusii, Kenya to participate in this study. A total of 119 students (56 males and 63 females) from the four institutions participated in this study. The researcher developed a questionnaire instrument that was used for collecting the data. The research assistant in Kenya administered the instrument to the students in the four Youth Polytechnics. He mailed the raw data to the researcher in the US for analysis, The researcher used quantitative analysis techniques to analyze the data and test the null hypotheses in order to answer the stipulated research questions the study was intended to address. The findings of this study indicated that age, level of education and gender (except for YP3 and students’ future career aspirations) have no effect on the students’ attitudes towards vocational training. However, there were significant differences between schools. These differences cannot be explained statistically, but could be attributed to confounding factors beyond the scope of this study. Students indicated that they were highly satisfied with their vocational training, and the skills and knowledge they attained could help them to secure jobs in the labor market or be self-employed and self reliant. In conclusion, these Youth Polytechnics are important institutions for training school-leavers and drop-outs. |
| 1998 | NDIGIRIGI, JOSPHAT GICHINGIRI | NGUGI WA THIONG’O’S DRAMA AND THE KAMIRIITHU POPULAR THEATER EXPERIMENT (KENYA) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 328 | Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s drama has so far attracted little in-depth critical attention. Earlier studies of the drama have tended to discuss individual Ngugi plays in isolation, or as minor appendages to the prose writing, while critics on the Kamiriithu popular theater experiment have been unable to present the aesthetic dimension of the project. This dissertation deviates from these early studies by discussing Ngugi’s drama as a continuum, and also analyzing the aesthetic and social dimensions of the Kamiriithu theater project. Ngugi’s involvement in the Kamiriithu theater project is presented as a logical development from his writing, which in turn greatly influenced both his drama and his prose fiction. This study is concerned simultaneously with the verbal meaning of the dramatic texts studied and their significance. The study reconstructs the socio-political milieu of each text. The individual concerns of each play are analyzed along a continuum: messianism and nationalism in the early drama, representations of Mau Mau in history and in The Trial of Dedan Kimathi, language choice and audience structuring in Ngaahika Ndeenda, and Maitu Njugira as an anthem of resistance. Specific attention is paid to the development of the hero from the alienated/extraordinary characters of the earliest drama, through the Christ-like proportions of a Kimathi to the common-man-as-hero of the later drama. Having been written for and performed by the community of Kamiriithu village in Limuru, Kenya, the later drama is presented as the completion of the author’s personal quest for social relevance. His involvement in the community’s theater project is analyzed in detail, as are the aesthetic and social aspects that made the Kamiriithu experiment in popular theater the most successful in Africa. The dissertation closes with an overview of developments in Kenyan theater after Kamiriithu. |
| 1998 | KIDULA, JEAN NGOYA | ‘SING AND SHINE’: RELIGIOUS POPULAR MUSIC IN KENYA (TELEVISION, GOSPEL MUSIC) | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES | PHD | 289 | This study examines patterns of music production and consumption in Kenya in the last twenty years. Using the religious television program Sing and Shine as a starting point, a musical genre called gospel was commodified. The program’s initiators set out to identify talent, composition and performance practice of gospel musicians who were citizens or resident in Kenya. The artists have appeared on the thirty-minute weekly program since April 1985. Gospel music is rooted in the Christian religion that was adopted in Kenya beginning towards the end of the nineteenth century. While Christian missionaries came with their own styles of music, Africans soon began to compose Christian songs. Initially the music by Africans was based on European sonic models, but eventually, other styles founded on African cultural and musical understandings were established. With increased global interaction, composers and performers negotiated with their contemporary situations to create a music that bespoke their situational, historical and cultural identity. In order to identify the characteristic musical styles that were propagated, created and marketed, the author examines the cultural, social and musical histories of musicians seminal to solidifying of the gospel genre advocated on Sing and Shine. The analysis of the commercial recordings by these musicians describes each artist’s stylistic compositional and presentational tendencies. The marketing of this commodity on national television created a booming music industry leading to marked changes in patterns of music production and consumption, and an empowerment of the concept of a contemporary Kenyan musician outside western academic foundations and expectations. Music producers profiting from the market have now become key instigators of the content of the musical product and increased the performers and their audience beyond Christian related functions to ‘secular’ arenas. |
