A Beginner's Guide to Starting Your Own Bank

A Beginner’s Guide to Starting Your Own Bank. You want to throw your hat into the banking ring—but is it even possible to plant roots in such a difficult industry? Don’t worry! Many community-oriented banks are opening across the country. With careful planning, the task of opening a bank might not be as impossible as you think.

A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital markets.

Whereby banks play an important role in financial stability and the economy of a country, most jurisdictions exercise a high degree of regulation over banks. Most countries have institutionalized a system known as fractional-reserve banking, under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity, banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards, the Basel Accords.

Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy but in many ways functioned as a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had their roots in the ancient world. In the history of banking, a number of banking dynasties – notably, the Medicis, the Fuggers, the Welsers, the Berenbergs, and the Rothschilds – have played a central role over many centuries. The oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena (founded in 1472), while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank (founded in 1590).

Determine a need.

Ask yourself the important questions. Why are you opening a bank? Are there local community banks in your area? Any business will only succeed if there is a market. People in the area need the product you are trying to sell them.

Appoint a board of directors.

Typically, this is five to thirteen people. The board of directors oversees the strategic plan of the bank, and makes sure employees at all levels comply with company policies and federal regulations.

Board members should not be directly involved with the bank, and a few should have previous banking experience.
Appoint a few members over the regulation level in case someone drops out for any reason.

Make sure you have the starting capital.

This amount can run anywhere from 12 to 20 million dollars.This money can come from various places. If your board of directors are community business owners, they might be willing to invest the money. Other sources of capital include private equity funds, founders groups, a bank holding company, supporting financial institutions, and special funding available for community banks.

Starting capital ensures all the banks operations and gives the bank a certain amount of collateral.
Capital guidelines are found through the primary regulator, either Federal Reserve, FDIC, or OCC

Create a business summary plan.

A financial projection is required during the charter application process. This may require a three to five year business plan and projection.

You need to demonstrate that a new bank would profit. Showing the plans for growth shows investors what they can expect as a return on their investment (ROI).
Before you can open a bank, you have to prove you’ve done research into your competitor’s businesses and that you can either come up with a comparable product or somehow provide a beneficial service no one else has thought up yet.

Hire a legal team.

Opening a bank can be a very arduous and confusing process with many legal regulations that must be followed and applications that must be filed. Hiring someone familiar with this process can expedite your preparations and help you cover all your bases.

Establish a risk management infrastructure.

This must be done before the bank is opened. A risk management structure “identifies, measures, monitors, and controls the risks involved in an institution’s various products and lines. These risks include, but are not limited to, credit, market, liquidity, operational, legal, and reputational risk.”Hire the best people who know how to assess for risk and keep policy and procedures in place that keep your employees aware of the next scheme, fraud, or bad decision.

Hire a public face.

A community reinvestment specialist responds when your bank is called to show how the bank is contributing to the community. They must be knowledgeable of the rules and regulations in place and be able to respond appropriately to concerns for the bank. They must also report in their meetings with you the ways in which the bank would be appropriately steered toward investment efforts.

Apply for all charters.

These include both federal and state legal charters. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency grants federal documents. You can find a list and instructions on the OCC website. The state can issue the state charter.

A bank must also be approved for deposit insurance by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Find and purchase a place.

Now that you have completed all the initial steps and gotten your bank approved, you need to find a suitable place. It’s of vital important for you to familiarize yourself with all potential customers and competitors around you. Ideally, look for a place with smooth traffic, a position with a great deal of markets and residential buildings, and a location that doesn’t have a lot of competition. Make sure there is enough room for:

At least three personal banker offices
A seating area
An inside teller area
A drive-thru teller
A vault. This can be accessible to both the tellers and deposit box customers, or the bank can house separate vaults. The vault needs to be far into the bank, not near the door.
An internal and an external ATM
A security guard station

Come up with an elevator speech.

An elevator speech is a less than 30-second pitch that just rolls off your tongue. When someone asks you what you do, you should be able to recite this from memory, with feeling and gusto, and convince them they need this product too. You are going to have to spread the word about your bank.

Establish the appropriate relationships.

It helps to work with different organizations as you run your bank. Work with money transportation specialty companies, such as armored car services, as well as any governing bodies, such as regulators.

Establish what the bank will offer.

Doing an analysis of your community and its demographics can help you determine what services the bank should offer. If you are striving for a community bank approach, offer:

Checking
Savings
Mortgage Loans
Small Business Loans
Investment and Planning
CDs and other short/long-term savings methods
If you are striving for a larger industrial bank, to the above options you will add:
Private wealth and investment management
Commercial loans – small (less than $1 Million), mid (between $1 Million and $5 Million) and large Targets (above $5 Million in revenue)
Commercial DDAs
International Banking
Online banking

Invest in your community.

Growing the money means spending the money. Your bank customers depend upon you to know when to apply the money to a construction loan for a new hospital and when to put the money into a growing investment. Risk is always a factor, but knowing what is an acceptable risk is part of the game.

Still, make sure that you always have 10-20% of your overall money held in reserve as a protection for the worst events.

Hire excellent employees.

For many banks starting out, reputation and word of mouth is pivotal in their survival. Having competent bankers with strong financial and banking backgrounds gives the customers confidence when placing their money. Placing friendly tellers with excellent customer service skill

Glossary of Banking Business Terms

Bank charter: A legal document that authorizes a bank to operate.

Capital requirement: The amount of money that a bank must have in order to start and operate.

Deposit insurance: A type of insurance that protects customers’ deposits in case the bank fails.

FDIC: The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, a US government agency that provides deposit insurance to banks.

Financial institution: A company that provides financial services, such as banks, credit unions, and savings and loan associations.

Holding company: A type of company that owns and controls other companies, such as a bank holding company that owns one or more banks.

Liquidity: The ability of a bank to meet its financial obligations in a timely manner.

OCC: The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, a US government agency that charters, regulates, and supervises all national banks.

Reserve requirements: The amount of money that a bank is required to hold in reserve, either with the central bank or in its own vaults, in order to ensure it has enough money to cover potential withdrawals.

Underwriting: The process of evaluating and assessing the risk of issuing loans or other financial products.

Vault: A secure storage area where a bank keeps its cash and other valuable assets.

Core banking system: The software system that manages a bank’s day-to-day operations, such as processing transactions and managing customer accounts.

Anti-money laundering (AML) program: A set of policies and procedures that a bank must follow to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing.

Know Your Customer (KYC): The process of verifying the identity of a bank’s customers in order to prevent fraud and comply with anti-money laundering regulations.