The Lunda, also known as Balunda, Luunda, or Ruund, are a Bantu ethnic group originating from what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Their ancestral homeland lies along the Kalanyi River, where they established the Kingdom of Lunda in the 17th century under their ruler Mwata Yamvo (Mwaant Yav). The kingdom’s capital was at Musumba. Over time, the Lunda expanded across Katanga, Eastern Angola, northwestern Zambia, and into parts of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo.
Historical Context
- Origins and Expansion: The Lunda were initially allied with the Luba people and became known for their extensive migrations and conquests. They influenced and formed new ethnic groups, such as the Luvale in the upper Zambezi and the Kasanje along the upper Kwango River in Angola.
- Natural Resources and Economy: Their kingdom was rich in rivers, lakes, forests, and savannah. They thrived as fishermen and farmers, cultivating maize, millet, yams, sorghum, beans, and other crops. They also produced palm wine and traded extensively with Portuguese, Arab, and Swahili traders.
- Slave Trade: The Lunda were key players in the slave and ivory trade, capturing and trading slaves and commodities from central Africa to various coasts.
Religion and Social Structure
- Beliefs: The Lunda worshipped Nzambi, a supreme creator of the world. They communicated with Nzambi through the spirits of their ancestors.
- Social Practices: Their kings had multiple wives, and captured slaves wore iron necklaces until proving their loyalty through combat. Once this was demonstrated, they were integrated into Lunda society.
Conflicts and Changes
- Ndongo Conflict: In the early 17th century, the Lunda fought with the Ndongo kingdom, resulting in the enslavement and trade of many prisoners. The Lunda shifted to a more sedentary lifestyle, developing powerful economic structures.
- End of Slave Trade: The slave trade ended in the 19th century with the cessation of European involvement.
Demographics and Influence
- Population: Today, the Lunda population is spread across Angola (around 800,000), the DRC (1.1 million), and Zambia (600,000). Many subgroups have emerged, including the Akosa, Imbangala, and Ndembu.
- Language: Most Lunda people speak the Lunda language, Chilunda, except for the Kazembe-Lunda, who have adopted the neighboring Bemba language.
Notable Members
- Moïse Tshombe: Served as President of the secessionist State of Katanga and later as Prime Minister of the DRC.
- Mujinga Kambundji: A Swiss athlete with Lunda heritage.