| 1998 | KIBOR, JACOB ZABLON | PERSISTENCE OF FEMALE CIRCUMCISION AMONG THE MARAKWET OF KENYA: A BIBLICAL RESPONSE TO A RITE OF PASSAGE (CHRISTIAN) | TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL | PHD | 293 | Literature on female circumcision has been scant, but in recent years more has been written especially in newspapers. The subject has attracted advocates for women issues. The emphasis has been on eradicating the ritual, with neither biblical response nor viable substitutes to replace the undying cultural tradition. The Marakwet church has lived within this reality. The ideas, perspectives, ideologies, and values that surround the ritual have been the most driving force. A search of literature indicated that female circumcision exists in several other countries in Africa. The major reason given was its function as a rite of passage. A rite which goes through three stages, separation, transition, and re-incorporation. The population of the study were the Africa Inland Church Marakwet Christians. Ethnographic interviews were utilized in this search with a view of generating data in a number of areas including: the persistence of female circumcision, experiences of those who have gone through the ritual, the attitudes the AIC Marakwet Christians have towards the practice, and their evaluation of the ritual in light of their newfound faith. The critical contextualization method which attempts to deal objectively with cultural beliefs in light of scripture was used. Although the study showed that rituals are essential to the members of the society, especially in communicating their traditions, there are rituals that need to be re-evaluated. Female circumcision was suggested as one of such rituals because it affected the woman at childbirth as well as interfering with her sexual life. Conclusions about the persistence of female circumcision given by the respondents included license to marriage, knowledge of societal secret rituals, knowledge of tribal customs, and transference from childhood to adulthood. Suggestions for dealing with this cultural tradition were given as well as suggestions for further research being drawn. |
| 1998 | DOLAN, CATHERINE S. | TESCO IS KING: GENDER AND LABOR DYNAMICS IN HORTICULTURAL EXPORTING, MERU DISTRICT, KENYA | STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON | PHD | 360 | For the last two decades, flagging exports and agrarian stagnation have characterized Africa’s political economy. Agricultural performance has plunged as world market trends for Africa’s major export have been unfavorable since the early 1970s. This decline in revenues, coupled with IMF/World Bank pressure for structural adjustment, has hastened the call for agricultural diversification, and horticultural production in particular. Horticultural exports have grown into one of the most dynamic sectors in international trade: by this decade Kenya’s horticultural industry had surpassed coffee–historically Kenya’s most prosperous export crop–as the nation’s second major source of foreign exchange in the agricultural sector. The remodeling in the world market for fresh horticultural produce has had profound implications for agrarian households as the former division of labor by crop is shifting. Prior to the advent of French beans in Meru, women’s horticultural property, conventionally very small plots, was earmarked for local vegetables grown for household consumption and sale at local markets. The significance of the Meru case lies in the fact that horticulture, the ‘traditional’ domain of women, has been rapidly intensified, commoditized and appropriated by men. The customary division of labor by crop and gender is currently undergoing a sea-change as men encroach upon the rewards associated with export horticultural production and compel their wives to relinquish either land for growing, or income derived from, French beans. Female control has eroded as men foster disputes over male and female property rights and tensions resonate over the boundaries of men’s and women’s contributions to household subsistence. Women have responded to the erosion of their rights in ways that are contradictory, both accommodating and resistant to male authority. Specifically, the household has become the locus of conflict as women seek freedom from the social order through divorce, participation in women’s organizations and spiritual activities, and finally, by either bewitching or poisoning their husbands. The spiritual domain has become a principal forum through which labor, land and intrahousehold dynamics are negotiated. |
| 1998 | CHEAH, PHENG | SPECTRAL NATIONALITY: THE IDEA OF FREEDOM IN MODERN PHILOSOPHY AND THE EXPERIENCE OF FREEDOM IN POSTCOLONIALITY (PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER, INDONESIA, NGUGI WA THIONG’O, KENYA | CORNELL UNIVERSITY | PHD | 470 | This dissertation examines the tribulations and the futures of radical national literary culture as a vehicle of freedom in the postcolonial South within the general context of the vicissitudes of the postcolonial nation-state in contemporary neocolonial globalisation. In philosophical modernity, culture is regarded as the means to overcome finitude and the realm where the ideal of human freedom can be incarnated. Consequently, the modern idea of freedom culminates in a politics of culture. Culture supplies the ontological paradigm for different models of modern political community and even the idea of the political itself in the philosophical cosmopolitanism of Kant and the philosophical nationalisms of Fichte and Hegel. Although Marx presents his materialist cosmopolitanism as an inversion of Hegel’s idealist nationalism, the same philosopheme of culture informs his idea of the proletarian world community. This is made evident by the persistence of the national question in Marxism. Insofar as it grants primacy to culture in the struggle against colonial and neocolonial economic and political domination, the project of Third World revolutionary national culture has its conceptual origins in the modern philosopheme of culture. However, the vicissitudes of these projects in neocolonial globalisation as exemplified by the work and lives of Pramoedya Ananta Toer of Indonesia and Ngugi Wa Thiong’o of Kenya cast doubt on the viability of this philosopheme of culture. The inability of revolutionary national culture to transcend the neocolonial forces of domination, death and destruction unleashed by global capital suggests that culture qua incarnational work is plagued by various forms of haunting that are internal to its structure. Hence, instead of regarding postcolonial national culture as the incarnation of human freedom, we ought to understand it as being essentially constituted by spectral negotiations with global capital. It is only from this vantage point that we can better grasp how it in turn haunts and destabilises neocolonial hegemony. |
